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规则9.
通常,以一个主题句来开始一个段落,并在结尾处首尾呼应

这样做仍是为了便于读者阅读。这里所推荐的这种方法可以让读者在开始阅读每一段落时就清楚每一段落的写作目的,并且在读完一段之后仍不忘该段的写作目的。因此,通常,最佳的段落写作,尤其是在说明文和议论文中,应是这样的:

(1)主题句出现在段首或段首附近;

(2)随后的句子解释、论证或展开主题句中的观点;

(3)最后一句要么强调主题句中的观点,要么说明某个重要结论。

注意,千万不要出现段尾跑题的现象或者以一个无关紧要的细节来收尾的情况。

如果一段落属于整篇文章的一部分,那么就要点明它与上文之间的关系或它在全文中所起的作用。要做到这点,有时,仅靠主题句中的一个单词或短语即可得知,如again(另外,此外),therefore(因此),for the same reason(基于相同的原因)。但有时,在主题句出现之前,使用一个或多个引导句或过渡句,不失为一种更好的办法。如果需要多个此类句子,一般说来,最好将过渡句独立成段。

如上所述,作者可以根据其写作意图,通过一种或多种不同的方式将整个段落与主题句联系起来。他/她还可以通过重申主题、对其术语下定义、否定其对立观点、举例说明等方法让主题句的含义更加清晰明确;还可以通过检验来论证它,或通过展现主题的内涵与推论来进一步阐明它。在长段落中,作者也可以同时使用以上提到的这几种方法。例如:

① Now, to be properly enjoyed, a walking tour should be gone upon alone. ② If you go in a company, or even in pairs, it is no longer a walking tour in anything but name; it is something else and more in the nature of a picnic. ③ A walking tour should be gone upon alone, because freedom is of the essence; because you should be able to stop and go on, and follow this way or that, as the freak takes you; and because you must have your own pace, and neither trot alongside a champion walker, nor mince in time with a girl. ④ And you must be open to all impressions and let your thoughts take colour from what you see. ⑤ You should be as a pipe for any wind to play upon. ⑥“I cannot see the wit,” says Hazlitt, “of walking and talking at the same time. ⑦ When I am in the country, I wish to vegetate like the country,” which is the gist of all that can be said upon the matter. ⑧ There should be no cackle of voices at your elbow, to jar on the meditative silence of the morning. ⑨ And so long as a man is reasoning he cannot surrender himself to that fine intoxication that comes of much motion in the open air, that begins in a sort of dazzle and sluggishness of the brain, and ends in a peace that passes comprehension.

—Stevenson. Walking Tours

① 那么,要想好好享受徒步旅行,就应该独自行走。② 如果结伴而行,哪怕是两两而行,徒步远足也会变为徒有其名,本质上更像是一次野炊。③ 徒步旅行就应该独自行走,因为其本质是自由;因为你可以停下来,也可以继续走,可以走这条路,也可以走那条路,随心所欲;还因为你要有自己的步调,既不需要跟紧竞走冠军,也无须迈着小步,和女孩聊天。④ 你必须保持心胸开阔,并从所见之物中汲取智慧。⑤ 你要海纳百川,包容万象。⑥ 黑兹利特说:“我不明白边走边谈有何益处。⑦ 当我身处乡村时,我希望像乡下人那样过简单纯粹的生活。”这才是独自旅行的真正意义所在。⑧ 在静谧的清晨,你的身边不应有嘈杂的吵闹声干扰你的沉思。⑨ 一个一直在思考的人是不可能放任自己于户外运动所带来的陶醉之中的,这种沉醉开始时大脑眩晕昏沉,最终进入一种了然的平静。

——节选自罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森《徒步旅行》

① 主题句。② 通过否定对立观点,使主题句的含义更加清楚。③ 以简略形式重申主题句,并列举三个原因来支撑主题句;第三个原因——“你要有自己的步调”(“you must have your own pace”)——通过否定相反的观点而更加明晰。④ 以两种方式来表明第四个原因。⑤ 换种方式来表明相同的原因。⑥ -⑦ 借由黑兹利特的话来表明相同的原因。⑧ 以释义法重述黑兹利特的观点。⑨ 最后以强调和升华的语言来表明第四个原因,得出一个有力的结论。

① It was chiefly in the eighteenth century that a very different conception of history grew up. ② Historians then came to believe that their task was not so much to paint a picture as to solve a problem; to explain or illustrate the successive phases of national growth, prosperity, and adversity. ③ The history of morals, of industry, of intellect, and of art; the changes that take place in manners or beliefs; the dominant ideas that prevailed in successive periods; the rise, fall, and modification of political constitutions; in a word, all the conditions of national well-being became the subject of their works.④ They sought rather to write a history of peoples than a history of kings. ⑤ They looked especially in history for the chain of causes and effects. ⑥ They undertook to study in the past the physiology of nations, and hoped by applying the experimental method on a large scale to deduce some lessons of real value about the conditions on which the welfare of society mainly depend.

—Lecky, The Political Value of History .

① 18世纪出现了一种截然不同的历史观。② 历史学家们开始相信,他们的使命与其说是描绘一幅蓝图不如说是解决问题;解释或阐明国家发展、繁荣、衰落的各个阶段。③ 道德史、工业史、思想史、艺术史,行为和信仰的变化,不同阶段的主流思想,政治体制的兴衰变革等,总而言之,所有国家福祉赖以实现的条件都已成为历史学家们的研究对象。④ 他们探索而非书写历史,关注民众的历史,而非君王们的历史。⑤ 他们尤其关注历史中的因果关系链。⑥ 他们开始研究以往国家的生理学,并希望通过大规模的实验来推断出关乎社会福利主要依赖的条件的真正有价值的经验教训。

——节选自莱基的《历史的政治价值》

① 主题句。② 更清晰地表达主题句的含义;定义新历史观。③ 扩展定义。④ 通过对比来阐释定义。⑤ 补充定义:新历史观的又一要素。 ⑥ 结论:新历史观带来的一个重要影响。

在记叙文和描写性的文章中,有时,段落以一个简练、概括性的句子开始,以便将接下来的细节描写紧密结合在一起。例如:

The breeze served us admirably. 微风撩人。

The campaign opened with a series of reverses. 战役一开始就连遭挫败。

The next ten or twelve pages were filled with a curious set of entries.接下来的10页或12页中满是一些令人费解的词目。

但是,这种方法也不能滥用,否则反而会弄巧成拙,显得矫揉造作。更常见的情况是,起始句开门见山,直接点明主题,并预示段落接下来的发展方向。例如:

At length I thought I might return towards the stockade.

最后,我想我应该朝俘虏营返回了。

He picked up the heavy lamp from the table and began to explore.

他从桌子上拿起那个沉甸甸的灯,开始探索。

Another flight of steps, and they emerged on the roof.

又上了一段台阶后,他们终于来到了屋顶。

然而,这种生动叙事的段落比较简短,经常没有类似主题句的句子。分段只是为了修辞上停顿的需要,以突显故事中的某些细节描写。 8VtSWuDForSTo5xLF0eK6EmK7bOxhuQHZvRNjjYPL6UB4JtIIVbTXeH5+F1yY+7K

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