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商务英语合同中许多词频繁出现，大多成为英语合同术语，比如by and between, as, shall, the said, herein, hereby, whereas, subject to, in accordance with, prior to, including, as follows, in respect of, in pursuance of, therefore, thereof等。这些用词可分为虚词（function words）和实义词（content words）。
1 常用虚词（Usual Function Words）
（1）as的用法
as是英语合同中最常用的虚词之一，与其他词组成具有特定意义的短语，如as the case may be（视情况而定），as from（自某日起），as of（自某日起），as done（依……而定），as……as（与……一样）等。
①as from和as of都可以表示“自某日起”的意思，用于正式文书。
例如：
This Contract shall be in effect for one year as from the 26th March 2013.（本合同自2013年3月26日起生效，有效期为一年。）
例如：
This Agreement shall come into force as of the 3rd May 2012.（本合同自2012年5月3日起生效。）
②as放在代表“规定”的provide, stipulate, set forth, prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照……规定”。
例如：
For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4. 6 herein.（基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。）
例如：
Based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5. 2 hereof.（基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。）
另外，Except as otherwise done和Unless as otherwise done结构，表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。done由provided, stipulated, set forth, prescribed, required, indicated, set out等表示。
例如：
Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.（除非本合同另有规定，所有以航空挂号信寄出的通知和要求发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。）
例如：
Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks will accept transport documents indicating the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods.（除非信用证另有规定，银行将接受以信用证受益人以外的第三者作为发货人的运输单据。）
③As构成as the case may be（视具体情况而定），as the case may require（视具体要求而定）和as the venturers may determine（视投资方决定而定）等短语是英语合同的常用短语。
例如：
The venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the venturers may determine.（该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。）
④As还用在as soon as practical短语中，意义用法相当于as soon as possible。
例如：
During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter.（本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽快向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。）
⑤Such……as句型
Such……as句型是英语合同的特殊表达形式，它将类属后置，突出as后面的内容。
例如：
The parties may agree to extend the expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances.（合同各方同意根据情况合理推迟合同到期日。）
其中such date as is reasonable in the circumstances结构代替了such a date that is reasonable in the circumstances的表达。
例如：
The Venture may re-locate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venture may determine.句中as the Venture may determine可由as determined by the Ventures代替。该句大意：该投资公司有时可迁址或增添营业场所，视投资者的决策而定。
（2）shaII, shouId, may, must的用法
shall, should, may, must, may not（或shall not）是普通英语中常见的单词，但在英语合同中必须谨慎使用这些词。使用这些词对合同主体的权利义务进行约定。如果选词不当，可能会引起纠纷。
①May旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），没有任何义务的含义，不带有强制性，有时表示“允许”或“许可”，相当于中文的“可以”“得”等含义。May do不能说成can do, shall do，也不能说成should do或ought to do。
例如：
The buyers may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the sellers for shortweight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.（货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出缺重赔偿。）
②shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候），表示强制性要求履行责任或义务，含有“本条款具有法律规定的指令性和强制性”之意。Shall do（应当做）不能用can do, should do, must do来代替。Should do, must do其意“做不做都可能不会受到相应惩罚或处罚”，shall do其意“应当做，必须做”的义务，对应着一定的惩罚或处罚。
例如：
The Seller shall present the following documents required for negotiation to the banks.（卖方必须将下列单据提交银行附议）
例如：
Party A shall not supply the contracted commodity to other buyers in the above-mentioned territory.（甲方不得向上述地区其他买主供应本合同项下商品。）
③must用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not（或shall not）用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。may not do在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not。
④should表示“应该”，但它没有shall那样重的含义，因为should并不表示法律义务，只表示一般的义务或道义上的义务，有时甚至表示“原该”或“最好如此”的含义。
当should出现在合同中时，它常放在句子的开头，表示一个隐含的条件状语，相当于由if、in case或in the event that引导的状语从句，其含义相当于中文的“如果”“万一”而不是“应该”。
例如：
Should the verification conclusion contradict the conditions of an auction target stated in an auction contract, the auctioneer has the right to demand a change or rescind the contract.（如果鉴定结论与委托拍卖合同载明的拍卖标的状况不相符，拍卖人有权要求变更或者解除合同。）
（3）notwithstanding的用法
Notwithstanding与in spite of, despite一样意思是“即使，尽管”。一般与名词连用作为介词短语，放在句首。
