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多样的 ☆
代表单词： various
英文注释：of different kinds (AHD)
拓展单词：diverse, assorted (2014)
预测单词：abundant, countless, innumerable, many
其他考查形式： 名词表“多样性”variety=diversity
老师说词
表示“多样性”这个意思在TPO中最常见，考过assorted=various这一组词。另外，请注意预测单词，虽然没在考试中出现过，不过在TPO阅读文章中还是经常出现的。
经典例句
Their structure depends on a web of diverse connections among organisms. (TPO 17)
它们的结构依赖于生物体之间各种联系的网络。
The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B. C. and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language. (TPO 46)
在公元前3000年中期，阿卡德人攻克了苏美尔，他们沿用了书写苏美尔语的楔形文字写法，并赋予了这些文字适合自己语言的声调和意义。
繁荣 ☆☆
代表单词： flourish
英文注释：do or fare well (AHD)
拓展单词：thrive, succeed, prosper (2014, 2017), do very well (2014)
预测单词：blossom, boom
其他考试形式： 形容词，“繁荣的，成功的”prosperous=successful (2017)
老师说词
关于“繁荣”这个组合单词，不论是动词还是形容词形式，都是考试中最常出现的词汇组合。
flourish这个词，来自于flower（词根变成flour-），所以它有“繁荣”的意思。另外，它还表示“良好地成长”（grow），这个意思在GRE或者SAT中比较常见。
经典例句
This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity . (TPO 18)
这意味着对波动剧烈的国际贸易市场存在着巨大的依赖。但它也意味着若有幸处于繁荣时期，一些生产要素的回报会特别高。
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish , evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. (TPO 33)
然而，没有哪一类生物可以永久保持主宰地位，在二亿年后，大约是六千五百万年前恐龙时代最终结束，哺乳动物开始繁盛，从最初的少数几种小型陆生动物逐渐发展到无数的各类物种，包括我们现在所知的蝙蝠和鲸鱼。
These filter-feeders thrive in the well-illuminated surface waters because oceans have so many very small organisms, from bacteria to large algae to larval crustaceans. (TPO 45)
这些滤食动物在光照好的海平面繁衍，因为海水里有大量的菌类、海藻及甲壳类等微生物供养它们。
分开 ☆☆☆
代表单词： separate
英文注释：become divided into components or parts (AHD)
拓展单词：segregate (2014, 2017), detach (2014), divide (2014), isolate (2017), distinct (2017), segment (2018)
预测单词：divorce, part, sever, split，
老师说词
separate在词汇题中常考的意思是“分开”，即把一个整体分解成几个部分，比如，把一辆汽车拆解成4个轱辘、1个方向盘等。sever和serious，非常容易混淆，前者指“分开”，后者是“严重的”意思。divorce在阅读中，最常用的意思就是“分开，分离”；反而其常见意思“离婚”却较少考到。
经典例句
Once detached from the ice shelf, these bergs drift in the currents and wind systems surrounding Antarctica and can be found scattered among Antarctica's less colorful icebergs. (OG)
一旦从冰架上分离出来，这些冰山就会漂移到南极洲周围的洋流和风力系统中，散落在南极洲的不那么多彩的冰山中。
The substances that make up both groups of planets are divided into three groups—gases, rocks, and ices—based on their melting points. (TPO 16)
构成这两组行星的物质被分成三组——气体、岩石和冰——这种分组基于它们的熔点。
But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group's oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. (TPO 1)
