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启蒙主义时期的英国文学的考点主要集中在：Neo-classicism（新古典主义），Alexander Pope（蒲柏）， A.Essay on Criticism 《论批评》，Daniel Defoe（笛福）， Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨孙漂流记》，Jonathan Swift（斯威夫特）， Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》，Henry Fielding（菲尔丁）， The History of Tom Jones , a Foundling 《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》，Samuel Johnson（约翰逊）， To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield 《致切斯特菲尔德伯爵的信》，Richard Brinsley Sheridan（谢利丹）， The School for Scandal 《造谣学校》，Thomas Gray（格雷）， Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》，The Graveyard School（墓地派诗歌），Oliver Goldsmith（哥尔德斯密斯）， The Vicar of Wakefield 《威克菲尔德的牧师》， Sentimentalism（伤感派文学），等等。对这些知识的出题形式为：名词解释、填空、选择、作品与作者匹配、简答题与论述题等。
1.（北京第二外国语学院2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题） ____ is a satirical novel,in which the author Fielding exposes the English bourgeois aristocratic society and mocks at its political system.
A. A Modest Proposal B. Gulliver’s Travels
C. Volpone D. Jonathan Wild the Great
答案：D
2.（北京第二外国语学院2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题） In the last twenty years of the 18th century,England produced two great romantic poets. They are ____.
A.Johnson and Blake B.Gray and Young
C.Pope and Goldsmith D.Blake and Burns
答案：D
3.（天津外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题） Jonathan Swift’s satirical essay,____,proposes the ironic plan that rich people should serve the flesh of the poor Irish children on their tables,thus turning an economic burden to general profit.
参考答案： A Modest Proposal
4.（国际关系学院2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题） Jonathan Swift’s A Tale of a Tub is a devastating attack on ____ and even on ____ itself.
参考答案： The Christian church;Christian religion
5.（首都师范大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题 ）In the next place we are to observe that among the many things which I bought off the ship in the several voyages which,as above mentioned,I made to it,I got several things of less value,but not all less useful to me,which I omitted setting dow n before;as in particular,pens,ink,and paper,several parcels in the captain’s,mate’s,gunner’s,and carpenter’s keeping,three or four compasses,some mathematical instruments,dials,perspectives,charts,and books of navigation,all which I huddled together... From which novel is this excerpt taken?
参考答案： Robinson Crusoe
6.（中国人民大学2003年、四川大学2002年及2003年硕士研究生入学考试试题：名词解释 ）Neoclassicism
参考答案： (1) In the field of literature,the 18th-century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. (2) According to this literary principle all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones. (3) Neoclassicism em phasizes such artistic ideals as order,logic,restrained emotion,accuracy and literature’s service to humanity (didacticism). (4) Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden,Alexander Pope,Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele,the two pioneers of familiar essays,Jonathan Swift,Richard Bringsley Sheridan,Daniel Defoe,Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.
7.（厦门大学2003年硕士研究生入学考试试题：论述题） Describe and make a comment on Mr. A llworthy.
参考答案： (1) Mr. Allworthy,as his name suggests,is a kind-hearted man who adopts the foundling Tom Jones in Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones,a Foundling. (2) Although Mr. Allworthy is good at heart,he fails to see through his evil nephew Blifi l who designs a vicious plot against Tom Jones. A.a result,Tom Jones is banished by Mr. Allworthy from his home. However,his good nature wins out,and a happy ending is secured.
8.（武汉大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试试题：论述题） Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe was a great success partly because the protagonist was a real middle-class hero. Discuss Crusoe,the protagonist of the novel,as an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtues in the middle-eighteenth century England.
参考答案： (1) In Robinson Crusoe Defoe describes Robinson Crusoe as the very prototype of the empire builder,the pioneer colonist. (2) Caught in the hostile nature Robinson struggles single-handedly. He is a real hero of a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class or the rising bourgeoisie. He survives with a great capacity for work,inexhaustible energy,courage,patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles,in struggling against the hostile natural environment. (3) In portraying Robinson’s life on the island,Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude,which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride and happiness. (4) On the other hand,we must admit that Robinson Crusoe seems incapable of deep feelings and is preoccupied with possession,power and authority. For example,Robinson has a servant named Friday and the first English word Robinson teaches him is “master.” A lso,all that Crusoe does seems to concern nobody but his own welfare. His industry,resourcefulness and solitary courage have made him a typical individual. (5) Crusoe’s fl aws reflect those of his time,and Defoe,through Crusoe,tells us much about frustrations,alienation,suffering and successes of modern man.
9． （河南大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试试题：论述题） What was the signifi cance of Samuel Johnson’s To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield?
参考答案： (1) Johnson’s famous letter, To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield, is written to the fame-fishing Chesterfield who offered Johnson nothing while he compiled A Dictionary of the English Language . (2) The letter is written in a refi ned and very polite language,with a bitter undertone of defiance and anger. (3) The seemingly peaceful retrospection,reasoning and questioning express,to the best satiric effect,the author’s strong indignation at the lord’s fame-fishing and his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord. It expresses explicitly the author’s assertion of his independence,signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.
10.（中国人民大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试试题：名词解释）
Parody
参考答案： Parody is an imitation of a particular writer,artist,or genre,exaggerating it deliberately to produce a comiceffect. The humorous effect in parody is achieved by imitating and overstressing noticeable features of a famous piece of literature. A case in point is Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift. Gulliver’s Travels is a parody of travel narratives,as well as a satire on contemporary England. A.the empire of England spread to far off lands,it became a center of navigation and exploration. Adventure and travel narratives telling stories of strange lands became popular.
11.（中国人民大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试试题：名词解释）
Samuel Johnson
参考答案： Samuel Johnson is an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet,essayist,moralist,literary critic,biographer,editor and lexicographer. He was a devout Anglican and a generous philanthropist. Politically,he was a committed Tory. He is always regarded as “arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history.” He is also the subject of James Boswell’s The Life of Samuel Johnson ,described by Walter Jackson Bate as “the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature.” Johnson worked for eight years with his dictionary project. A Dictionary of the English Lan guage was published finally in 1755.