例如：
Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.（即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。）
句中Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein意思是In spite of any other provisions to the contrary of provisions in the contract或者Despite any other provisions to the contrary of provisions in the contract。
例如：
Notwithstanding Article 2. 2，the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.（尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如果上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日或之前未实现或被放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理推迟合同的期满日。）
（4）hereby“特此”“因此”的用法
hereby与by this或by means of this意思相近，表示“特此”、“因此”。
常作为法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。一般置于主语后。
例如：
Hereby compliance with law requirements is self-evident.（因此依照法律规定也是不证自明的）；
Accordingly, we hereby offer the following suggestions.（为此，特提出以下意见）；
We hereby revoke the agreement of May 8，2004.（我方特此宣告于2004年5月8日签订的合同无效）；
I hereby certify that the information provided voluntarily.（兹证明上述资料由本人自愿提供）。
（5）hereto“关于此”“至此”
hereto相当于to this或to this writing, document or matter，意思是：对于此事或此文件、关于此、关于这个、于此、到此为止、在此。表示上文提到的“本合同的或本文件的……”时，使用该词，一般置于修饰的名词后面。
例如：
Payments shall be made in the manner and at the time agreed by the parties hereto.（支付款应按本合同双方同意的时间和方式进行）；
Parties hereto may revise or supplement through negotiation matters not mentioned herein.（本合同如有未尽事宜，双方可协商修订或补充）；
“Commencement date”shall mean the date of signing this agreement by the last signing party hereto.（“协议生效日”是指本“协议”最后签字的一方签署本“协议”的日期）；
The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as part of this contract.（整个合同期间，本合同的附件应被视为合同的一部分予以解释）。
（6）herein“如此”“鉴于”“此中”
herein相当于in this，意思是“如此”“鉴于”“此中”“在此处”。
例如：
The license herein granted is conditioned on Part B selling Licensed Devices at prices no more favorable than those followed by Part A.（在此授权许可是以乙方出售特许装置的价格不得比甲方所遵循的价格低为条件的。）
Matters not provided herein shall be governed by other laws.（本条例未规定的，适用其他法律之规定。）
（7）hereof“关于此点”“在本文件中”
hereof相当于of this，意为“关于此点”“在本文件中”“就此”“于此”。
例如：
This contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the buyer and the builder.（本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。）
All offers and sales are subject to the terms and conditions printed on the reverse side hereof.（所有报盘和销售均应遵守本报价单背面所印的条款。）
The right to interpret the rules hereof rests with the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China.（本办法由中华人民共和国交通部负责解释。）
The power of interpretation hereof rests with the Ministry of commerce, the General Administration of Customs and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine.（本办法由商务部、海关总署、质检总局负责解释。）
（8）hereinbefore“上文”“在上文中”
Hereinbefore其意为in a preceding part of this（在上文中，上文）。
例如：
The Debtor may deem compromise with any other Creditor, in such manner as the Debtor may consider advisable, anything hereinbefore to the contrary notwithstanding.（尽管有上述相反情况，只要债务人认为是可取的，他可以与任何其他债权人达成妥协。）
Where any provision hereinbefore conflicts with or is different from these Measures, the latter shall prevail.（此前规定与本办法有抵触或不一致的，按本办法执行。）
（9）hereinafter“在下文”“以下”
hereinafter其意为later in this contract，译成“以下”、“在下文中”等。
例如：
Any complaint which either party does not wish to refer to a Conciliation Committee may then be submitted by the First Party to arbitration as hereinafter provided.（如果任何一方不愿意把申诉提交给调解委员会，可由甲方将其提交给下文所提出的机构仲裁。）
Part A agrees to pay to Part B an amount hereinafter called royalty equal to 5%of the gross sales.（甲方同意向乙方支付以下称为版税的费用，该费用等于销售总额的5%。）
（10）hereunder“在此中”“在其中”
hereunder相当于under this，意思是“在此中”、“在其中”、“在本文件中”。
例如：
All of the obligations of the Guarantor hereunder shall be joint several liability.（担保人在本担保书项下承担的义务均应是连带的。）
The said Effective Date shall be construed as the date of the commencement of work hereunder.（上述生效日期即为本协议规定的开始工作之日。）
（11）thereby“因此”“从而”
thereby相当于by that means，意为“因此”、“从而”。
例如：
Notice of termination shall be served by post or in person and the Agreement is thereby terminated.（停止协议的通知应当通过邮寄或派人送达，该协议方可终止。）
In the event of the death of any partner, this partnership shall not be thereby dissolved.（如果任何合伙人死亡，本合伙公司不因此解散。）
（12）therefor“为此”“由于此”
therefor相当于for that，译成“为此”“由于此”“因此”。
例如：
Before commencing the construction, the Contractor shall submit the plan and specifications therefore to the owner for approval.（在开工之前，承包商应将此计划和技术说明书一并提交所有者批准。）