但是基于仪式的神话可能会继续作为这个种族的非物质文化遗产的一部分甚至在这些仪式的条件下也会被传颂，从而与仪式剥离开来。
不同的 ☆☆
代表单词： separate
英文注释： dissimilar from all others (AHD)
拓展单词：distinct (2015), different (2017)
预测单词：discrete, dissimilar
老师说词
separate在此特别强调含有与别物“不相似”之意。
经典例句
Horses evolved in discrete steps. (TPO 30)
马是一步步进化而来。
Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed. (TPO 31)
最终即便不进行物理隔离，亚族群间的基因差异过大而无法杂交。
个别的 ☆☆
代表单词： separate
英文注释： not shared ；individual (AHD)
拓展单词：respective (2014, 2017), in the order presented (2017)
预测单词：individual, independent
老师说词
separate在此强调物质“没有共同点”，即“个体的”。
经典例句
The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliotherapy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmotherapy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively ). (TPO 40)
行为温度调节的主要元素包括晒太阳（日光浴），与岩石或土壤之类的基质的热交换（接触热源），以及每天或每年的躲避行为，这包括转移到遮蔽处去乘凉、冬眠或夏眠（分别在寒冷或炙热的天气减少活动）。
特有的，独特的 ☆☆☆
代表单词： characteristic
英文注释： a feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably (AHD)
拓展单词：distinctive (2017)
预测单词：specific, distinguishing, peculiar
其他考试组合：名词“特点，特性”characteristic=property (2017), characteristic=attribute (2018)
老师说词
绝对的高频考词，characteristic作为名词和动词都考过。attribute作为动词，表示“归因于”；名词表示“特点”。这两个意思都考过。distinct这个词，它表示“独特的”和“不同的”两个意思，看下面例子便于理解：
on two distinct occasions在两种不同的场合
a distinct flavor独特风味
经典例句
The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. (TPO 14)
目的是将人们对名人的正面态度转化为对广告产品的评价，使两者在观众的脑海中自动产生联系。
When broken open, Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment of small, distinctive objects, spherical or irregular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix (binding material), which were once constituents of the solar nebula—the interstellar cloud of gas and dust out of which our solar system was formed. (TPO 22)
把阿伦德陨石破开，发现里面含有各种各样细小的、独特的物体，这些物体呈球状或者不规则状，嵌在深灰色的基质（结合物质）中，它们曾是太阳星云——形成太阳系的由气体和尘埃组成的星际云团的一部分。
Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter. (TPO 43)
另外还有两类证据证实了石油是一种有机物的分解产物的假说：一是石油具有一些光学特性，这些特性只有来源于有机物的碳氢化合物才有；二是石油还含有氮和某些化合物，这些化合物被认为只能来源于有生命的物质。
分散，扩散 ☆☆☆
代表单词： separate
英文注释： space apart (AHD)
拓展单词：scatter (2014, 2017), diffuse (2015, 2017), spread (2015, 2017), disperse (2014, 2017), distribute (2017)
预测单词：distribute, dissipate, disseminate, disband
老师说词
绝对的高频考查词，“分散”和“分开”不同，“分散”主要是空间上，距离移动开。比如邓紫棋演唱会上，2000元坐第一排而200元坐最后一排，这就是把人群按照票价“分开”。而演唱会结束后，大家就各自回家，人群也就“分散”了。
例句：
To make a crowd at a party disperse , you could take away the food, turn off the music and ask for volunteers to clean up.