12.（华中师范大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试试题：名词解释） Gulliver’s Travels
参考答案： Gulliver’s Travels is a prose satire by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift,which is both a satire on human nature and the “travelers’tales” literary sub-genre. It is Swift’s best known full-length work,and a classic of English literature. The story of the book is divided into four parts. In the first part,Gulliver describes his shipwreck in Lilliput where the tallest people were six inches high. In his account of two parties in the country,distinguished by the use of high and low heels,Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England. The second part is about the voyage to Brobdingnag. The third part is a voyage to Laputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,G lubbdubdrib and Japan. In the last part,Gulliver’s satire is of the bitterest. Swift creates the bourgeois world in the repellent images of man like creatures—Yahoos. He also drew ruthless pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the English state system.
ⅠDefine the Following Terms
1. The Graveyard School 2. Criticism 3. The Heroic Couplet
4. Elegy 5. Parable 6. Satire
7. A llegory 8. Didactic
Ⅱ Multiple Choice
Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the answer sheet.
1.____is the most successful religious al legory in the English language.
A. Genesis A. B. Exodus
C . The Pilgrim’s Progress D. The Holy War
2. A lexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poems and finally brought to its last perfection ____ Dryden had successfully used in his plays.
A.the heroic couplet B.the free verse
C.the bland verse D.the Spenserian stanza
3. The object of____novels was to present a faithful picture of life,“the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture,so as to teach them to know themselves,their proper spheres and appropriate manners.
A.John Bunyan’s B.Alexander Pope’s
C.Jonathan Swift’s D.Henry Fielding’s
4.____has been regarded by some as the “Father of the English Novel” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.
A.John Bunyan B.Henry Fielding C.Daniel Defoe D.Jonathan Swift
5. Of all the 18th-century novelists____was the first to set out,both in theory and practice,to write specifi cally a comicepic in prose.
A.Henry Fielding B.Daniel Defoe
C.John Bunyan D.Jonathan Swift
6.____brings Henry Fielding the name of the “prose Homer.”
A. The Pilgrim’s Progress B. Tom Jones
C. Robinson Crusoe D. Colonel Jack
7.____was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes and tried to awaken men to this folly and hoped to cure them of it through his writing.
A.Samuel Johnson B.Jonathan Swift
C.Richard Brinsley Sheridan D.Thomas Gray
8.____was the only important dramatist of the 18th century.
A.A lexander Pope B.Richard Brinsley Sheridan
C.Samuel Johnson D.George Bernard Shaw
9. The Rivals and____are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.
A. The School for Scandal B. The Duenna
C.Widowers Houses D. The Doctor’s Dilemma
10.____is mainly a story about two brothers,the hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured,imprudent and spendthrift Charles Surface.
A. The Rivals B. The School for Scandal
C. The Duenna D. Pizarro
11.____is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th-century England.
A. The Rivals B. Gulliver’s Travels
C. Tom Jones D. The School for Scandal
12. The poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is regarded as the most representative work of ____.
A.the Metaphysical School B.the Graveyard School
C.the Gothic School D.the Romantic school
13. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard , ____ best and most representative work has been ranked among the best of the 18th-century English poetry.
A.A lexander Pope’s B.Thomas Gray’s
C.Samuel Johnson’s D.William Blake’s
14. In his novel Robinson Crusoe ,Defoe eulogizes the hero of the ____.
A.aristocratic class B.enterprising landlords
C.rising bourgeoisie D.hard-working people
15. A.the representative of the Enlightenment,Alexander Pope was one of the first to introduce____ to England.
A.rationalism B.criticism C.romanticism D.realism
16. A long with the fast economic development in the 18th century in England,the British____also grew very rapidly.
A.bourgeois B.proletarians C.aristocratic class D.royal family
17. The Enlightenment Movement did not advocate _____ .
A.rationality,reason,order and rules B.return to the ancient classical works
C.inner feelings of individuals D.universal education
18.____is not written by A lexander Pope.
A. A.Essay on Criticism B. The Essays
C. A.Essay on Man D. The Dunciad
19. A.Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in ____.
A.heroic couplets B.English sonnet C.bland verse D.Italian sonnet
20.____by Pope is a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism,
exerting great infl uence upon his contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England.
A. A.Essay on Man B. The Dunciad
C. The Essays D. A.Essay on Criticism
21. The tone of Jonathan Swift’s novel Gulliver’s Travels is ____.
A.sad B.sarcastic C.praising D.detached
22. Samuel Johnson wrote his letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield in order to ___.
A.make reconciliation with the Earl
B.address the new ly compiled dictionary to the Earl
C.persuade the Earl to give up his hypocrisy
D.show his indignation and resolution not to be reconciled
23. The____was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century.
A.Renaissance B.Enlightenment
C.Religious Reformation D.Chartist Movement
24. In the 18th-century English literature,the representative writer of neoclassicism is ____.
A.A lexander Pope B.Jonathan Swift C.Daniel Defoe D.John Milton
25. During the reign of reason the enlightenment meant education of people to free them from all the unreasonable fetters which include ____.
A.theology B.conventional ideology
C.feudal government D.all the above
26. ____,written by Alexander Pope,satirized the idle and artificial life of the aristocracy.
A. The Rape of the Lock B. The Rape of Lucree
C. The School for Scandal D. Every Man in His Humor
27. Which of the following is NOT Samuel Johnson’s work?
A. London. B. Tom Jones.
C. Lives of the Poets. D. A Dictionary of the English Language.
28. Which of the following plays is regarded as the best English comedy since Shakespeare?
A. The School for Scandal. B. She Stoops to Conquer.
C. The Rivals. D. The Conscious Lover.
29. “Is not a patron,my Lord,one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water,and when he has reached ground,encumbers him with help?”The above passage is taken from ____.