（13）thereto“向那里”“另外”
Thereto相当于to that，意为“向那里”“另外”。
例如：
Written notice shall be sent to all directors, including copies of reports relating thereto.（应将书面通知送达所有董事，包括有关各种报告副本。）
In concluding a contract, the parties thereto shall implement the principle of good faith.（当事人订立合同，应秉持诚实信用原则。）
（14）thereof“其”“关于那”
thereof相当于of that，译成“其”“关于那”。
例如：
The lessee shall be liable for compensating the lessor for losses suffered as a result thereof.（出租人因此所受的损失由承租人负责赔偿。）
This agreement articles thereof shall be governed by Chinese law.（本协议受中华人民共和国法律管辖并按中华人民共和国法律解释。）
（15）whereby“凭此协议”“凭此条款”
whereby相当于by which，译成“凭此”“凭此协议”“凭此条款”。
例如：
This Agreement is made and concluded by and between A Corporation（hereinafter called Part A）and B company（hereinafter called Part B）whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below.（本协议由A公司（以下称甲方）与B公司（以下称乙方）签订，双方同意按以下条款进行补偿贸易。
This contract is made in a spirit of friendly cooperation by and between Party A and Party B, whereby Party A shall invite Party B for service as a foreign staff on the terms and conditions stipulated as follows：（甲方和乙方本着友好合作的精神签订本合同，根据合同，甲方聘请乙方为外籍工作人员。合同条款如下：）
（16）foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned“上述的”“前述的”
Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned这些词一般放在名词前作限定词，相当于定冠词the，其意为“前述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。
例如：
The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.（本银行将根据上述判决以书面或电传形式及时通知借款方实际利率。）
The contract shall be written in Chinese and in. Both language versions are equally authentic.In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.（本合同应以中文和______语言书写，两种文本具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧义，以中文文本为准。）
in question短语也可以用来表示限定或重复某个名词，相当于under consideration, being talked about。通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”、“上文所说的”。
例如：
All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.（买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。）
（17）incIuding but not Iimited to与incIuding, without Iimitation以及incIuding by way of iIIustration but not Iimitation含义为“包括但不限于”
英语合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到including but not limited to与including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation这几个短语。
例如：
The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.（本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的时间。不可抗力包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和超出卖方合理控制，阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。）
（18）according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, under or in compIiance with意为“依照……规定”
这些词组表示“依照合同的约定”或者“根据法律的规定”。其中“according to”属于普通英语表达，在合同中很少用，而“in accordance with”最为常见。
例如：
In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.（如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会，根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。）
又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant shall be signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.（该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。）
再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.（合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。）
（19）prior to, no Iater than, on or before, on and after“在……之前”“不迟于”“从某日起”
英语合同中关于限定日期的表达方式包括：prior to表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no（not）later than，表示“不迟于”。on and after表示“从某日起”。
例如：
Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to collect any account on and after September.（自9月 20日起，甲方已无权接受任何订单或收取任何款项。）
Our terms are cash within three months, i. e.on or before May 1.（我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。）
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i. e.not later than December.（本合同签字之日起一个月内，即不迟于12月，你方须将货物装船。）
10～15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.（装运前10 天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。）
为了更明确限定时间，还可以用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。
例如：
This credit expires till January 1（inclusive）for negotiation in Beijing.（or：This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.）（本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1 日（含当天）。）如果不包括1 月1日在内，则为till and not including January 1。
（20）Without prejudice to, with prejudice“不损害……规定/情况下”
