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Elements of Sentences

05句子成分有哪些

毋庸置疑,语言的表达离不开句子。英语句子与汉语句子一样,都是由句子成分按照一定的规则所组成的。句子成分就是组成句子的各个部分。

那么句子成分有哪些?英语句子的基本成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。现在我们就来依次学习一下这几类句子成分,相信掌握了这些基本知识,一定会对你的口语表达有所帮助。

Case 1 主语

主语在句中说明人或事物,是句子的主体部分,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。例如:

The car is running fast. (名词)

We are students. (代词)

One of my classmates is from Shanghai. (数词)

It's bad manners to spit in public. (不定式)

Eating too much is bad for your health. (动名词)

注意:不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在后面。

Case 2 谓语

谓语是句子中必不可少的成分,用于说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。

实义动词可单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语;情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语;助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。例如:

Do you speak English? (助动词+实义动词)

He works in a factory. (实义动词)

I felt cold. (系动词+表语)

How can I get to the station? (情态动词+实义动词)

Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词)

Case 3 表语

表语用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受,一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当,位于系动词后。常用的连系动词有:be,look,get,sound(听起来),feel,become,smell,turn,taste(尝起来)等。如:

They are workers. (名词)

Two and three is five. (数词)

The story is very interesting. (形容词)

My job is teaching English. (动名词)

She is at home. (介词短语)

The dish tastes delicious. (形容词)

Case 4 宾语

宾语的用法比较复杂,指示及物动词所涉及的对象,一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如:

He is doing his homework. (名词)

They did nothing this morning. (代词)

She wants to go home. (不定式)

We enjoy playing football. (动名词)

需要注意的是,有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。

这类动词常见的有:give,buy,lend,pass,tell,leave等。如:He bought me a book. 这句话里间接宾语是me,直接宾语是a book。直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词,如to或for。上面那句话也可以说成He bought a book for me.

有的动词常用不定式作宾语,即后面接to do的形式,而不能用动名词,这类动词有:want,wish,hope,promise,decide,agree, choose,care等。

有的动词却只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式,这类动词有:enjoy,finish,mind,practise,miss, suggest,keep等。

Case 5 定语

定语用于修饰名词或代词,一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。定语一般位于被修饰词之前,但若不定式或介词短语等作定语,则放在被修饰词后面。如:

What a beautiful kite it is! (形容词)

She is a chemistry teacher. (名词)

There are two students in the classroom. (数词)

We have something to do tomorrow. (不定式)

The man in blue is my brother. (介词短语)

Case 6 状语

状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句放在句首或句末。如:

Thank you very much. (副词)

I get up at 7: 00 in the morning. (介词短语)

He is studying hard so as to catch up with others. (不定式短语)

We were having breakfast when the telephone rang. (从句)

需要注意的是,副词enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后,如:He is old enough to go to school. 0c6sO/KNXe4vXsK2yKgavanP0zQkZ6xW3ceHY2UC13FsDYLUSuYIwIN1qfcX59OB

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