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特别多的 ☆☆☆
代表单词： substantial
英文注释：existing in great quantity or ample supply (AHD)
拓展单词：plentiful (2014, 2017), ample, abundant (2015, 2017), a wealth of (2014, 2017), massive (2018), excessive (2016 , 2018), too much (2016, 2018)
预测单词：copious（比如，copious rainfall），exuberant
其他考试形式： 名词，plenty=abundance
老师说词
绝对高频考词，基本是词汇题中出现最多一个组合了，所以无论如何，都应该记住！
经典例句
The West had plenty of attractions：the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. (TPO 20)
西部吸引人的地方很多：冲积河床、绵延起伏的林地里的肥沃的土壤、大草原上的黑土，这些都吸引着在布满岩石又贫瘠的土地上劳作的新英格兰农民和饱受土壤损耗和流失困扰的东南部农民。
Third, in a species-rich ecosystem, diseases may spread more slowly because most species will be relatively less abundant , thus increasing the average distance between individuals of the same species and hampering disease transmission among individuals. (TPO 46)
第三，在一个物种丰富的生态系统中，疾病可能会传播得比较慢，因为每个物种的数量相对较少，从而增加了同一物种内个体间的平均距离，从而阻碍了个体间的疾病传播。
The question of why infantile amnesia occurs has intrigued psychologists for decades, especially in light of ample evidence that infants and young children can display impressive memory capabilities. (TPO 21)
为什么会发生婴儿期遗忘这个问题已经引发了心理学家们数十年的研究，尤其是有大量的证据说明婴幼儿们表现出具有令人惊讶的记忆能力。
The 1997 1998 El Nino brought copious and damaging rainfall to the southern United States, from California to Florida. (TPO 43)
1997～1998年的厄尔尼诺现象给美国南部从加利福尼亚州到佛罗里达州带来了大量的、破坏性的降雨。
大的（体积，规模上） ☆☆☆
代表单词： substantial
英文注释： considerable in degree, amount, or extent (AHD)
拓展单词：large (2014, 2016, 2017, 2018)
预测单词：enormous, colossal, gigantic, vast, huge
老师说词
substantial由substance演变而来，因此它有“物质的，本质的”含义。尽管词汇题里面没有考过这个意思，但是在阅读文章中出现过。反而，它的衍生义却经常在词汇题中出现：一是指数量上多；二是指体积上的多。
经典例句
Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside; this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain, brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow and gradually converge. (TPO 48)
研究表明，城市的降水可能要比周边农村地区要多；出现这种现象的部分原因可能是大型建筑物使得地表空气缓慢、逐渐地汇聚在一起，使得城市地形更加不平整。
On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio. (TPO 29)
罗马台伯尔河左岸上一座古代城市码头的旁边有一座约50米高的大山，叫作苔丝塔西奥山。
After the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A. D. , the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British lsles. (TPO 47)
公元1世纪罗马帝国征服英国之后，罗马的行政官吏、商人、军队入驻英国，也带来了帝国的思想和商品，这对英国人民的生活产生了巨大的影响。
巨大的 ☆☆☆
代表单词： massive
英文注释：consisting of or making up a large mass (AHD)
拓展单词：huge (2015), very large, vast (2014, 2015), enormous (2014, 2015, 2017), tremendous (2015), colossal
预测单词：titanic, gigantic, mammoth, ponderous, elephantine
老师说词
绝对高频考词，它比上一组词所表示的“大的”程度更深。
经典例句
Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive , monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. (TPO 7)
罗马墙上的石块是靠规整的设计和特别有力的罗马水泥砌在一起，与此相同，罗马帝国的各个部分也因物质上的管制、组织上的约束，以及精神上的控制联合成为一个庞大统一的国家。
Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous —perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. (TPO 8)
从这些渠道的宽度和深度可判断，当时流速一定很大——有可能是亚马孙河（每秒钟105吨）的流量的一百多倍。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected. (OG)
沙漠化问题异常严重主要是在于以下几个方面：受到其影响的土地范围广，人数多。
Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth's surface. (TPO 31)
异域性物种的形成也可能是由构成地球表面的地壳构造板块运动所产生的，这个运动虽略微缓慢但却异常剧烈。