Without prejudice to, with prejudice常用于英语合同中，表示在“不损害……规定/情况下”。
例如：
The Management Agreement and Clause 2 shall be read and construed as one document and clause 2 shall be considered to be part of the Management Agreement and, without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, where the context so allows, references in the Management Agreement to“this Agreement”.（《管理协议》和第二条应一并阅读，作为完整的文件来理解。应将第二条理解为《管理协议》的一部分，在不影响上述整体性情况下，在本契约允许之处，是《管理协议》中的参考部分。）
（21）in Iieu of“替代”
in lieu of意为“替代”，相当于instead of, in place of。合同中表示“替代”的动词是supersede。
例如：
In circumstance provided above in Clause 14. 1，Party C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to Party B all or part of Party C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of Party C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause.（在上述第十四条第一款规定的情形下，丙方或新公司有权自行选择向乙方转让丙方或新公司的所有权及在建或竣工后基础设施的所有权的全部或部分，作为约定的违约金来替代计算与赔偿实际损害，但该转让应为丙方自愿实施的行为或基于仲裁裁决的规定。）
（22）AttributabIe to, by virtue of, in view of, on account of, considering, in consideration of含义为“因为”
这些词是介词短语，表示“因为”，其中due to, owing to, because of也表示“因为”但较不正式，在合同中很少使用。
例如：
The Seller shall be liable for any damage of the commodity and expense incurred because of improper packing and for any rust attributable to inadequate or improper protective measures taken by the Seller in regard to the packing.（因卖方包装不当或因采取了不当的或不充分的保护措施而发生的货物损坏和货物生锈应由卖方承担责任。）
Licensee hereby agrees that its every use of such name shall inure to the benefit of Licensor and that Licensee shall not at any time acquire any rights in such name by virtue of any use it may make of such name.（被许可方特此同意，该名称的使用应有利于许可方利益且不得在任何时候因利用该名称而取得该名称项下任何权利。）
Buyer shall have the right to inspect the goods on arrival and, within______business days after delivery, buyer must give notice to seller of any claim for damages on account of condition, quality or grade of the goods, and buyer must specify the basis of the claim of buyer in detail.（买方应有权在货物运抵及交付后______个营业日内进行检验，买方须通知卖方任何基于货物状况、品质、等级而产生的索赔，并详细说明索赔事由。）
In view of the personal nature of the services to be performed under this Agreement by You, You cannot assign or transfer any of Your obligations under this Agreement.（考虑到本协议项下待你方履行的服务有私人性质，你方不能转让本协议项下你方的任何义务。）
（23）In respect of, in respect thereof, with respect to, as regards意为“涉及”“至于”“在……方面”
在英语合同中用in respect of, in respect thereof或with respect to来表示“涉及”“至于”“在……方面”有关的问题，这些词组比about, concerning, as regards正式。
例如：
Notwithstanding Clause 16. 1，Party B shall not be entitled to claim for itself in respect of any Force Majeure in Clause 16.1.（尽管有16条第1款的规定，但乙方无权根据16条第1款为其自身提出有关不可抗力的索赔。）
Upon the termination of the Existing Letter of Credit and the payment of all amounts（if any）owing in respect thereof, Bank Boston, N. A.shall cease to be an Issuing Bank hereunder.（现有信用证一经期满所有相关应付款项的支付（如果有的话）即告终止，北美波士顿银行不再是该信用证项下的开证行。）
Party C or New Company shall retain all rights with respect to the specifications, plans, drawings and other documents and Party B undertakes not to disclose the same or divulge any information contained therein to any third country without the prior written consent of Party C or New Company.（丙方或新公司应保留有关说明书、计划书、图纸和其他文件的所有权利且乙方应承诺未经丙方或新公司事先书面同意不披露上述文件或泄露上述文件所包含的任何信息给第三国。）
此外，pertaining to, pertaining thereto也表示“涉及，与……有关”。
例如：
Broker is in the business of brokering real estate loans and engages sales representative to perform services pertaining to such business.（经纪人是在房地产贷款经纪业务中聘用销售代表进行有关该业务的服务。）
（24）in the event that, in the event of含义是“如果”“如果……发生”
in the event that, in the event of相当于when，表示“如果”“如果……发生”，但是比when正式，英语合同中常用。
例如：
In the event that either party hereto fails to comply with the terms or conditions of this Agreement and within 90 days after the written notice is issued by the other party hereto, fails to remedy such failure, the Party giving notice may, forth with, notify the other Party of the matter in question and terminate this Agreement.（如任何一方未能履行本协议规定的条款或条件，并在收到另一方书面通知之后90天内未对其不履行进行补救，发出通知的一方，可立即通知另一方终止本协议。）
2 实义词（Content Words）
（1）perform, fuIfiII, execute, impIement表示“履行”
perform, fulfill, execute, implement在英语合同中表示“履行”。perform表示to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract，泛指双方履行合同的各项责任和义务，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract，强调合同一方具体履行合同的义务。execute, implement表示强调具体实施，execute也有签约、生效的用法。