为了驱散人群，你可以拿走食物，关掉音乐，叫志愿者来清理现场。
经典例句
Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. (TPO 7)
尽管希腊是从很多分散的城邦发展起来的，但罗马却从单个组织发展起来。
As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano's eventual height depends on the new mountain's ability to support its own weight. (TPO 25)
当熔岩流淌和蔓延以形成盾状火山时，这座火山的最终高度取决于这座新生的山承载自身重量的能力。
During periods without rainfall, the air in cities heats up and causes winds to slow down, with the result that pollutants are not dispersed . (TPO 23)
在没有降雨的时候，城市里的空气会变热，导致风速慢下来，造成污染物不会消散的后果。
Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status. (TPO 14)
尽管在畜牧社会中财富分配相对平均，但性别不平等仍然存在，只有男性才能获得军事技能和社会地位。
Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the number of responses. (TPO 13)
通常，婴儿的动作十分迅速并且动作不集中，很难精确记录他们的反应次数。
Sometime after midnight on February 8, 1969, a large, bright meteor entered Earth's atmosphere and broke into thousands of pieces, plummeted to the ground, and scattered over an area 50 miles long and 10 miles wide in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. (TPO 22)
在1969年2月8日子夜后的某一时刻，一颗巨大明亮的流星进入地球大气层，碎成无数的碎块坠落到地面，散布在墨西哥奇瓦瓦州境内50英里长10英里宽的区域内。
组，群 ☆☆☆
代表单词： group
英文注释：a number of individuals or things consideredtogether because of similarities (AHD)
拓展单词：cluster (2014, 2015多次, 2017), aggregation (2015), collection (2017)
预测单词：collection, clump, formation
老师说词
绝对的高频考词，cluster是考得最多的词汇之一，意为“组，团体”，由于相同点而被归为一类的人或物体。formation在阅读文章中，可以表示“形成”，但一定要注意，也可以表示“组，群”，这就是熟词生义。例如，a formation of planes是指“一组飞机”，而不是“飞机的形成”。
经典例句
In 1994 there were nearly 20, 000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3, 000 megawatts of electricity. (OG)
1994年，全球有近2万个风力涡轮机，大部分集中在称为风力发电场的集群中，这些风力发电厂总共产生了3000兆瓦的电力。
As the Little lce Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations . (TPO 24)
随着小冰河时代的到来，农民们可能将他们的耕地迁到更低的海拔地区去，侵入其他农民的土地并使人口聚集在一起，因而促进了群居的形成。
Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. (TPO 47)
这反应在当时的建筑物中，是连最大的设防城镇和山间堡垒中，最多也就是一些中型建筑群。
集体，群体 ☆
代表单词： group
英文注释：of, relating to, constituting, or being a memberof a group (AHD)
拓展单词：collective (2015)
预测单词：joint, united, shared
老师说词
group这个词在2015考过一次。joint，united这两个词大家都比较熟悉，但是要在文章中准确翻译，却有点儿难度。它们都有“集体”的意思。比如，They came to a joint decision as to where they would live.
他们一起决定未来在哪儿生活。（此处的joint decision就是指“集体决策”。）
经典例句
This growth was achieved as the result of the collective decisions of thousands of peasants families to expand the amount of land they cultivated, clear and plant new land, or adopt more intensive methods of agriculture. (TPO 32)
这个增长是成千上万的农民家庭集体决定扩张耕种土地数量、开垦种植新的土地，或是采用更高效耕作方式的结果。
Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche. (TPO 29)
不过对这一规则也发现了很多例外，但仍然可以解释，比如某些情况下两个物种，尽管会争夺某一主要资源，但它们争夺的资源不完全相同。
分类 ☆
代表单词： classification
英文注释：arrange or organize according to class orcategory (AHD)
拓展单词：hierarchy (2015)
预测单词：categorization, sorting
老师说词
class指“类”，而classification是“分类”，动词名词化。
经典例句
It is expressed in the form of a rigid hierarchy based largely on heredity. (TPO 14)
它以一种严格的层次结构形式表现出来，主要是基于遗传。
It was therefore quite surprising when John William Strut (Lord Rayleigh), discovered a gaseous element in 1894 that did not fit into the previous classification scheme. (TPO 16)
