List 2

惊讶，吃惊 ☆

代表单词： surprise

英文注释：encounter suddenly or unexpectedly (AHD)

拓展单词：startle (2017), astonishing, incredible, unbelievable

预测单词：amaze, astound, shocking, staggering （stagger“蹒跚的”, staggering“吃惊的”）

老师说词

这组词在TPO中常考，但是在实际托福考试中，2017年才考过startle=surprise。另外，值得注意的是我们收入了单词stagger，它的形容词形式是staggering，并非指“蹒跚”，而是表示“吃惊的”意思。

经典例句

The remains of ancient life are amazingly well preserved in the form of fossils. (TPO 20)

古代生命的遗迹以化石的形式保存得很好，这非常令人吃惊。

However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. (TPO 23)

不过，令人惊讶的不是荷兰农业受到这些危机现象的影响而导致产量和销售量的降低，而是这些危机在荷兰农业中发生得相对较晚。

If, with greater caution, we assume lower totals in the early eighteenth century and only 400 million in 1850 , we still face a startling fact: something like a doubling of the vast Chinese population in the century before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect. (TPO 48)

如果谨慎一些，我们假设在18世纪初总人数要少一些，到1850年也只有4亿的话，事实依然让人吃惊：在与西方接触、对外贸易和工业化之前，中国庞大的人口数量翻倍本就产生了很大的影响。

Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the Moon. (TPO 25)

科学家们惊奇地发现，火星表面之下的条件与月球表面之下的条件非常相似。

矛盾的 ☆☆

代表单词： contradictory

英文注释：something that contains contradictory elements (AHD)

拓展单词：conflicting (2014, 2017)

预测单词：discrepancy, inconsistency, incongruity, dissension

其他考试形式： 名词，“矛盾”contradiction=paradox

经典例句

Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher. (TPO 9)

蔡克纳和利斯顿（1987）指出了教师角色的矛盾点。

This may seem contradictory , but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests. (TPO 31)

这可能相互矛盾，但都是很极端的土壤条件，要么太潮湿要么太干燥，因而不能形成雨林而是稀树草原，雨林需要更加潮湿的生存环境。

All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. (TPO 30)

所有这些古老的办法都是可行的，只要统一一个权威的时间记录器。但是随着城市的发展和报时信号的倍增，错乱报时引发了人们的不和与争吵。

不一致的，有争议的 ☆☆☆

代表单词： controversial

英文注释：a dispute, especially a public one, betweensides holding opposing views (AHD)

拓展单词：debated (2014, 2015, 2016), producing disagreement (2015), contentious

预测单词：disputed, at issue

其他考试形式1：

表示“无法达成一致”, not reach consensus on=not agreed on (2014)

其他考试形式2：

动词表示“争议”, debate=argue about (2017)

其他考试形式3： 形容词表示“公认的，无争议的”，undisputed=acknowledged

老师说词

绝对的高频考查词汇，尤其是controversial=debate。“矛盾”和“争议”区别在于，“争议”主要是指公开的某些话题被公众所争辩，比如是否应该在家乡建设化工厂等。从这个角度来看，“矛盾”的概念大于“争议”。另外，contentious这个词，一般可能会认为它由content派生，这是不对的。contentious是由contend（“竞争”）衍生而来，content表示“满意”，contentious意为“争吵”。

经典例句

There was much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types of waterwheels. (TPO 29)

关于不同类型的水轮的相对工作效率有很多争论。

The terms "climax" "biome" "superorganism" and "ecosystem" all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others. (TPO 19)

“高潮”“生物群系”“超级有机体”和“生态系统”都是指在一个相关的环境中动植物的生长系统，但有些比其他的更具争议性。

One broad area of disagreement in explaining the peopling of the Americans is the domain of paleo ecologists, but it is critical to understanding human history: what was Beringia like? (TPO 45)

在解释美洲印第安人的居住情况时，有一个比较大的分歧在于对古生物学家的界定，但这关键是要理解人类历史：那时候的白令陆桥是什么样的？

This view and the opposing "protectionist" hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy.