A.Francis Bacon’s Of Studies
B.William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice
C.Samuel Johnson’s To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield
D.Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal
30. In The Pilgrim’s Progress ,John Bunyan describes “the Vanity Fair” in a ____ tone.
A.delightful B.satirical C.sentimental D.solemn
31. The 18th century witnesses a new literary form—the modern English novel,which,contrary to the medieval romance,gives a ____ presentation of life of the common English people.
A.romantic B.idealistic C.prophetic D.realistic
32. Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe created the image of an enterprising Englishman,typical of the English bourgeoisie in the____century.
A.17th B.18th C.19th D.20th
33. In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard ,Thomas Gray compared the common folk with the great ones,wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the ____.
A.chance B.love C.money D.material sources
34. Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that ____.（湖南师范大学2005年）
A. the former celebrates reason,rationality,order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual’s feelings and experiences
B.the former is heavily religious but the latter secular
C. the former is an intellectual movement,the purpose of which is to arouse the middle class for political rights while the latter is concerned with the personal cultivation.
D. the former advocates the return to nature whereas the latter turns to the ancient Greek and Roman writers for its models
35. When he writes,in A.Essay on Criticism ,“A vile conceit in pompous words expressed,/ Is like a clown in regal purple dresses,” A lexander Pope means that ____.
A.pompous words are always destructive to good taste
B.the purple color is for the royal only and it is ridiculous to dress a clown in purple
C.conceits are always misleading
D.true wit is best set in a plain style
36. You may have met the term “Yahoo” on the Internet,but you may also have met it in English literature. It is found in ____.
A.John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress
B.Samuel Johnson’s The Vanity of Human Wishes
C.Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels
D.Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones
37. “The shepherd in Virgin grew at last acquainted with Love,and found him a native of rocks.” (Samuel Johnson’s To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield ) The speaker here is ____.
A.cheerful B.ironic C.mysterious D.nonchalant
38. “Surface,” “Sneerwell,” “Backbite,” and “Candor” are most likely the names of the characters in ____.
A.Shaw’s Mr.. Warren’s Profession B.Sheridan’s T he School for Scandal
C.Shakespeare’s Love’s Labor’s Lost D.Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus
39. “He has a servant called Friday.” “He” in the quoted sentence is a character in ____.
A.Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones
B.John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress
C.Richard Bringsley Sheridan’s The School for Scandal
D.Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe
40. John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is a(n) ____.（北京师范大学2004年）
A.allegory B.romance
C.comedy of manners D.realistic novel
41. Which of the following is NOT found in comedy of manners with Sheridan’s The School for Scandal as the best representative work?
A.W it. B.Mistaken identity.
C.Sentimentalism. D.Dialogue.
42. In the lines “With gold and jewels cover every part,/ And hide with ornaments their want of art” ( A.Essay on Criticism ),Pope rejects ____.
A.the Follow Nature fallacy B.artifi ciality
C.good taste D.aesthetic order
43. Daniel Defoe describes____as a typical English middle-class man of the eighteenth century,the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.
A.Tom Jones B.Gulliver C.Moll Flanders D.Robinson Crusoe
44. “To be so distinguished is an honor,which,being very little accustomed to favors from the great,I know not well how to receive,or in what terms to acknow ledge.” The above quoted sentence is presented by Samuel Johnson with a(n)____tone.
A.delightful B.jealous C.ironic D.humorous
45.____is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.
A.Bitter satire B.Elegant style
C.Casual narration D.Complicated sentence structure
46. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for ____.
A.material wealth B.spiritual salvation C.universal truth D.self-fulfillment
47. Of all the 18th-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out,both in theory and practice,to write specifi cally a “____in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
A.tragic epic B.comic epic C.romance D.lyric epic
48. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are ____.
A.horses that are endowed with reason
B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualities
C.giants that are superior in wisdom
D. hairy,wild,low and despicable creatures,who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways
49. Here are four lines from a literary work: “Others for language all their care express,and value books,as women men,for dress.” The work is ____.
A.Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
B.John Milton’s Paradise Lost
C.Alexander Pope’s A.Essay on Criticism
D.Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream
50. The phrase “to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils”may well sum up the implied meaning of ____.
A . Gulliver’s Travels B. The Rape of the Lock
C. Robinson Crusoe D. The Pilgrim’s Progress
51. Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is the greatest____work in English literature.（北京航空航天大学2005年）
A.realistic B.satiric C.romantic D.sentimental
52. The 18th-century England is known as the____ in the history.
A.Romanticism B.Enlightenment C.Classicism D.Renaissance
53. “Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,
And all the air a solemn stillness holds,
Save where the beetle wheels his droning fl ight,
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds;”
The above stanza is taken from ____.
A. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard B. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
C. Ham let D. Paradise Lost
54. The following comments on John Bunyan are wrong EXCEPT “____.”
A.He was a stout Puritan
B.Bunyan’s works belong to Gothic novels
C.Bunyan’s style is different from that of the English Bible
D. A Modest Proposa l is his representative work
55. “Hold! See whether it is or not before you go to the door—I have a particular message for you if it should be my brother.” The two sentences are found in ____.
A. The Scheming Lieutenant B. Wuthering Heights
C. The School for Scandal D. The Rivals
56. The statement “____” is NOT true in describing Gothic novel.
A.Gothic novel is a type of romantic fiction
B.Gothic novel predominated in the early 18th century
C.Its principal elements are violence,horror and supernatural
D. The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe is typical Gothic romance
57.____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.（北京师范大学2004年）
A. The Rivals B. The Pilgrim’s Progress
C. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman D. Paradise Lost
58. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment,who was the first to introduce rationalism to England?
A.John Bunyan. B.Daniel Defoe. C.Jonathan Swift. D.Alexander Pope.
59. Fielding has been termed by some as____,for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.
A.Best Writer of the English Novel
B.Father of the English Novel
C.conventional writer of the English Prose
D.the most talented writer of the English Novel
60. Which of the following statements on the Neoclassical Period is NOT true?
A.The Neoclassical Period is prior to the Romantic Period.
