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第二节
定语从句

一、定语从句概述

定语从句的概念

定语从句就是修饰名词或代词的从句,通常在被修饰词的后面,本质上相当于“形容词”。被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。

定语从句的类型

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句所修饰的先行词本身意义不明确,去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义。非限制性定语从句对先行词起到的是补充说明的作用,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:

Success will come to him who is honest and diligent.

成功将属于诚实而勤劳的人。(限制性定语从句,修饰先行词him)

In the dark street,there wasn't a single person whom she could turn to for help.

在黑暗的街上,她找不到一个人来帮助她。(限制性定语从句,修饰先行词person)

Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

亚利桑那州曾试图形成与现行联邦政策并行的州政策。(限制性定语从句,修饰先行词policies)

Why is boxing,which is so dangerous,not abolished?

既然拳击运动如此危险,为什么不取消它呢?(非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词box-ing)

The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009,when Mexican authorities no-ticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.

2009年4月底,墨西哥当局发现健康的成年人住院和死亡人数多得异乎寻常,这场疫情因此引起了全球关注。(非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词late April 2009)

二、关系词在定语从句中充当的成分

关系代词

引导定语从句的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose、as、than,关系代词用来代替先行词,在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等。例如:

They are cautious investors who always make thorough investigations before making an investment.

他们是很谨慎的投资者,投资之前会做彻底的调查。(who代替investors,在从句中作主语)

That's exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn't rec-ommend.

但那是一种不为积极的心理学家所赞许的虚假快乐。(that代替false cheerfulness,在从句中作recommend的宾语)

They live in a room whose window opens to the south.

他们住在一间窗户朝南开的房间里。(whose代替room's,在从句中作定语)

For him,order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence;order is a necessary development,an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation.

【分析】 本句包含两个并列分句,由分号隔开。

第一个分句包含that引导的定语从句,修饰disorders,关系代词在从句中作主语,从句谓语动词plague意为“折磨,烦扰”。第二个分句也包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰improvement。

【译文】 他认为,忘记或忽略那些困扰人类生存的混乱并不能换来秩序;秩序是一种必要的发展和改进,通过这种改进或许可以达到希腊人所追求的精神升华。

The Nobels were,of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.

【分析】 这是一个多重复合句,句子主干是“The Nobels were set up”。

“by a very rich individual…”表明诺贝尔奖由谁设立。individual后接who引导的定语从句,关系代词在从句中作主语;句末what引导宾语从句作decided的宾语。

【译文】 当然,诺贝尔诸奖本身也是由已经想好如何处置自己钱财的大富之人设立的。

User could select which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.

【分析】 and连接两个并列分句。第二个并列分句的主干是“users could navigate those systems”。主语users后接whose引导的定语从句,whose代替users',在从句中作定语。

【译文】 用户可以选择加入任何一个系统,而且只有身份得到认证的注册用户才可以使用那些系统。

关系副词

引导定语从句的关系副词有when、where、why、how,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。例如:

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surpriseis that Gilbert is com-paratively little known.

这次委任令人如此惊讶的其中一个原因是,吉尔伯特相对而言不怎么出名。(why代替for the reason,在从句中作原因状语)

She remembered the day when Peter had first walked into her office.

她记得皮特第一次走进她办公室的那一天。(when代替on the day,在从句中作时间状语)

We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer.

我们需要开创一个公众健康的新景象,全社会共同努力争取健康长寿。(where代替in a new vision,在从句中作地点状语)

Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be suc-cessful.

【分析】 句中包含where引导的定语从句,关系副词替代先行词in the places,在句中作地点状语。

【译文】 地面勘测使得考古学家能够精准地定位开挖地点,以确保一击必中。

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and real-ize that you are flying,higher than a bird.

【分析】 主句是一个祈使句“Think of those fleeting moments and realise that…”,省略了主语you。

moments后接定语从句,关系副词when替代先行词at the moments,在从句中作时间状语。句末that引导宾语从句“you are flying,higher than a bird”,作动词realize的宾语。

【译文】 想想你从飞机的窗口向外看的那一瞬间,意识到自己正在飞翔,飞得比鸟儿还高。

关系词的省略问题

关系词有时可以省略,但仅限于限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中,关系词不可省略。关系词的省略通常有以下几种情形:

当关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语时;

当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时;

the time when、the place where、the reason why等引导的定语从句,在非正式语体中,关系副词通常可以省略。

Who is the man(whom)you were talking to?

刚才和你讲话的人是谁?(whom在从句中作介词to的宾语)

China is not the country(that)it was.

