List 4

实现

代表单词： achieve

英文注释：perform or carry out with success (AHD)

拓展单词：attain

预测单词：accomplish

老师说词

“实现”这个意思是动词形式，按照词典的注释，实现就是奔着成功去的。所以不成功，就不能叫作实现，而只是“做”（do something）了某些事情。

经典例句

Darwin's Theory was that the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform, and that there would be a progression from a fringing reef, through the barrier reef stage until, with the disappearance through subsidence (sinking) of the central island, only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive. (TPO 47)

达尔文的理论是：一种珊瑚礁类型可以演替为，另一种类型，首先珊瑚会从一个正在下沉的平面上向上生长，岸礁就演变到堡礁阶段，堡礁阶段由于中央岛全部沉入海里，只剩下珊瑚环绕的泻湖或环礁留存下来。

Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. (OG)

沙漠化主要是通过失去稳定的自然植被以及随后的风和水加速侵蚀土壤而实现的。

成就 ☆☆

代表单词： achievement

英文注释：something accomplished successfully, especial-ly by means of exertion, skill, practice, or perseverance (AHD)

拓展单词：feat (2017)

预测单词：accomplishment, attainment

老师说词

主要考查其名词形式，到2017年至少考过3次。

经典例句

It is a monumental scientific achievement , and its development illustrates the essential interplay between observation, prediction, and testing required for scientific progress. (TPO 16)

这一科学发现具有里程碑的意义，它进一步证明了科学探索过程中观察、预测和实证之间的根本联系。

承担 ☆☆

代表单词： assume

英文注释：If someone assumes power or responsibility, they take power or responsibility .

拓展单词：take on (2014, 2016)

预测单词：adopt, undertake, take over

老师说词

绝对的高频考词！assume最为熟悉的意思是“假设”，容易被忽略的意思是“承担”责任或者权力。两个意思，在词汇题中都出现过。

经典例句

The recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator's pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person. (TPO 1)

讲述人通过自己的手势和模仿把对一个事件的回忆（一次狩猎过程、战役或是其他功绩）进行详尽描述，这种方式最终演变成为由不同的人来演绎不同的角色。

Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608. (TPO 23)

北荷兰有许多湖泊和临海区，特别适合开垦土地，其中完成的最大的一个工程是1608年贝姆斯特湖的排水。

假设 ☆☆

代表单词： assumption

英文注释：something taken for granted or accepted as true without proof (AHD)

拓展单词：premise (2014)

预测单词：presumption

其他考试形式： “可能性地”supposedly=presumably (2015)

老师说词

绝对的高频考词，比较有意思的是，在TPO和真题中，考得最多的是其名词形式。

经典例句

While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites, which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia, in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important. (TPO 23)

虽然承认这一顺序符合那些连续被占用了几千年的遗址的考古概况，但是一些作家警告道，从简单的几何图形，到复杂的自然主义图形，这一发展顺序的潜在假设使得澳大利亚土著文化的连续性让人费解，而在澳大利亚土著文化中，从根本上说，几何图形的象征意义一直很重要。

假如

代表单词： as long as

英文注释： on the condition (AHD)

拓展单词：provided, if

经典例句

As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. (TPO 11)

只要这些鸟能够看见太阳，不管周围环境如何变化，它们都能立即找到那个装有食物的食罐。

棘手的，麻烦的 ☆

代表单词： cumbersome

英文注释： difficult (MWD)

拓展单词：troublesome, burdensome (2014)

预测单词：onerous

老师说词

-some作为后缀的时候，把名词变成了形容词。

这组词真题中常考，但是在TPO阅读原文中却几乎没有提及。

经典例句

The economy has become a troublesome issue for the Conservative Party.

对保守党来说，经济已经成为一个棘手的问题。

使苦恼，烦扰 ☆

代表单词： plague

英文注释：pester or annoy persistently or incessantly (AHD)

拓展单词：cause trouble for （2014考了两次）

预测单词：harass annoy

The West had plenty of attractions：the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. (TPO 20)

西部有很多吸引人的地方：冲积河床，起伏的林地里的肥沃土壤，以及大草原上的黑土都吸引着在布满岩石、贫瘠不堪的土地上劳作的新英格兰农民，也吸引着饱受土壤损耗和水土流失困扰的东南部农民。

笨重的

代表单词： cumbersome

英文注释： difficult to handle because of weight or bulk (AHD)

拓展单词：unwieldy, clumsy (2013)

处理，应付 ☆☆

代表单词： cope (with)

英文注释： contend or strive , especially on even terms or with success (AHD)

拓展单词：adapt, deal with (2017), address (2017)

老师说词

cope with和deal with都是“处理”的意思，并且是指成功处理某件事。

经典例句

There are, therefore, fewer successful filter-feeders in deep water, and some of those that are there have larger filtering systems to cope with the scarcity of particles. (TPO 45)

因此，深水中的滤食性动物很少，这部分滤食性动物中有一部分有较大的过滤系统来应对有机物的稀缺。

Commercial accounting became more complex when firms had to deal with shareholders, manufacturers, customers, branch offices, employees, and competing firms. (TPO 46)

当企业不得不开始处理与股东、制造商、客户、分支机构、员工和竞争企业之间的众多关系时，经济核算变得更加复杂了。

比例 ☆☆☆

代表单词： proportion

英文注释： the relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to magnitude, quantity, or degree (MWD)

拓展单词：size (2014, 2017), scale (2015)

预测单词：ratio

老师说词

绝对的高频考词，size=proportion考得更多些。

经典例句

This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation. (TPO 29)