B.Henry Fielding is one of the representatives of the Neoclassical Period.
C.The modern English novel came into being in the Neoclassical Period.
D.The Neoclassical Period is also known as the Age of Enlightenment.
61. Samuel Johnson was the____great neoclassicist enlightener in the later 18th century.
A.last B.only C.first D.merely
62. In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard ,Thomas Gray reveals his sympathy for ____,but mocks the great ones who despise them and bring havoc on them.
A.the middle class B.the landlords
C.the poor and the unknown D.the working class
63. Which of the following comments on the Enlightenment Movement is NOT true?
A.It advocated individual education.
B.The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world.
C.The Enlightenment Movement fl ourished in France.
D.The Enlightenment Movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance.
64. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels ,Gulliver told his experience in ____.
A.Lilliput B.Brobdingnag C.Houyhnhnm D.England
65. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, ____ was the leading figure among the host of playwrights.
A.Richard Bringsley Sheridan B.George Bernard Shaw
C.Ben Johnson D.William Blake
66. Alexander Pope strongly advocated ____,emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order,reason,logic,restrained emotion,good taste and decorum.
A.neoclassicism B.sentimentalism C.idealism D.romanticism
67. The following comments on Daniel Defoe are true EXCEPT ____.
A.in his novels,his sympathy for the downtrodden,unfortunate poor is shown
B.he was a member of the upper class
C. Robinson Crusoe is universally considered his masterpiece
D. Robinson Crusoe is his first novel
68. The Dunciad is generally considered to be Alexander Pope’s best____work.
A.praising B.allegorical C.satiric D.fabulous
69. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly rising literary form,that is the modern English ____,which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.
A.prose B.tragicomedy C.short story D.novel
70. Which of the following comments on Richard Brinsley Sheridan is NOT true?
A. The School for Scandal is his masterpiece.
B.In his plays,morality is the constant theme.
C.He was the only important English dramatist of the 18th century.
D. His plays The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as true classics in English tragedy.
71. The sentence,“This fair is no new-erected business,but a thing of ancient standing;I will show you the original of it,” are taken from ____.
A. The Pilgrim’s Progress B. Gulliver’s Travels
C. Paradise Lost D. Robinson Crusoe
72. Which of the following is NOT Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s work?
A. Tom Jones. B. The School for Scandal.
C. The Rivals. D. The Critic.
73. In the field of literature,the Enlightenment brought about a(n)____ the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.
A.rebellion against B.indifference to
C.revived interest in D.rational scrutiny of
74. A.a literary figure,Belinda appears in Alexander Pope’s ____.
A. The Rape of the Lock B. A.Essay on Criticism
C. The Dunciad D. Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot
75. Which of the following is NOT a typical aspect of Defoe’s language?
A.Elegant. B.Colloquial. C.Vernacular. D.Smooth.
76. “The novel is structured around the discovery of the hero’s origin.” This novel most probably refers to ____ .
A. The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling B. The Vicar of the Wakefield
C. David Copperfield D. Wuthering Heights
77. The School for Scandal ,one of the great classics in English drama,is a____on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th-century England.
A.high praise B.sharp satire C.bitter lament D.great irony
78. The Rape of the Lock by Pope is written in the form of a mock ____ ,which describes the triviality of high society in a grand style.
A.epic B.sonnet C.elegy D.ode
79. Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism,emphasizing that literary works should be judged by____rules of order,reason,logic,restrained emotion,good taste and decorum.
A.romantic B.classical C.allegorical D.sentimental
80. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Samuel Johnson’s language style?
A.His sentences are long and well-structured.
B.His sentences are interwoven with parallel phrases.
C.He tends to use informal and colloquial words.
D.His sentences are complicated,but his thoughts are clearly expressed.
81. In his works,Defoe gave his praise to the hard-working,sturdy____and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden,unfortunate poor.
A.aristocrats B.middle-class people
C.working-class people D.British farmers
82. “A.shades more sweetly recommend the light,
So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit;
For works may have more than does them good
A.bodies perish through excess of blood.”
In the above lines,Alexander Pope means that ____.
A.too much wit will spoil good poetry
B.more wit will make better poetry
C.plainness is more important than wit in poetry
D.plainness will dull wit in poetry
83. “The boast of heraldry,the pomp of power,
And all that beauty,all that wealth e’er gave,
Awaits alike the inevitable hour.
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.”
In the above quoted stanza,Thomas Gray tries to say that great family,power,beauty and wealth ____.
A. will never prevent people no matter who they are from reaching their final destination—grave
B.are the very best things to lead people to their glories
C.will inevitably make people realize their glorious dreams
D.will never make people lead to the same destination—paths of glory
84. John Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English ____,with concrete and living language and carefully observed and vividly presented details.
A.romance B.folklore C.drama D.Bible
85. “Beneath those rugged elms,that yew tree’s shade,Where heaves the turf in many a moldering heap,Each in his narrow cell forever laid,
The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.”
The above quoted lines are taken from ____.
A.Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
B.John Donne’s The Sun Rising
C.Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene
D.Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism
86. Which of the following comments on Thomas Gray’s poetry is NOT true?
A.Distorted in word order. B.Highly artifi cial in diction.
C.Calculated in rhythm. D.Light-hearted in tone.
87. In The Life of Jonathan Wild the Great the word “great” is used ____.
A.allegorically B.satirically
C.objectively D.euphemistically
88. B.writing in apparently admiring terms of the life of a notorious criminal in The Life of Jonathan Wild the Great Henry Fielding suggests that there is little difference between ____.
A.noted rogues and great politicians
B.the nobles and the commons
C.great rogues and lesser rogues
D.discovered criminals and secret sinners
89. What makes Jonathan Swift’s satire all the more bitter,biting and poignant is that his satire is often masked by____on the part of the author.