例如：
With respect to the outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No. 79hp-106，we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract.We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc.，who purchased LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quality.（有关第 79hp-106 号合同项下180公吨的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款项，我方坚持要求贵方尽快开立信用证以保证合同的履行。我方在此提请贵方注意，在我方提供了调整的价格并签订了一份产品品质优良的新合同后不久，同时从我公司购买低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已经按先前的合同履行完义务。）
Each party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute and deliver such other instruments and do and perform such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.（本合同一方应在他方合理的要求下，应签署并交付其他文件并切实履行完成本协议和交易所必需或需要的行为和事宜。）
例如：
All expenses of keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise needed for the conduct of the Company's business shall be borne by the Company.（所有为履行本协议条款所要求的保存本公司账册记录和准备财务报表的费用或其他公司经营所需要的费用由本公司承担。）
（2）mortgage, charge, pIedge, Iien, security, encumbrance
英语合同中，这些词容易混淆，难以区分它们的具体含义。其中mortgage相当于我国法律中的“抵押”；charge是“担保物权”，如土地上设定的用于付款的担保、保证；pledge相当于“质押”；lien相当于“留置”；security相当于“担保，保证”；encumbrance是指在财产上设定的债务或债权，如：租赁、抵押、地役、限制性契约、收租，可称为“他物权”。
例如：
Seller warrants that the goods are now free, and that at the time of delivery shall be free from any security interest or other lien or encumbrance.（卖方保证货物现无约束，交付时应没有担保物权、其他留置权或债权。）
During the joint venture term of the Joint Venture Company, without Party B's written consent, Party A shall not create any option right to acquire, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, or any other form of security or encumbrance on, over, or affecting the whole or any part of its equity interest in the Joint Venture Company.（本合资公司合营期间，未经乙方书面同意，甲方不得对本合资公司所有或部分股权设定期权、购并权、抵押权、保证、留置权，或其他任何形式的担保或债权，或因以上设定影响本合资公司的所有或部分股权。）
（3）to-wit“即”
to-wit为法律专用语，意思是“即”，相当于that is to say（i.e.）。
例如：
Party A for considerations hereinafter named contracts and agrees with the Party B that Party A will, within______days next following the date hereof, build and finish a______building for Party B（the building hereinafter is referred to as the said building）. The said building is of the following dimensions, with reinforced concrete, brick, stones and other materials, as are described in plans and specifications hereto annexed.In consideration of the foregoing, party B shall, for itself and its legal representatives, promise to pay Party A the sum of______in manner as follows, to wit：（甲方基于下文所列各种因素，特与乙方达成了协议并一致同意：由甲方在订约日期之翌日起______天之内为乙方建造并完成（涉约建筑）。涉约建筑之规模及所需的钢筋、水泥、砖块、石子和其他建筑材料之数量，均在作为合同附件的设计图和施工细则中予以说明。基于上述情况，乙方及其法定代表郑重承诺向甲方支付（金额）。支付方法商定如下：）
（4）represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee“保证”
这些词在英语合同中一般都表示“保证”的含义。其中represent和warrant一般连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分。
例如：
Party B hereby represents and warrants as to itself that：it is a duly organized legal entity, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, with the qualification of auction business.（乙方声明并保证：乙方为按照香港特别行政区法律合法组建、依法经营并良好续存之法人，具有艺术品和古玩拍卖经营资质。）
Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board of the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.（根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。）
Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.（乙方保证机器设备未经使用、性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。）
（5）seek recourse to, resort to“求助于，诉诸”
英语合同中常用seek recourse to或resort to表示“求助于，诉诸”
例如：
In the case of non-performance, the obligee may resort to any legal remedy separately or resort simultaneously to all legal remedies which arise from law or the contract and can be invoked simultaneously unless otherwise provided by law or the contract. In particular, invoking a legal remedy arising from non-performance shall not deprive the obligee of the right to demand compensation for damage caused by non-performance.（如果债务人不履行义务，债权人可以采取任何法律救济或同时采取所有依照法律或合同约定的救济措施。援引法律救济，并不因此解除债权人因债务人不履行义务而要求的损害赔偿权。）
The arbitration shall take place in Beijing and the decision of the Arbitration Commission shall be final and binding upon both parties；neither party shall seek recourse to a law court or other authorities to appeal for revision of the decision. Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party.