在罗马人聚居区（尤其是城市遗址）陶器数量之多众所周知。在那些遗址上，考古学家们在挖掘的第一阶段不得不花费大量劳动力去清洗和整理陶器碎片，而这一阶段在总工作量中占据了很大比例。

It is not surprising, therefore, that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2. 5 million years—young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away—and that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years. (TPO 43)

因此也就不奇怪，油藏和气藏的数目与沉积物的总量相比，最高的比例出现在年龄不超过250万年的沉积岩中——岩石还较新，所以只有很少的石油泄露——而迄今发现的近60%的石油和天然气都出现在过去650万年形成的地层中。

评价 ☆☆

代表短语： size up

英文注释：make an estimate, an opinion, a judgment of (AHD)

拓展单词：evaluate, assess (2016, 2017)

预测单词：estimate

老师说词

出错率很高的一组词。词汇题对于词组的考查并不多，这些词组如果用字面意思理解判断的话，基本都会做错。比如size是“尺寸”，up是“上升”。这样理解，那就是“变大”的意思。但出乎意料的是，它是“评价”的意思，而且最近几年这组词考查得比较多！

经典例句

They could also avoid having to identify and assess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places. (TPO 10)

他们也可以免去鉴别和评估各地独自发行的各种各样钱币的麻烦。

To evaluate the relative importance of agriculture and fishing to early Austronesian peoples. (TPO 5)

评价农业和渔业对早期南岛民族的相对重要性。

规模，程度 ☆☆☆

代表单词： magnitude

英文注释：a property that can be quantitatively described, such as the volume of a sphere or the length of a vector (AHD)

拓展单词：extent (2014, 2017), size (2014), scale (2015)

老师说词

绝对的高频考词。size，scale也有多个含义，都会考到！

经典例句

Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. (TPO 25)

科学家们没有直接证据显示这些火山近期是否喷发过，或是否正处于喷发阶段，但是如果这些火山近期的活跃状态一如一亿年前那般（这一最近的爆发期是根据火山斜坡上陨石坑的范围估算出来的），它们当中的几个也许至少仍然会保持间歇性的活跃。

At a much larger scale , baleen whales and whale sharks are also efficient filter-feeders in productive coastal or polar waters, although their filtered particles comprise small animals such as copepods and krill rather than phytoplankton. (TPO 45)

体积更大的须鲸和鲸鲨也是沿海或极地水域的高效滤食动物，虽然它们的滤食对象不仅限于浮游植物，还有桡足类、磷虾等小动物。

描绘 ☆

代表单词： depict

英文注释： represent in words (AHD)

拓展单词：portray (2014), describe, picture

预测单词：illustrate, outline, delineate

其他考试形式1： “仔细地”meticulously=carefully

其他考试形式2： “生动地”graphically=vividly

经典例句

Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. (TPO 4)

或许，同许多当代人一样，旧石器时代晚期的人们也相信画人物像会引起伤害或死亡。如果他们确实迷信这个，那就解释了为什么在洞穴绘画中很少描绘人物。

In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. (TPO 4)

另外，画作中主要描绘了绘画者害怕的动物，它们的体形、速度、与生俱来的武器如长牙和角，以及它们行为的不可预知性都令绘画者感到恐惧。

The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. (TPO 10)

宗教雕塑的传统遍及大多数历史时期，但是对它的描述不如对炻器和瓷器的传统描述那样清晰，因为对炻器和瓷器的传统描述包含了陶制陪葬品的古老习俗，这些陶制陪葬品带有后来的宗教图像和建筑装饰。

“A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today. (TPO 6)

这是一张关于英格兰、威尔士及部分苏格兰地区地层的地图，这张地质地图绘制得非常精确，直到现在仍有参考价值。

权威的，官方的

代表单词： authoritative

英文注释：having or arising from authority (AHD)

拓展单词：official, legitimate

预测单词：sovereign, authorized, commanding, sanctioned

老师说词

legitimate有两个含义：1.指“合法，权威的”；2.指“合适的”。

经典例句

All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. (TPO 6)

所有这些古老的办法都是可行的，只要统一一个权威的时间记录器。但是随着城市的发展和报时信号的倍增，错乱报时引发了人们的不和与争吵。

An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. (TPO 6)

一个蚁群可以理所当然地被称为超个体，因为它的通信系统组织非常严密，在某些情形下这些群落能够像一个整体一样巧妙运作。

真实

代表单词： authenticity

英文注释：the quality or condition of being authentic, trustworthy, or genuine (AHD)

拓展单词：genuineness

预测单词：realness, purity, veritableness

其他考试形式： “人工的”artificial=not real, man-made (2014)

老师说词

“人工的”这层含义在2014年至少考了两次！

经典例句

One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity . (TPO 22)

摄影术给最初接触它的观众留下的最深刻的印象之一是其想法的真实性。

传统的 ☆

代表单词： traditional

英文注释：an inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior (MWD)

拓展单词：convention (2017), usual

预测单词：customary, accustomed, orthodox

经典例句

Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. (TPO 40)

进入城邦时代后，雅典像希腊原民主国家一样执行城邦制度：包括一个成年男性公民大会，一个贵族委员会，以及每年选出的官员。

The conventional explanation for the loss of Venetian dominance in trade is establishment of the Portuguese direct sea route to the East, replacing the overland Silk Road from the Black sea and the highly profitable lndian Oceancaravan—eastern Mediterranean route to Venice. (TPO 25)

对威尼斯人失去贸易主导权的传统解释是，葡萄牙人建立的直接通往东方的海上航线替代了起自黑海的陆上丝绸之路以及通往威尼斯的高利润的印度洋——东地中海商路。