A.an apparent eagerness,gravity,sincerity and detachment in tone
B.a softness and persuasiveness in manner and fi rmness and thoroughness in action
C.a strong indignation in tone and open defi ance and challenge
D. a friendliness and frankness in tone and the seeming indifference and nonchalance
90. Henry Fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” which enables the author to present as the____not only the characters external behavior but also the internal workings of their minds.
A.“all-knowing God” B.intimate participant
C.invisible man D.ignorant narrator
91. The novel,which prospered in the hands of Swift,Defoe and Fielding,gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This is quite contrary to the traditional____of aristocrats.
A.elegy B.epic C.romance D.morality play
92. The chief force that motivated John Bunyan to write The Pilgrim’s Progress was his ____.
A.political commitment B.religious fervency
C.artistic pursuit D.long suffering in the person
93. A.a result of the conscientious study he made of the Bible,Bunyan’s language was ____.
A.satiric,concise and well-balanced B.concrete,living and colloquial
C.general,Latinate and polysyllabic D.comic,neat and decent
94. The enlighteners believed that if the masses were well educated,there would be greater chance for a____human society.
A.reasonable B.progressive C.democratic D.enlightened
95. Alexander Pope’s A.Essay on Criticism is a(n)____poem.
A.ironic B.didactic C.sarcastic D.exaggerated
96.____was a progressive movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.（北京第二外国语学院2016年）
A.The Renaissance B.The Enlightenment
C.The Religious Reformation D.The Chartist Movement
97. The title Vanity Fair is borrowed from the works of ____. （首都师范大学2015年）
A.Shakespeare B.Milton C.Bunyan D.Donne
98. Which of the following works is not written in____epistolary form?（天津外国语大学2014年）
A. Pamel. B. The Golden Notebook.
C. Letters from an American Farmer. D. The Color Purple.
ⅢReading Comprehension
Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English.
1. “Most mighty Emperor of Lilliput,delight and terror of the universe,whose dominions extend five thousand blustrugs (about twelve miles in circumference) to the extremities of the globe;Monarch of all Monarchs;taller than the sons of men;whose feet press down to the center,and whose head strikes against the sun;at whose nod the princes of the earth shake their knees;pleasant as spring,comfortable as summer,fruitful as autumn,dreadful as winter.”
A.Identify the work and the author.
B.What is the tone of the author?
C.What does the author parody here?
2. “And,moreover,at this fair there is at all times to be seen jugglings,cheats,games,plays,fools,apes,knaves,and rogues,and that of every kind,here are to be seen,too,and that for nothing,thefts,murders,adulteries,false swears,and that of a blood-red color.”
A.Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.
B.Identify the name of the fair.
C.Summarize the meaning of the passage.
3. “I consulted several things in my situation which I found would be proper for me: first,health and fresh water I just now mentioned;secondly,shelter from the heat of the sun;thirdly,security from ravenous creatures,whether men or beasts;fourthly,a view to the sea,that if God sent any ship in sight,I might not lose any advantage for my deliverance,of which I was not willing to banish all my expectation yet.”
A.Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.
B.Who is the narrator?
C.Explain the meaning of the last thing mentioned in the passage.
4. “Two days after this adventure,the Emperor,having ordered that part of his army which quarters in and about his metropolis to be in a readiness,took a fancy of diverting himself in a very singular manner. He desired I would stand like a colossus,with my legs as far asunder as I conveniently could. He then commanded his general (who was an old experienced leader,and a great patron of mine) to draw up the troops in close order,and march them under me;...”
A.Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.
B.Who is the narrator?
C.What does the passage tell us?
5. “When each of the combatants had borne off suffi cient spoils of hair from the head of her antagonist,the next rage was against the garments. In this attack they exerted so much violence,that in a very few minutes they were both naked to the middle.”
A.Identify the author and the title of the work from which this passage is taken.
B.What is the passage describing?
C.What are the names of the two combatants?
6. “Why,I believe I should be obliged to borrow a little of your morality,that’s all. But brother,do you know now that you surprise me exceedingly,by naming me with Lady Teazle for faith,I always thought you were her favorite.”
A.Identify the author and the title of the work from which this passage is taken.
B.Who is the speaker?
C.Whom does “brother” refer to?
7. “Some to conceit alone their taste confi nes,
And glittering thoughts struck out at every line;
Pleased with a work where nothing’s just or fi t,
One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit.
Poets,like painters,thus unskilled to trace
The naked nature and the living grace,
With gold and jewels cover every part,
And hide with ornaments their want of art.
True wit is Nature to advantage dressed,
What oft was thought,but ne’er so well expressed;”
A.Identify the author and the work.
B.What idea does the poem express?
C.What is the signifi cance of the poem?
8. “Seven years,my lord,have now passed since I waited in your outward rooms,or was repulsed from your door;during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties of which it is useless to complain,and have brought it,at last,to the verge of publication,without one act of assistance,one word of encouragement,or one smile of favor. Such treatment I did not expect,for I never had a patron before.”
A.Identify the author and the work.
B.What is the author’s tone in composing this work?
C.What idea does the passage express?
9. “A vile conceit in pompous words expressed,Is like a clown in regal purple dressed:”
A.Identify the poem and the poet.
B.What idea do the two lines express?
C.What is the great signifi cance of this poem?
10. “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,
The plowman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.”
A.Scan the first line of the stanza.
B.Find the irregular foot in the second line.
C.Briefl y explain the signifi cance of this irregularity.
11. “Others for language all their care express,
And value books,as women men,for dress.
Their praise is still—the style is excellent:
The sense they humbly take upon content.”
A.Identify the author and the title of the work from which this passage is taken.
B.What does the phrase “take upon content” mean?
C.What is the author’s main concern in this passage?
12. “Now,as I said,the way to the Celestial City lies just through this town where his lusty fair is kept;and he that will go to the city,and yet not go through this town,must needs to out of the world. The Prince of princes himself,when here,went through this town to his own country,and that upon a fair day,too.”
A.Identify the author and the work.
B.What does the Prince of princes refer to?
C.What idea does the passage express?
13. “False eloquence,like the prismatic glass,Its gaudy colors spreads on every place;The face of Nature we no more survey,All glares alike,without distinction gay.”
