**cataclysmic
adj. 大变动的;洪水的
【例】Few had expected that change to be as cataclysmic as it turned out to be.
*outburst
n. (火山、感情等)爆发,喷出(surge; explosion)
*lava
n. 熔岩,火山岩
*erupt
vi. 爆发(to explode; burst out)
【例】We feared that the volcano would erupt again.
*magma
n. (有机物或矿物的)稀糊状混合物,岩浆
*sediment
n. 沉淀物;沉积
*marble
n. 大理石
**granite
n. 花岗岩
*fissure
n. 裂缝,裂隙(a long, narrow and deep cleft or crack)
【记】fiss(裂)+ure(名词后缀)→裂缝,裂隙
*limestone
n. 石灰石
*magnitude
n. 震级
*glacial
adj. 冰的,冰状的;冰河的,冰河时代的
【例】glacial drift∥glacial epoch
*permafrost
n. 永冻土,永冻层