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The following is a timeline of some significant events in computer history. It is not meant to be complete，just a representation of some of the major landmarks in computer development.
☆ 1617：John Napier created“Napier’s Bones”，wooden or ivory rods used for calculating.
☆ 1642：Blaise Pascal introduced the Paxcaline digital adding machine.
☆ 1822：Charles Babbage conceived the Difference Engine and later the Analytical Engine，a true general-purpose computing machine.
☆ 1937：John V. Atanasoff created Atanasoff-Berry Computer(ABC)，which was known as the first generation electronic computer.
☆ 1949：Maurice Wilkes assembled the EDSAC，the first practical stored-program computer，at Cambridge University.
☆ 1953：IBM shipped its first electronic computer，the IBM 701.
☆ 1955：Bell Laboratories announced the first fully transistorized computer，TRADIC.
☆ 1965：Digital Equipment Corp. introduced the PDP-8，the first commercially successful minicomputer.
☆ 1970：Computer-to-computer communication expanded when the Department of Defense established four nodes on the APPA net：two at University of California campuses(one at Santa Barbara and one at Los Angeles)and one each at SRI International and the University of Utah.
☆ 1973：Robert Metcalfe devised the Ethernet Method of network connection at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.
☆ 1973：The Micral was the earliest commercial，non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor the Intel 8008.
☆ 1981：Xerox introduced the Star，the first personal computer with a Graphical User Interface(GUI).
☆ 1981：Adam Osborne completed the first portable computer，OsborneⅠ，which weighed 24 pounds and costs $1，795.
☆ 1984：Apple Computer launched the Macintosh，the first successful mouse-driven computer with a GUI，with a single $1. 5 million commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl.
☆ 1986：Compaq announced the Deskpro 386，the first computer on the market to use Intel’s then new 386 chip.
☆ 1987：IBM introduced its PS/2 machines，which made the 3. 5-inch floppy disk drive and VGA video standard for PCs. The PS/2 also introduced the MicroChannel Architecture(MCA)bus，the first plug-and-play bus for PCs.
☆ 1989：Intel released the 486(P4)microprocessor，which contained more than one million transistors. Intel also introduced 486 motherboard chipsets.
☆ 1990：the World Wide Web(WWW)was born when Tim Berners-Lee，a researcher at CERN，the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva，developed Hypertext Markup Language(HTML).
☆ 1993：Intel released the Pentium(P5)processor. Intel shifted from numbers to names for its chips after it learned it’s impossible to trademark a number. Intel also released motherboard chipsets and for the first time completed motherboards as well.
☆ 1995：Intel released the Pentium Pro processor，the first in the P6 processor family.
☆ 1995：Microsoft released Windows 95 in a huge rollout，the first mainstream 32-bit operating system.
☆ 1997：Intel released the Pentium Ⅱ processor，essentially a Pentium Pro with MMX features added.
☆ 1998：Microsoft released Windows 98.
☆ 1998：Intel released the Celeron，a low-cost version of the Pentium Ⅱ processor.
☆ 1999：Intel released the Pentium Ⅲ，essentially a Pentium Ⅱ with SSE(Streaming SIMD Extensions)added.
☆ 2000：Microsoft released Windows 2000.
☆ 2000：Both Intel and AMD introduced processor running at 1GHz.
☆ 2000：Intel released the Itanium processor，the first in the P7 family.
☆ 2001：Microsoft released Windows XP，based on Windows 2000 and Windows NT kernel. Windows XP introduced a heavily redesigned GUI and brought the NT kernel to the consumer market.
☆ 2003：Intel released the Pentium M for notebooks and the Centrino mobile platform.The Pentium M delivered similar or higher performance than the Pentium 4-M while consuming less power.
☆ 2003：AMD released the Athlon 64. The Athlon 64 was built on the K8 microarchitecture and was the first 64-bit processor widely available to the consumer market.
☆ 2005：Nokia announced the Nokia 770 Internet Tablet，the first device running Maemo.
☆ 2005：Intel and AMD both released their first dual-core 64-bit desktop processor，the Pentium D and the Athlon 64 X2 at the time.
☆ 2006：Intel released the Core 2 processor.
☆ 2007：The first iPhone was introduced by Apple.
☆ 2007：Microsoft Corporation launched Windows Vista more than 5 years after their last major，new operating system，Windows XP，was released.
☆ 2008：The first public beta version of the Google Chrome web browser was released.Chrome subsequently became the most popular web browser in the world，overtaking Internet Explorer.
☆ 2008：The first version of Android was introduced by Google.
☆ 2009：Microsoft released Windows 7.
☆ 2010：Apple released the original iPad.
☆ 2011：The first 4 terabyte hard drive was released by Seagate.
☆ 2012：Microsoft released the operating system Windows 8.
☆ 2013：Edward Snowden began to leak classified NSA information in June.
☆ 2013：Intel officially announced CPUs based on Haswell architecture on June 4.
☆ 2013：Apple introduced the iPhone 5s with Touch ID and 5c on September 10 and Apple introduced iOS7 on September 18.
☆ 2014：Microsoft announced on September 30，the next version of Windows，which would be called Windows 10.
☆ 2014：Apple introduced the new iPhone 6，iPhone 6 Plus，and Apple Watch on September 9 and Apple introduced the Apple Pay feature for its devices on October 20.
☆ 2015：Microsoft released Windows 10 on July 29.
☆ 2015：Google introduced Android Pay for all Android-based smartphones on September 11.
☆ 2016：On March 12，AlphaGo，a DeepMind AI from Google beat Go champion Lee Se-dol for the third straight time at playing the ancient Chinese board game of Go. Although AlphaGo won the championship，Lee did win the fourth game.
☆ 2017：The WannaCry ransomware attack began to attack computers running Microsoft Windows. The worm infected more than 230，000 computers in over 150 different countries and demanded $300—$1，200 in bitcoin to unlock the computers encrypted data.
☆ 2018：On March 17， The New York Times and the Guardian revealed that the firm Cambridge Analytica harvested 50 million Facebook profiles and used that data to help Donald Trump’s election team.
☆ 2018：On June 4，Microsoft announced it would acquire GitHub for $7.5 billion.
☆ 2019：The first folding smartphones were introduced in February with Samsung introducing the Galaxy Fold and the Mate X from Huawei.
What you have learned in this unit: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
What you have learned in this unit: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________