A.Identify the author and the work.
B.What does the phrase “False eloquence” mean?
C.What idea does the stanza express?
14. “Such impression did this make upon me,that after the storm was over,I laid aside all my works,my building and fortifying,and applied myself to make bags and boxes to separate the powder,and to keep it a little and a little in a parcel,in hope,that whatever might come,it might not all take fire at once and to keep it so apart that it should not be possible to make one part fire another: I fi nished this in about a fortnight,and I think my powder,which in all was about 240 lb. weight,was divided in not less than a hundred parcels;as to the barrel that had been wet,I did not apprehend any danger from that,so I placed it in my new cave,which in my fancy I called my kitchen,and the rest I hid up and down holes among the rocks,so that not wet might come to it,marking very carefully where I laid it.”
A.Identify the author and the work.
B.What does the passage mean?
C.Why does the author use such great details in his description?
15. “I had sent so many memorials and petitions for my liberty,that his Majesty at length mentioned the matter first in the cabinet,and then in a full council;where it was opposed by none,except Skyresh Bolgolam,who was pleased,without any provocation,to be my mortal enemy.”
A.Identify the author and the work.
B.Who is this “Skyresh Bolgolam”?
C.Why does the author make Skyresh Bolgoalm a mortal enemy of the narrator?
16. “But now Fortune,fearing she had acted out of character,and had inclined too long to the same side,hastily turned about: for now Goody Brown—whom Zekiel Brown caressed in his arms;nor he alone,but half the parish besides;so famous was she in the fields of Venus,for indeed less in those of Mars. The trophies of both these her husband always bore about on his head and face;for if ever human head did by its horns display the amorous glories,of a wife,Zekiel’s did. Nor his well-scratched face less denote her talents (or rather talons) of a different kind.”
A.Identify the author and the work.
B.What are the tone and style of this quoted passage?
C. Why does the author use Venus,Mars and other allusions to describe Goody Brown?
ⅣQuestions and Answers
Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English.
1. “The first shot I made among these creatures,I killed a she-goat which had a little kid by her which she gave suck to,which grieved me heartily;but when the old one fell,the kid stood stock still by her till I came and took her up,and not only so,but when I carried the old one with me upon my shoulders,the kid followed me quite to my enclosure,upon which I laid down the dam,and took the kid in my arms,and carried it over my pale,in hopes to have it bred up tame,but it would not eat,so I was forced to kill it and eat it myself;these two supplied me with flesh a great while,for I ate sparingly;and saved my provisions (my bread especially) as much as possibly I could.”
This is a very significant sentence with great details that reveals the character of Robinson Crusoe. What aspects of Crusoe’s character are revealed then?
2. A.a rule,an allegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a surface meaning,and an implied meaning. List two works as examples of allegory. What is an allegory usually concerned with by its implied meaning?
3. Give a brief comment on the Enlightenment Movement.
4. Give a brief comment on neoclassicism.
5. Robinson Crusoe is universally regarded as Daniel Defoe’s masterpiece. Give some reasons for its success.
6. What’s the theme of John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress ?
7. How much do you know about Thomas Gray’s poetry?
8. What’s the theme of Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s The School for Scandal ?
9. What is A.Essay on Criticism chiefl y about?
10. Comment briefly on the features of Jonathan Swift’s prose.
11. Give a brief analysis of Robinson Crusoe,the protagonist in Robinson Crusoe .
12. What’s the signifi cance of Samuel Johnson’s letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield ?
13. Why is Tom Jones a successful novel?
14. Give a brief comment on Samuel Johnson’s literary outlook.
15. What characterizes Samuel Johnson’s language style?
16. What’s the theme of Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard ?
VTopic Discussion
Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English.
1. Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe was a great success partly because the protagonist was a real middle-class hero. Discuss Crusoe,the protagonist of the novel,as an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England.
2. The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement in 18th-century
Europe. List at least three leading enlighteners in England. What are the important things those enlighteners celebrated in this movement?
ⅠDefine the Following Terms（每题5分）
1. ① It refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life,past and present,with death and graveyard as themes.（3分）
② Thomas Gray is the leading figure.（1分）
③His Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a case in point of this school. （1分）
2. ①The term refers to analysis,interpretation,and evaluation of works of literature in light of existing standards of taste,or with the purpose of creating new standards.（2分）
② There are two approaches to literary criticism. Theoretical criticism is the study of principles governing fiction,poetry,and drama with the aim of defining the distinct nature of literature. Practical criticism is the threefold act of reading and experiencing a literary work,judging its worth,and interpreting its meaning. （3 分）
3. It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry,in other words,it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.（5分）
4. ① In Greek and Roman times,the term elegy was used to refer to any poem composed in elegiac meter.（2分）
② Since the 17th century,elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone,or death more generally,although in Elizabethan times it was also used to refer to certain love poems.（2分）
③ Elegies written in English frequently take the form of the pastoral elegy.（1分）
5. ① A parable is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress the tacit analogy,or parallel,with a general thesis or lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience.（3分）
② The parable was one of Jesus’ favorite devices as teacher.（2分）
6. ① A literary manner which blends a critical attitude with humor and wit to the end that human institutions or humanity may be improved.（3分）
② The satirist aims to correct,by an exposure to ridicule,deviations from normal conduct or reasonable opinion.（2分）
7. ① Allegory is a work of art in which a deeper meaning underlies the superfi cial or literal meaning or the presentation of an abstract idea through concrete means. （1 分）
② It is often referred to a work of fiction in which the author intends characters and their actions to be understood in terms other than their surface appearances and meanings,and the implied or extended meanings involve moral or spiritual concepts more signifi cant than the actual narrative itself.（2分）
③ Allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.（1分）
④ Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress ,Golding’s Lord of the Flies and Melville’s Moby Dick are three examples of this kind.（1分）
8. ① A story is said to be didactic if it deliberately teaches some moral lesson. The use of literature for such teaching is one of its traditional justifi cations.（2分）
② Most modern literary works tend to show humanity as it is rather than as it should be,but even such works point to general values and distinguish between admirable and contemptible behavior.（3分）