The 2, 000 kilometer complex of reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef, which forms a gigantic natural breakwater off the northeast coast of Australia, is by far the greatest coral structure on Earth. (TPO 47)
被称为“大堡礁”的珊瑚礁群，长达2000千米，在澳大利亚东北海岸形成了一个巨大的天然防波堤，是地球上迄今为止最大的珊瑚结构。
大块 ☆
代表单词： mass
英文注释：a large but nonspecific amount or number (AHD)
拓展单词：bulk (2014)
经典例句
But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to lndia and China. (TPO 17)
但即使是香料这样的高价商品也不得不大批量运输，以平衡绕行非洲运输至中国和印度所耗费的巨额成本和困难。
足够的 ☆☆☆
代表单词： adequate
英文注释：being what is needed without being in excess (AHD)
拓展单词：rich (2016 , 2017), sufficient (2014 , 2016 , 2017), enough (2016, 2017)
预测单词：suitable, capable
老师说词
“足够的”是指满足需要，但是并不过量。比如，每次到食堂，黄老师点四两米饭就吃饱了，这就是“足够的”，但是食堂的师傅却每次都打六两米饭给我，那就是“特别多”。另外请注意，substantial和sufficient词形非常接近，注意区别。
经典例句
The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites. (TPO 4)
无法在陆地上寻找足够多的石油来源这一困难，导致了更多的海上钻井地点的开发。
By contrast, in the tropics, where each tree species has few, widely scattered individuals, the chance of wind blowing pollen to another individual is sufficiently slim that animals are a safer bet as transporters of pollen. Even tall trees in the tropics are usually not wind pollinated despite being in windy conditions. (TPO 45)
相比之下，在热带地区，每一个树种都有很少的、分布广泛的个体，风把花粉吹向另一个个体的机会就非常小了，因此动物作为花粉的转运体是一种更安全的选择。即使是热带地区的高大树木，在多风的情况下一般也不会被风授粉。
不足的 ☆☆☆
代表单词： scarce
英文注释： adequate to fulfill a need or meet a requirement
拓展单词：insufficient (2014, 2017), inadequate (2014), limited in quantity (2014), short in supply (2014)
其他考试形式： be deficient in=not have enough (2014, 2015)
老师说词
绝对高频考词。“足够的”和“不足的”，这对反义词在考试中出现的频率最多。
经典例句
Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range. (TPO 40)
当生理上和形态上的调整不足以维持生命范围内必需的体温时，就会发生避障行为。
Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. (TPO 24)
在这种情况下，只有出现了几次呼吸不足后，导致血液中二氧化碳含量显著提升，而氧气含量减少，呼吸才会被调整过来。
He suggested that the lowland Mayan environment was deficient in many vital resources, among them obsidian, salt, stone for grinding maize, and many luxury materials. (TPO 41)
他认为地势低洼的玛雅缺乏很多重要的资源，如黑曜石、盐、磨玉米的石头和许多奢侈品。
稀少的 ☆☆
代表单词： sparse
英文注释： deficient in quantity, fullness, or extent (AHD)
拓展单词：thin (2018), very low, meager
预测单词：scant, scare
其他考试形式： scanty=few (2016)
经典例句
The people who hunted the sparse desert animals responded to drought by managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered, especially wild oxen, which had to have regular water supplies to survive. (TPO 28)
依靠捕食稀少的沙漠动物过活的居民对待干旱的方式是管理他们捕捉和收集到的野生资源，尤其是需要可靠水源维持生命的野牛。
Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty . (TPO 6)
成年人对于之后那几年的记忆往往也很模糊。
By comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres. (TPO 16)
相比之下，类地行星的大气层则要稀薄得多。
缺乏的 ☆☆☆
代表单词： lack of / in
英文注释：a deficiency or an absence (AHD)
拓展单词：devoid of (2014), scarcity of (2014, 2017), short (2014)
预测单词：be short of, want
其他考试形式： 名词shortage=deficiency (2015)
老师说词
注意“稀少的”和“不足的”的区别，“稀少的”是接近于没有，“不足的”是还没有满足需要。拿吃饭来说，假如黄老师吃四两米饭就饱了，那么如果食堂师傅给他打了三两，那就是“不足的”；打了一两，那就是“稀少的”；完全不给米饭，那就是“缺乏的”。
特别注意：want也有“缺乏”的意思。比如，For the want of a nail the shoe was lost.因为少了一颗马蹄钉，而丢了一个马蹄铁。
经典例句
Stability can be defined as simply lack of change.
