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五、补充归纳题练习 |
例1 Each December 31 in Country Q, a tally is made of the country's total available coal supplies that is, the total amount of coal that has been mined throughout the country but not consumed. In 1991 that amount was considerably lower than it had been in 1990. Furthermore, Country Q has not imported or exported coal since 1970.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
A. In Country Q, more coal was mined in 1990 than was mined in 1991.
B. In Country Q, the amount of coal consumed in 1991 was greater than the amount of coal mined in 1991.
C. In Country Q, the amount of coal consumed in 1990 was greater than the amount of coal consumed in 1991.
D. In Country Q, the amount of coal consumed in 1991 was greater than the amount of coal consumed in 1990.
E. In Country Q, more coal was consumed during the first half of 1991 than was consumed during the first half of 1990.
解析： 事件1：所有挖的煤减去使用的称为“T”（可简单理解为煤的存货）。
事件2：1991年的存货少于1990年的。
事件3：自从1970年没有进出口。
从这三件事情中，我们可得知“1990年的存货+1991年煤的开采量-1991年煤的消耗量=1991年的存货量”。由事件2得知1991年存货更少，于是可推出1991的开采量没有当年消耗量大。
A项：无法得知1990年挖煤的量，此项没法判断。
B项：正如之前的分析，1991年煤的消耗量更多，所以才会动用1990年存货，故而导致1991年的存货量变小，正确。
C项：无法得知1990年煤的消耗量，错误。
D项：原文中导致1991年的存货数量低于1990年的原因只可能是1991年的生产量不如消耗量，导致会用到之前的“存货”，所以才会有1991年存货量少于1990年存货量这一结果。D项仅描述消耗量的对比，并不一定正确。在“必对（must be）考题中”，只要找到一个反例能削弱选项，此项就不可选。在原文中只知道1991年的净存货量是负的，所以才会用到之前的存货，但并不知道1991年的消耗量与1990年的消耗量谁更大，因为原文并没有告知“多少煤被开采”。不知道煤的生产量，所以无法判断煤的消耗量，此项错误。
E项：只知道1991年整年存货量的情况，不知道前半年的情况，此项必错。
得出B项正确。
例2 Book Review: When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city at least as well as I do if I am to take that writer seriously. If the writer is faking, I know immediately and do not trust that writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the storyteller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lee's second novel is set in San Francisco. In this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colors.
Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage?
A. The book reviewer enjoys virtually any novel written by a novelist whom she trusts.
B. If the book reviewer trusts the novelist as a storyteller, the novel in question must be set in a city the book reviewer knows well.
C. Peter Lee's first novel was set in San Francisco.
D. The book reviewer does not trust any novel set in a city that she does not know well.
E. The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does.
解析： 事件1：作者要至少和评论员一样熟悉城市。
事件2：描述的和我熟悉的一样我才相信。
事件3：Lee在书里面描述的旧金山和我熟悉的一样。
A项：出现了原文中没有出现的绝对化词汇（any），不可选。此项把原文的范围扩大，归纳题的答案可以是原文的一个子集，但不可能推出范围更大的事件。
B项：B项错在“knows well”这个程度上。书的作者不需要对城市十分熟悉（knows well），按照原文的程度，只需要达到评论员对于城市的熟悉程度即可。故此项错误。
C项：first一词是无中生有，肯定错误。
D项：针对评论员不知道的城市，原文中评论员会采取什么态度，我们无法判断，故D项错误。
E项：原文中“know at least as well as I do”表示书的作者对于城市的了解必须多于或等于评价员的知识，E项内容相当于是多于或等于的关系中取多于的内容，故此项可被推出来。
得出答案为E。
归纳题允许有反例出来，但答案必须与原文事件相关，或是原文事件的一个子集。
例3 The only way that bookstores can profitably sell books at below-market prices is to get the books at a discount from publishers. Unless bookstores generate a high sales volume, however, they cannot get discounts from publishers. To generate such volume, bookstores must either cater to mass tastes or have exclusive access to a large specialized market, such as medical textbooks, or both.
Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage?
A. If a bookstore receives discounts from publishers, it will profitably sell books at below-market prices.
B. A bookstore that caters to mass tastes or has exclusive access to a large specialized market will have a high sales volume.
C. A bookstore that profitably sells books at below-market prices gets discounts from publishers.
D. A bookstore that does not sell books at below-market prices does not get discounts from publishers.
E. A bookstore that not only caters to mass tastes but also has exclusive access to a large specialized market cannot profitably sell books at below-market prices.
解析： 事件1：如果想低于市场价卖书（below-market price），唯一的方法只能是从出版商那里低价进货。
事件2：不大量采购就不能低价进货。
事件3：大量进货必须是要么书符合大众口味，要么在专门市场有独家渠道。
总结出三件事情后，先分析下三者之间的关系。“想要低价卖，唯一方法是低价进货”，那如果先有了低价进货的条件，书商一定会低价出售吗？不一定，书商完全可以不打折，从而使自己的利润更高。大量进货要么符合大众口味，要么有独家渠道进入特别市场。如果有后两个条件，就一定大量进货吗？显然是不一定的。
根据上述分析，A和B项都可排除，C项合理，符合事件1的描述。D项属于否命题，不正确。E项也无法推出。答案为C。
例4 An advertisement states: Like Danaxil, all headache pills can stop your headache. But when you are in pain, you want relief right away. Danaxil is for you—no headache pill stops pain more quickly. Evelyn and Jane are each suffering from a headache.
Suppose Evelyn takes Danaxil and Jane takes its leading competitor. Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the claims in the advertisement?
A. Evelyn's headache pain will be relieved, but Jane's will not.
B. Evelyn's headache pain will be relieved more quickly than Jane's.
C. Evelyn's headache will be relieved at least as quickly as Jane's.
D. Jane's headache pain will be relieved at the same time as is Evelyn's.
E. Jane will be taking Danaxil for relief from headache pain.
解析： 事件1：所有头疼药能治疗头疼（注意绝对化词汇）。
事件2：没有别的药比Danaxil治疗更快（可理解为Danaxil和市面上治疗最快的头疼药药效一样快）。
事件3：Evelyn吃Danaxil，Jane吃其他药。
总结出事件之后，先归纳三者之间的关系。Evelyn和Jane都吃药了，那么根据事件1，两位都能药到病除。Evelyn吃了Danaxil，可否表明Evelyn比Jane更快地被治愈呢？不能。因为Danaxil并不是市面上唯一治疗最快的头疼药，事件2表明这种药和市面上治疗最快的头疼药一样快。
A项：Jane不能治愈，和事件1矛盾。
B项：无法推出Evelyn更快地被治愈，只能推出不比Jane治愈的速度慢。
C项：“两人被治愈至少一样快”，正确，符合之前的事件分析。
D项：不一定是同时被治愈，除非二人同时间开始头疼，同时间吃药，并且Jane吃市面上治疗最快的药，这才可能两人同时被治愈。
E项：“Jane会吃Danaxil”，在原文中没有这个信息，排除。
选项C正确。