ⅡMultiple Choice（每题1分）
ⅢReading Comprehension（每题10分）
1. A.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels.（3分）
B.Satirical.（3分）
C.B.presenting the Lilliputians,exaggerated compliments to their king,Swift parodies absurdly an arrogant style of the Englishmen (or the Europeans) in their speeches to their God or their monarchs.（4分）
2. A.It is taken from John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. （3分）
B. The Vanity Fair. （3分）
C.All kinds of evils are being sold and bought at the fair.（4分）
3. A.It is taken from Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe .（3分）
B.Robinson Crusoe.（3分）
C.Robinson Crusoe is hoping to fi nd a ship,which can take him back to England. （4分）
4. A.It is taken from Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels .（3分）
B.The Man-Mountain.（3分）
C.The Emperor is going to enjoy himself by ordering his troops to cross under the Man-Mountain’s legs when he stands with his legs far asunder.（4分）
5. A.It is taken from Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones. （3分）
B.It is describing a fi ght between two women.（3分）
C.One of them is Molly,the other Goody Brown.（4分）
6. A.It is taken from Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s The School for Scandal .（3分）
B.Charles Surface.（3分）
C.Charles Surface’s brother,Joseph Surface.（4分）
7. A.It is taken from Alexander Pope’s A.Essay on Criticism .（3分）
B.Here Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artifi cial use of Conceit or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True Wit.（3分）
C.The poem,as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism,exerted great influence upon Pope’s contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England.（4分）
8. A. It is taken from Samuel Johnson’s To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield .（3分）
B.The work (letter) is written in a refi ned and very polite language,with a bitter undertone of defi ance and anger.（3分）
C.The letter expresses the author’s strong indignation at the lord’s fame-fishing and his fi rm resolution not to be reconciled with the hypocritical lord.（4分）
9. A.It is taken from Alexander Pope’s A.Essay on Criticism. （3分）
B.The two lines express the poet’s idea that true wit is best set in a plain style. （3分）
C.The poem exerted great influence upon Pope’s contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England.（4分）
10. A.Iambic pentameter with the rhyming scheme of abab.（3分）
B.The third foot contains two accented syllables.（3分）
C.Two accented syllables slow down the pace in keeping with the literary meaning of the phrase “wind slowly.”（4分）
11. A.This passage is taken from Alexander Pope’s A.Essay on Criticism .（3分）
B.The phrase “take upon content” means “take for granted.”（3分）
C.The author’s main concern in this passage is the relation between language and content. Here Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artifi cial use of Conceit or external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True Wit that is set in a plain style.（4分）
12. A.John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress .（3分）
B.Jesus Christ.（2分）
C.John Bunyan is talking about vanity,one of the evils of human life. The idea that everybody is potentially vain and vanity is something that the “world”encourages,and that it takes courage and effort to get rid of one of vanity. Even Jesus Christ (the Prince of princes) was troubled by vanity,but he stood the test and conquered it. Thus Christians should do like Christ if they wish to reach the kingdom of God.（5分）
13. A.Alexander Pope: A.Essay on Criticism.（3分）
B.It means the expressive language that is intended to impress the reader but which only misleads him in his understanding of the issue in question.（3分）
C.B.criticizing false eloquence,Pope is advocating that writers should use language that is plain,proper,and suitable for the purpose and occasion.（4分）
14. A.Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe .（3分）
B.Having undergone a thunderstorm,Robinson became aware that his gunpowder might catch fire in another thunderstorm. So immediately after the storm was over,he laid aside all his work and began making small bags and boxes to separate the powder and he divided in “not less than a hundred parcels” and hid them in a safe place.（4分）
C.This great detail shows that Robinson is a prudent man of quick action,with a clear logical mind. Such qualities are important to a man surviving in a lonely island.（3分）
15. A.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels. （3分）
B.Skyresh Bolgolam is the High Admiral of Lilliput.（3分）
C.To modern readers,who know little about the political situation of Swift’s time,this detail description provides a good case for understanding the evilness in human nature,that is,some people will choose to be doing harm to others without any provocation,for no good reason,out of no reasonable motive. （4分）
16. A.Henry Fielding: Tom Jones .（3分）
B.A high-flown tone and grand epic style.（3分）
C.In the epic,the gods intervene to keep a kind of balance in battle.（4分）
ⅣQuestions and Answers（每题10分）
1.① This shows that although he kills,he is not a cold-blooded killer. He is practical but merciful;he cares about his own interest with a due regard to the principle of humanity and a respect for life.（3分）
② His attempt to raise the little goat shows his spirit of cultivation,and his sparing consumption of the meat reflects the bourgeois value of economy.（3分）
③ These facts help to portray Crusoe as a typical representative of the rising bourgeoisie who are economical-minded,pioneering and humanistic.（4分）
2.① The two examples are John Milton’s Paradise Lost and John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress. （5 分）
② It is concerned with something spiritual and the relevance to the time.（5分）
3.① It was a progressive intellectual movement,which fl ourished in France and then swept through the whole Western Europe.（2.5分）
② The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14th century to the mid-17th century.（2.5分）
③ The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.（2.5分）
④ It celebrated reason or rationality,equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.（2.5分）
4.① With the introduction of the Enlightenment Movement into England,a revival of interest in the old classical works was in full swing. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.（3分）
② According to the neoclassicists,all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Home,Virgil,Ovid,etc.) and those of the contemporary French ones.（3分）
③ They believed that the artistic ideals should be order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy,and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.（4分）
5.① Robinson Crusoe is supposedly based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island for five years. Actually,the story is an imagination.（2.5 分）
② In Robinson Crusoe ,Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naïve and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.（2.5分）
③ In the novel,Robinson is a real hero and he is an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England.（2.5分）
④ Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time. Owing to these reasons,when it was published,it became popular among people,and it became an immediate success.（2.5分）
6.① The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.（3分）
② Its purpose is to urge people to comply with Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils.（3分）
③ It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor—life as journey—is simple and familiar.（4分）