（仲裁应在北京进行。仲裁委员会的裁定应为终局性，对双方均有约束力。任何一方不得诉诸法院或向其他机构上诉寻求修正该裁定。仲裁费应由败诉方承担。）
（6）use aII reasonabIe endeavors to do, use one's best efforts“尽力做……”
use all reasonable endeavors to do, use one's best efforts在英语合同中，用来表示“尽力做某事”，还可以用endeavor to do或exert one’s best efforts。一般不用try to do或try one’s best的普通英语表达方式。
例如：
Each Party shall at all times use all reasonable endeavors to minimize any delay in the performance of the Contract as a result of an Exceptional Event. A party shall give Notice to the other Party when it ceases to be affected by an Exceptional Event.（各方当事人都应尽一切合理的努力以减少在履行合同规定的义务时由于例外风险导致的延误。当一方当事人不再受意外风险影响时，应向另一方当事人发出通知。）
（7）pertinent, reIevant“有关的”“相关的”
英语合同里表示“有关的，相关的”的含义一般用pertinent或relevant，但pertinent比relevant更为正式。
例如：
Party A and Party B shall spare no efforts for the organization of Joint Venture under the laws of the People's Republic of China. The name of Joint Venture is______with its legal address：.All activities of Joint Venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People's Republic of China.（甲方和乙方按照中华人民共和国的法律建立合营企业。合营企业称为，地址为。合营企业的一切活动，必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法令和有关条例规定。）
又如：Shipment within 60 days upon receipt of the L/C which accords with relevant clauses of this Contract.（收到符合本合同有关条款的信用证后60天内装船。）
（8）have the IegaI obIigation to do, be obIiged to, shaII do, be under the obIigation to do, be IiabIe/responsibIe to do, be IiabIe/responsibIe for“有义务”“有责任”
这些词组都表达“有责任、有义务”。shall do sth.表示强制性“义务”“责任”。
例如：
In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo（es），the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.（在危险或有毒货物的情况下，卖方有义务确保在每一包装上标注其属性和通常采用的标识。）
The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.（本公司没有完全或随附的任何法律义务向任何他人出售公司资产的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有权权益，或实现本公司或任一子公司的并购、合并或其他的重组或签订有关以上事项的协议。）
The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.（卖方对因任何不可抗力导致本买卖合同项下整批或部分货物未能交付或延误概不承担责任。）
RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing.（RCII公司没有任何书面或口头上的法律义务来做以上的任何一项。）
（9）do sth. in its entirety“完全彻底地做……”
do sth. in its entirety相当于do sth.totally或do sth.as a whole，表示“完全彻底地做……”。
例如：
The Aggregate Revolving Commitment（and the Revolving Commitment of each Bank）shall terminate in its entirety on April 15，2014 unless the Closing Date shall have occurred on or prior to such date.（联合周转协议（及各银行的周转协议）应在2014年 4月15日完全终止，除非结算发生在当天或先于该日期。）
（10）abide by, observe, obey, compIy with“遵守”“遵照”
abide by, observe, obey, comply with在英语合同中都表示“遵守”“遵照”。comply with的主语通常是sth.，而observe和abide by则的主语通常是sb.。
例如：
The delivered equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.（所交付的设备应由乙方安装调试，应完全符合本合同的技术要求和工艺质量。）
The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work.（承包人必须遵守和服从与该工程有关的一切适用法律规章和条例。）
读书笔记