因此，当约翰·威廉·斯特拉特（瑞利男爵）在1894年发现一种气态元素不能适应之前的元素表时，他非常惊讶。
Pluto is not included in either category , because its great distance from Earth and its small size make this planet's true nature a mystery. (TPO 16)
冥王星不属于这两类中的任何一个，因为它距地球很远且体积较小，所以目前冥王星的真实形态仍然是个谜。
分配 ☆
代表单词： allocate
英文注释：distribute according to a plan (AHD)
拓展单词：distribute (2014)
预测单词：allot, give out, assign
经典例句
All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. (TPO 3)
因此，所有的生物体都将能量分配用于生长、繁殖、维护体征和储存。
At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups. (TPO 5)
在一段时间内，人们认为这些化石中的动物分化出了各种各样的现代动物。但是大多数古生物学家们现在却认为，所有的Tommotian化石都仅代表在寒武纪初期出现，但到寒武纪结束时就消失了的特别生物。所以它们没有在现在动物中留下后代。
排放 ☆☆☆
代表单词： release
英文注释： throw or give off or out (as light or heat)
拓展单词：emit (2014, 2015), excrete (2017)
预测单词：give off, send forth, discharge
经典例句
When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscape to burst into flames. (TPO 42)
当星体撞击地球时，这些能量被释放，产生了巨大的冲击波，受到影响的数千公里的土地瞬间夷为平地，大部分景观突然起火。
Solar energy is stored up in buildings and roads and emitted as heat during the night. (TPO 48)
太阳能储存在建筑物和道路上，并在夜间以热能的形式释放。
释放 ☆
代表单词： release
英文注释： set free from confinement , restraint, or bondage (AHD)
拓展单词：set free (2014)
预测单词：liberate, loose, unloosen, discharge
老师说词
此处，特别强调就是指获得自由的那种释放。unloosen不要以为加上了“un”就表示否定。unloosen是“松开，释放”的意思。
分泌 ☆☆
代表单词： excrete
英文注释：separate and discharge (waste matter) from the blood, tissues, or organs
拓展单词：secrete (2015), release (2017)
预测单词：discharge, expel, evacuate
老师说词
secrete有两个意思，在阅读文章中均有涉及。第一个是指“秘密”，第二表示“分泌，排泄”，指从血液、组织或器官中分离或消除（废物）。
经典例句
As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die, bacteria breaks down the plant material, and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, digest it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients. (TPO 22)
随着海草和沼泽禾草叶子的死亡，细菌将植物体分解，昆虫、小型虾状浮游生物、招潮蟹和沼泽蜗牛吃掉了腐烂的植物组织，消化后排出富含营养的排泄物。
Many plants — one or more species of at least 68 different families — can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. (TPO 39)
即使不开花，很多植物也能分泌花蜜（在至少68个不同的植物科里就有一种或多种分泌花蜜的植物）。这是因为它们在茎、叶子、叶茎或其他结构上有花外蜜腺（保护花蜜的结构）。
估计，预计 ☆☆☆
代表单词： project
英文注释： calculate , estimate , or predict (something in the future), based on present data or trends
拓展单词：estimate (2017), calculated approximately (2017)
预测单词：expect, forecast, predict, reckon
老师说词
project最熟悉的意思是作为名词表示“项目”，但是它的动词含义，词汇题中常考！它表示“预计”，是基于当前的资料或趋势（对未来的某事）的计算、估计或预测。
经典例句
Wind power has several advantages, such as low pollution and projected cost declines, compared to other energy sources. (OG)
与其他能源相比，风力发电有几个优点，比如低污染和可预见的低成本。
Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions. (TPO 25)
科学家们没有直接证据显示这些火山近期是否喷发过，或是否正处于喷发阶段，但是如果这些火山近期的活跃状态一如一千万年前那般（这一最近的爆发期是根据火山斜坡上陨石坑的范围估算出来的），它们当中的几个也许至少仍然会保持间歇性的活跃。然而，两次爆发之间也许间隔数百万年之久。
照顾
代表单词： tending
英文注释： have the care of ; watch over (AHD)
拓展单词：take care of (2017)
预测单词：look after, keep, care for
老师说词
tend这个词的三种变形形式，在托福词汇题中都考过。第一个是动词，表示“倾向于”，tend=incline。第二就是它的名词形式，tendency=inclination，OG中考过。最后，也是最不容易想到的就是它还有“照料或者照顾”的意思。
例如，For years he tended her in her painful illness.
在她生病的这几年，一直由他照顾。
经典例句
a desire to take care of their parents (OG)
想要照顾父母的愿望