7.① Thomas Gray’s poems are generally sentimental and melancholic. This may have something to do with the themes of his poems: the mysterious and transient human life,its endless sufferings,and its inevitable death and decay. （3分）
② A.a scholarly poet,Gray writes slowly and carefully. He prefers a distorted word order for rhetoric effect and pays great attention to diction,trying to achieve perfection of form and content. His poems also abound in images and biblical and mythological allusions.（4分）
③ All these features can be easily found in his well-known poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard .（3分）
8. ① Morality is the constant theme in Sheridan’s plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.（4分）
② In The School for Scandal ,for example,he attacks the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th-century England. The idle rich spend their time scheming deception and intrigues and mongering scandals. B.contrasting the life and deeds of the Surface brothers,Sheridan lays bare the depraved morality of Joseph Surface behind the mask of honorable life and high-sounding moral principles. He turns out a liar,a moral corruptor,and a hypocrite.（6分）
9.① Alexander Pope’s A.Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It consists of 774 lines and is divided into three parts.（3分）
② It sums up the art of poetry as upheld and practiced by the ancients such as Aristotle,and the eighteenth-century European classicists. Pope first laments the death of true taste in poetic criticism of his time and calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance.（3分）
③ The poem,as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism,exerted great influence upon Pope’s contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and spreading the neoclassicist tradition in England.（4分）
10.① Swift is a master prose writer.（4分）
② His prose is simple,direct and precise. Clear,simple,concrete diction,uncomplicated sentence structure,economy and conciseness of language mark all his prose.（6分）
11.① In Robinson Crusoe ,Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naïve and simple youth into a mature and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.（2.5分）
② The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man,with a great capacity for work,inexhaustible energy,courage,patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles,in struggling against the hostile natural environment. （2.5 分）
③ He is the very prototype of the empire builder,the pioneer colonist.（2.5分）
④ In describing Robinson’s life on the island,Defoe glorifi es human labor and the Puritan fortitude,which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride and happiness. He toils for the sake of subsistence,and gets his reward. （2.5分）
12.① The letter is regarded as a strong indignation of Samuel Johnson at the Earl’s fame-fishing,for the latter coldly refused to give him help when he compiled his dictionary and hypocritically wrote articles to give honeyed words when the dictionary was going to be published. The Earl was a well-known “patron of literature” at the time,and it remained a rule for writers to get a patron if they wanted to get fi nancial support or make themselves known by public.（6分）
② But this letter of Johnson made a breakthrough in that tradition implying their independence in economy and writing,and therefore opened a new era in the development of literature.（4分）
13.① Tom Jones is Henry Fielding’s masterpiece on the subject of human nature. It brings its author the name of the Prose Homer.（3分）
② The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country and city life with different places and about 40 characters is unsurpassed.（3分）
③ The language is one of clarity and suppleness. And last of all,the plot construction is excellent. Its eighteen books of epic form are divided into three sections,6 books each,clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country,on the highway and in London. B.this,Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a comic epic in prose.（4分）
14. ① Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late eighteenth century.（3分）
② He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes: almost all of his major writings bear this theme. He tried to warn men against this folly and hoped to cure them of it through his writings. In literary creation and criticism,he was rather conservative,openly showing his dislike for some newly rising form of literature and his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing and philosophizing. He held that a writer must adhere to universal truth and experience,i. e. Nature;he must please,but he must also instruct;he must not offend against religion or promote immorality;and he must let himself be guided by old principles.（4分）
③ Like Pope,he was particularly fond of moralizing and didacticism.（3分）
15.① Samuel Johnson’s language is characteristically general,often Latinate and polysyllabic.（3分）
② His sentences are long and well-structured with parallel words and phrases. However,no matter how complex his sentences are,his idea is always clearly expressed;and though he tends to use “learned words,” they are always accurately used.（4分）
③ Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.（3分）
16. ① Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is recognized as Thomas Gray’s best and most representative work.（3分）
② In this poem,Gray reflects on death,the sorrows of life,and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the ordinary people with the great ones,wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance.（4分）
③ Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown,but scorns the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.（3分）
ⅤTopic Discussion（每题15分）
1. ① Social background: The 18th-century England witnessed the growing importance of the bourgeois or middle class.（2分）
a. The Industrial Revolution;（1分）
b. The expansion on international markets;（1分）
c. Values / virtues / moral standards / are different from those of the feudal aristocratic class. Such qualities as courageous,full of energy,hard-working,practical,resourceful,self-reliant are emphasized;thus those qualities should be expressed by literature.（3分）
d. Literature should give / provide a realistic presentation of the life of the common people;it should meet the demand / interest of the middle class people.（2分）
② Robinson Crusoe embodies the virtues of the middle-class people:（1分）
a. Crusoe as an adventurous / courageous man full of energy and courage: (example from the text);（2分）
b. Crusoe as a practical man: (example from the text)（1分）
c. Crusoe as a resourceful / self-reliant man: (example from the text)（1分）
d. Crusoe as a patient / persistent man: (example from the text)（1分）
e. And others.
2. ① Alexander Pope: A.a representative of the Enlightenment,Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He assumed the role of champion of traditional civilization: of reason,classical learning,sound art,good taste and public virtue. For him,the supreme value was order.（5分）
② Daniel Defoe: Defoe spoke for and to the members of middle class in most of his works,and he gave his praise to the hard-working,sturdy middle class. He eulogized the rising bourgeoisie.（5分）
③ Samuel Johnson: A.the last great neoclassicist enlightener,Johnson was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes. In literary creation and criticism,he advocated the works carrying a lot of moralizing and philosophizing. He insisted that a writer must adhere to universal truth and experience,i.e. Nature;he must please,but he must also instruct;he must not offend against religion or promote immorality;and he must let himself be guided by old principles. Like Pope,he was particularly fond of moralizing and didacticism.（5分）