中国已不是过去那样了。(that在从句中作表语)

I shall never forget the day(when)we first met.

我永远也忘不了我们初次见面的那一天。(when在从句中作状语)

Says senior partner Dennis Carey:“Ican't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

【分析】 本句谓语动词Says置于句首,起强调的作用。句子主干是“Says Dennis Carey”,直接引语充当Says的宾语。

直接引语的主干是“I can't think of a single search”,其中search后接两个定语从句。第一个定语从句“I've done”省略了关系代词that/which;第二个定语从句由where引导,替代先行词in the search,在从句中作地点状语。

【译文】 资深合伙人丹尼斯·克雷说:“我想不起我所做的招聘调查中有哪一次不是董事会要求我首先从在任的CEO中寻找人选。”

The networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and upload-ing-between passive consumption and active creation-whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

【分析】 句子主干是“The networked computer has sparked a secret war”。

介词短语between downloading and uploading作后置定语,修饰war。破折号中间的内容为插入语,对“下载”与“上传”做进一步解释。

句末whose引导定语从句,修饰先行词war。句中“in ways…”作方式状语,说明这场战争的结果会以何种方式决定所有人的未来,ways被省略了关系代词的定语从句“(that)we can only begin to imagine”修饰,先行词在句中作imagine的宾语。

【译文】 联网电脑已触发了一场“隐秘的”战争:一场“下载”与“上传”(即“被动消费”和“积极创造”)之间的较量,这场战争的结果将以我们无法想象的方式决定我们所有人的未来。

三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是一个重要的语法知识点,同时也是一个语法难点。在这一结构中,介词与关系代词是介宾关系。这一结构中的介词不外乎以下几种情况:

介词与定语从句中的动词构成搭配;

介词与定语从句中的形容词构成搭配;

介词与关系代词作定语从句的状语;

介词of与关系代词表示所属关系或整体与部分的关系。

The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.

他们找寻的文件已经找到了。(介词for与动词search构成搭配search for)

He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.

他要我去参考一些我不熟悉的参考书。(介词with与形容词familiar构成搭配familiar with)

There are health conditions for which being overweight is actually protective.

超重对一些健康状况实际是有保护作用的。(介词for与形容词protective构成搭配)

His ideas were in tune with the period in which he lived.

他的思想观念同他所处的时代是一致的。(in which在从句中作时间状语)

Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site,in which athletes from different nations compete against each other in a variety of sports.

奥林匹克运动会每4年举办一次,每次举办的地点各不相同。在奥运会上,各国运动员在各种运动项目上展开角逐。(in which在从句中作地点状语)

China has many rivers,the longest of which is the Yangtze River.

中国有众多河流,最长的是长江。(of which表示所属关系)

The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”

【分析】 句子主干是“主系表”结构“The key…is to alter the way…”,表语由不定式充当。

介词短语to reforming higher education作后置定语,修饰key(关键);“concludes Mr Menand”为插入语,说明观点的来源。句末which代替了先行词the way,与介词in一起在定语从句中作方式状语。

【译文】 梅南德先生总结道,改革高等教育的关键在于改变“知识生产者的生产”方式。

It's a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves rail-roads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.

【分析】 此句为but连接的并列复合句。句子主干是“It's a theory,but it often leaves railroads in the position”。

第一个分句中,which引导定语从句,修饰theory(理论);介词to与从句中的动词构成subscribe to搭配,意为“赞成”。第二个分句中,介词短语of determining…will fail作后置定语,修饰position,其中两个which引导的都是宾语从句,并列作determi-ning的宾语。

【译文】 这是许多经济学家赞成的一种理论,但是实际上这常常使铁路公司可以决定哪些公司昌盛,哪些公司衰败。

四、which和as引导的非限制性定语从句

which引导的非限制性定语从句

which在非限制性定语从句中除可代替先行词作句子成分,还可以代替整个主句。例如:

The new vaccine,which is different from the annual jan vaccine,is available ahead of expectations.

不同于每年的普通流感疫苗,新疫苗面世的时间要早于预期。(which用来代替The new vaccine)

They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time,which is something(that)we had not expected.

他们克服了一切困难,并提前两个月完成了工程,这让我们颇感意外。(which用来代替前面整个主句的内容)

Applications like tumblr.com ,which allow users to combine pictures,words and other media in creative ways and then share them,have the potential to add stickiness by amusing,entertaining and enlightening others.

