下载掌阅APP，畅读海量书库
立即打开
2.6 翻译练习
Exercise I
Directions: Translate the following sentences from English into Chinese,paying attention to the parts in bold types.
1．The resulting standing wave is a swirling motions such as might result if we swirled water in a round-bottomed cup.
2．In some situations,however,as in the description of the motion of a pendulum,direct application of the laws of motion would require complicated calculation.
3．A change of phase,however,is a more fundamental change of physical form,as from a liquid to a vapor,or a change from one crystalline form to another.
4．This dynamic approach,like the equilibrium theory,also requires some assumption in order to deal with the complicated interactions.
5．Different from physics,chemistry is concerned with the composition,properties and structure of substances and with the changes they undergo.
ExerciseⅡ
Directions: Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.
The greatest scientific synthesis of the 17th century was made by England's Isaac Newton(1642-1727),a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University.Newton made his most important discoveries early in life.By the beginning of the 18th century he was the most admired scientific figure in Europe.He made fundamental discoveries concerning gravity,light,and differential calculus.Most importantly,he synthesized various scientific findings and,methods into a description of the universe as working according to measurable,predictable mechanical laws.Newton's most famous work,Mathematical Principles ofNatu-ral Philosophy(1687),contains his theory of universal gravitation.In the following section from that book,Newton describes his four rules for arriving at knowledge.
RULE I
We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances.
To this purpose the philosophers say that Nature does nothing in vain,and more is in vain when less will serve;for Nature is pleased with simplicity,and affects not the pomp of superfluous causes.
RULE Ⅱ
Therefore,to the same natural effects we must,as far as possible,assign the same cause.
As to the respiration in a man and in a beast,the descent of stones in Europe and in America;the light of our culinary fire and of the sun;the reflection of light in the earth,and in the planets.
RULE Ⅲ
The qualities of bodies,which admit neither intensification nor remission of degrees,and which are found to belong to all bodies within the reach of our experiments,are to be esteemed the univeisal qualities of all bodies whatsoever.
Since the qualities of bodies are only known to us by experiments,we are to hold for universal all such as universally agree with experiments,and such as are not liable to diminution can never be quite taken away.
RULE Ⅳ
In experimental philosophy,we are to look upon propositions inferred by general induction from phe-nomena as accurately or very nearly true,notwithstanding any contrary hypotheses that may be imagined,till such time as other phenomena occur,by which they may either be made more accurate,or liable to ex-ceptions.
This rule we must follow,that the argument of induction may not be evaded by hypotheses.
（Cf.Dennis Sherman.The World Civilizations.中国人民大学出版社.p.229.）
Exercise Ⅲ
Directions: Translate the following passage from Chinese into English.
早在了解化学科学之前很久，人类就已经开始利用化学了。比如3000多年前的古埃及人已经学会了炼铁术。通常，铁和其他物质结合在一起，会形成红棕色的岩石状物质，即铁合金。对埃及人来说，将铁从铁合金中提炼出来的确需要利用化学。
古埃及人以及其他几个生活在地中海沿岸的古老民族，还开采出金、银、铜、锡、铅等金属。他们知道如何将铜、锡合在一起冶炼成质地坚硬但是更容易成型的青铜。
古代民族用青铜制成矛、剑、头盔、铃、号角、战车、椅子、锅、盘等许多青铜制品。将恰当分量的铜和锡合在一起冶炼青铜，也是一种需要利用化学的技能。
古埃及人制造了玻璃、瓷砖、松脂、肥皂和染料。这些东西的制造都牵涉到化学的应用。埃及人在这些方面的技艺是如此精湛，以至于人们从地下发掘出的古埃及人制造的有色玻璃和瓷砖，虽在地下埋藏了几千年，颜色却如同刚用来装饰埃及法老宫殿的玻璃和瓷砖颜色一样明亮。在彩色瓷砖拼成的图案中，有鲜明条状花纹的帆船，也有着装华丽的贵族男女。所有这一切都更有力地证明了古埃及人懂得如何运用化学来制造物品。