我们可以简单地将稳定性定义为缺乏变化。
It could be, too, that warfare became a competitive response to population growth and to the increasing scarcity of prime agricultural land, and that it played an important role in the emergence of the Mayan state. (TPO 41)
也可能是由于人口增长和日益稀缺的优质农业土地引发了战争，为玛雅国家的出现发挥了重要作用。
But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem，despite continuous appeal to Venice's tradition of maritime greatness. (TPO 25)然而，尽管一再强调威尼斯的海事强大，但是船员的短缺被证明是一个日益严重的问题。
然而，尽管一再强调威尼斯的海事强大，但是船员的短缺被证明是一个日益严重的问题。
增加 ☆☆☆
代表单词： increase
英文注释：become greater or larger (AHD)
拓展单词：surge (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017), spurt
(2016), proliferate, gain, enhance (2015)
预测单词：raise, boost, multiply, inflate, augment
老师说词
绝对高频考词，surge是考得最多的词。
经典例句
The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. (TPO 11)
这个问题的答案显然不是因为过分乞食而增加的能量消耗——损耗的能量相比于其潜在能得到的热量来说只是很小的部分——而是因为任何成功的欺骗行为都会对和它们共享基因的同伴们造成危害。
扩大 ☆☆
代表单词： increase
英文注释：become greater or larger (AHD)
拓展单词：extend (2014, 2017), expand (2014, 2017), enlarge, magnify (2018)
预测单词：become larger, inflate, blow up
经典例句
More extended trading networks also helped develop Europe's economy in this period. (TPO 10)
在此期间，不断扩大的贸易网络也促进了欧洲经济的增长。
Large quantities of water may also be stored in limestones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. (TPO 12)
只要节理和裂缝扩大到可以形成空洞的空间时，石灰岩中也能够储存大量水资源。
Western Farmers borrowed with the confident expectation that the expanding economy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due. (TPO 30)
西部的农民在贷款的时候满怀信心地期待经济的发展会使农产品的价格节节攀升，因此使得他们在贷款到期时能轻松地还款。
延长（时间上） ☆☆
代表单词： extend
英文注释：cause (something) to be or last longer (AHD)
拓展单词：prolong (2016, 2017), long
预测单词：make longer, lengthen, elongate
经典例句
Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells. (TPO 26)
躲避行为包括一些类似于夏眠这样的行为，这一行为可以使得动物们在酷暑难耐或炎热季节依靠长期的休眠或蛰伏来降低它们的新陈代谢速率和体温。
This has resulted in a more stealthy style of feeding, with the consequent emphasis on lures and/or the evolution of elongated appendages that increase the active volume of water controlled or monitored by the animal. (TPO 45)
于是就产生了一种更隐秘的觅食方式，这种方式强调诱饵或其身体需要有很长的附属物，以便增加动物支配或者测定活动水量。
越来越……
代表单词： increasingly
英文注释：an increasing degree (MWD)
拓展单词：progressively
预测单词：more and more
老师说词
increasing是指“变大，变多”，而increasingly才是“越来越……”。
经典例句
The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences：it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake. (TPO 24)
湖水的更新变慢导致了一系列后果；它使得溶解的化学物质不断变浓，这样反过来会对湖中的生物造成显著的影响。
缩短
代表单词： contract
英文注释： reduce in size by drawing together (AHD)
拓展单词：shorten (2013)
预测单词：shrink, lessen, reduce
经典例句
They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature—around the equator, for example. (TPO 19)
他们能够追踪大型冰川的增长和减小，即使是那些海洋中温度变化不太大的区域，比如说赤道附近。
More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact. (OG)
直到19世纪50年代，十多年的激烈斗争最终使得大多数行业的工作时间缩短至10小时，法院也认可了工人罢工的权利，但这些斗争成果的影响并没有立即显现出来。
减少 ☆☆
代表单词： reduce
英文注释： bring down , as in extent, amount, or degree (AHD)
拓展单词：diminish (2016, 2017), decrease (2017)
预测单词：decline, lessen, subside, fall, dwindle, recede
老师说词
在词汇题里面考“增加”和“变大”等意义考得次数比较多，而且其同义词也很多，但“减少”“缩短”之类意义考得就相对少一点儿。
经典例句
South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes with short, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside. (TPO 28)
南非牧养野生大羚羊（一种体形较大的非洲羚羊，它们的角短且弯曲）的农民说如果不持续从野外引进公羚羊则其后代体型会迅速变小。
With further melting, refreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfall above, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn. (TPO 15)
随着雪进一步地融化、再结冰，并且还要承受上方新的积雪增加的重量，待这些积雪达到一种介于冰片与冰之间的阶段，颗粒物便会再次形成晶状体，这一阶段被称作万年雪。
Sometimes，the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed.（TPO 4）
有时一个油田的石油被抽取后，地面会发生下沉。
However, land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall, making land reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century. (TPO 23)
然而，土地开垦在17世纪中叶大幅减少，因为农产品的价格开始回落，使得土地开垦的利润在17世纪下半叶不是那么丰厚了。
压缩 ☆☆
代表单词： compact
英文注释：be capable of being pressed tightly together or to become so pressed (AHD)
拓展单词：compressed, press together (2016, 2017)
预测单词：condense, pack closely
老师说词
高频考试考词，最近两年常考。反义词，“松散”，disperse，loosen，separate。
经典例句
As the air space around them is lessened by compaction and melting, the grains become denser. (TPO 15)
凝结与融化使颗粒四周的空隙减少，变得更加密实。
Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed , and lose their volatile constituents. (TPO 20)
像水母或蠕虫这样的软体动物的叶子和组织可能会堆积，被掩埋和压缩，失去挥发性的成分。
Water vapor condenses onto these particles when the relative humidity is as low as 70 percent, forming haze that greatly reduces visibility. (TPO 48)
当相对湿度低至70%时，水蒸气凝结在这些粒子上，就会形成阴霾，大大降低能见度。