【分析】 句子主干是“Applications have the potential”,主语和谓语被which引导的非限制性定语从句分隔开。

which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰句子的主语Applications,引导词在从句中作主语,从句谓语为allow sb.to do sth.结构。

句末不定式to add stickiness作后置定语,修饰potential。介词短语“by amusing,entertaining and enlightening others”作方式状语,具体说明增加“黏性”的方式。

【译文】 某些网络应用如tumblr.com可让用户将图片、文字和其他媒体以新颖的方式整合到一起,然后进行共享;此类应用通过取悦及启迪他人的方式从而具备增加“黏性”的潜力。

A few generative rules are sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language,which is why children can learn it so quickly.

【分析】 逗号前面的内容为主句,which至句末为非限制性定语从句,关系代词which指代主句的内容,其表语由why引导的表语从句充当。

【译文】 一些语言生成规则就足以揭开某种语言的全部基础结构,这就是儿童学习语言如此之快的原因。

as引导的非限制性定语从句

as引导非限制性定语从句时,as只能指代整个主句。as引导的非限制性定语从句多用于固定搭配中,如as was discussed before,as is pointed out,as is well-known,as is often the case,as was expected,as is shown in the figure。

as引导的从句位置很灵活,可在主句前面、中间和后面。例如:

Air,as is well-known,contains some kinds of gas.

众所周知,空气包含几种气体。

The night has turned cold,as is usual around here.

夜晚变得冷,在这一带通常如此。

Many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's,as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion.

【分析】 此句为多重复合句,句子主干是“Many settlers had slighter religious com-mitments”。

关系代词as在句中引导非限制性定语从句,它指代的是前面主句的内容。in con-fronting folk along the coast作状语,修饰learned。句末“who mocked…for religion”是定语从句,修饰folk;该定语从句包含that引导的宾语从句,表示嘲笑的内容。

【译文】 正如一名牧师了解到的那样,很多移民并没有丹这么虔诚的宗教信仰。该牧师在沿海地区遇见过一些移民,他们嘲笑说自己来新大陆并不是为了追求宗教信仰。

五、特殊定语从句

than、but、as这几个连接词可以像关系词一样,前面有名词作先行词,但它们后面的定语从句却不像典型的定语从句。这些既像连接词又像关系词的词,可以称为准关系代词。

than引导的定语从句

than作为准关系代词出现在more…than、less…than、fewer…than等结构中时,前面要有名词。例如:

Barbara seems to take a keener interest in piano music than has ever been shown.

芭芭拉对钢琴音乐的兴趣似乎比她所表现出来的更大。(than在从句中作主语,其先行词是interest)

There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than exists in the public mind today.

人们不应该对登山过程中所能感知的风险有那么多的担忧。(than在从句中作主语,其先行词是anxiety)

In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.

【分析】 句子的主干为“some researchers have come up with the finding”。

宾语the finding后接that引导的同位语从句,说明研究发现的具体内容。从句主干是“influentials have far less impact”,介词短语on social epidemics为后置定语,修饰impact,说明是对社会流行潮的影响力。

句末“than is generally supposed”可理解为than引导的定语从句,注意其先行词是impact。

【译文】 但是,在最近的研究中,一些研究人员发现,有影响力的人士对社会流行潮的影响力远比人们通常认为的要小得多。

But to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary.

【分析】 句子主干是“a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points”。

句首不定式to undo the effects of…decrease充当目的状语。句中包含一个比较级结构“more…than+从句”,此处的than既是连词(表比较),同时又引导定语从句(than would otherwise have been necessary),than在从句中充当主语,指代GMAT points。

【译文】 但申请者为了消除这一分数减少所带来的影响,GMAT就得比原本需要的多考30分。

but引导的定语从句

but是具有否定意义的准关系代词,代替人或物,在意义上等同于that/which/who…not。注意,but引导定语从句时,其前面的主句要有另一重否定意义。例如:

There is no one but is concerned about his future.

没有人不关心自己的未来。(but在从句中作主语,one是其先行词;but相当于who is not)

There is no rule but has exceptions.

任何规则都有例外。(but在从句中作主语,rule是其先行词;but相当于which doesn't)

as引导的限制性定语从句

as除可以引导非限制性定语从句外,还可以用于以下结构:such(+ n .)+as…(和……同样),the same(+ n .)+as…(像……这样),the same as(同样的人或事),such as,as…as…。例如:

we need such material as can bear high temperature.

我们需要这种能耐高温的材料。(as作从句主语)

I haven't much money but you can use such as I have.

我并没多少钱,但你可以用我手头这些。(as作从句宾语)

The town is not the same country as it used to be.

这座城镇已经今非昔比。(as作从句表语) CfG9FCOJs6i0vLuywzmZju1C8MUbMdldjfADw4ByC1kDx65esVfCsYdaZcmtlkRa

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