人们就该观点及其反方观点争执了一百多年。反方观点坚持“保护主义者”假说，认为蚂蚁能够保护植物。1910年，怀疑论者威廉·莫顿·惠勒对这一争议做出了评论。

冲突 ☆

代表单词： conflict

英文注释：a state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or interests; a clash (AHD)

拓展单词：friction

预测单词：incompatible, disharmony, clash

其他考试形式：

反义词：“和谐”compatible=harmonious (2014)

老师说词

“冲突”比“矛盾”这个词的程度更深，而且无法调和，甚至可能发生战争。比如新闻中著名的“巴以冲突”。这组词仅在TPO中出现过，它的反义词，“和谐的”却在实际考试中出现过。

经典例句

Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. (OG)

理论家们依据精神动力学方法认为，内在矛盾是理解人类包括侵略性行为在内的所有行为的关键所在。

When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. (TPO 19)

另一方面，当没有战争时，士兵们需要有事可做，否则他们就会成为冲突和叛变潜在的危险源。

剧烈的

代表单词： turbulent

英文注释：marked by extreme force or sudden intense activity (AHD)

拓展单词：violent

预测单词：tumultuous, powerful, raging

经典例句

In the last few decades, the risk of a random violent impact from space has increased. (TPO 7)

在过去的几十年里，来自太空的不明暴力影响的风险增加了。

Seagrass meadows in relatively turbulent waters tend to form a mosaic of individual mounds, whereas meadows in relatively calm waters tend to form flat, extensive carpets. (TPO 44)

在相对动荡的水域，海草一般会形成一个个小丘；而在相对平静的水域则倾向于形成平坦广阔的草地。

雕刻

代表单词： engrave

英文注释： carve, cut, or etch into a material (MWD)

拓展单词：carve

预测单词：etch, cut, inscribe

经典例句

A tablet engraved about 3000 B. C. provides the earliest known example from Sumer, a roofed boxlike sledge mounted on four solid wheels. (TPO 26)

雕刻于约公元前3000年、来自苏美尔的一块陶土板上发现了史上最早人类生活的例证，即一个带顶棚的箱状雪橇被安装在四个实心的轮子上。

This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. (TPO 27)

它是一个小的圆柱体，一般不高于3厘米，直径2厘米，材料为贝壳、骨头、陶器或是各种石头，在其表面刻有一个场景。

粗糙的 ☆

代表单词： rough

英文注释：having a surface marked by irregularities, protuberances, or ridges (AHD)

拓展单词：coarse, rugged (2017)

预测单词：uneven, jagged, bumpy, irregular

经典例句

A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse , infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field. (TPO 32)

一块富饶的、耕耘过的田地播种后很快会生根发芽，然而临近一个土壤被压实了或暴露在粗糙贫瘠的基质上的建筑工地，可能几个月甚至几年都寸草不生，尽管播种了和耕作田地一样的种子。

纯洁的

代表单词： pristine

英文注释1：remaining in a pure state (AHD)

英文注释2：completely free from dirt or contamination

拓展单词：pure

预测单词：uncorrupt, virgin, immaculate, unspoiled

老师说词

pristine目前在词汇题中仅出现过一次。pristine指的是完全没有任何污染或者肮脏的那种绝对意义的“纯洁”。比如，pristine mountain snow山上洁白的雪在生活中，pristine可以用来形容“全新”的商品，比如，pristine white shirts全新的白衬衫

经典例句

At one time it was thought that these matrix grains might be pristine nebular dust, the sort of stuff from which chondrules and inclusions were made. (TPO 22)

人们一度认为这些基质颗粒可能是原始的星云尘埃，也就是形成陨石球粒和内含物的物质。

Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. (TPO 18)

志愿者被告知当他们吸入普通空气、纯氧或者是含有高于正常水平的二氧化碳的空气混合物时要想着打哈欠。

心灵手巧 ☆

代表单词： ingenuity

英文注释：skill or cleverness in devising or combining (MWD)

拓展单词：cleverness

预测单词：originality, genius, inventiveness

其他考试形式： “灵巧的”ingenious=clever (2017)

老师说词

ingenuity特别指代一种发明创造的能力；类似于“匠心”。2017年考到了它的形容词形式。

经典例句

The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint — for instance, Teotihuacán's religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B. C. , the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán's elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B. C. (TPO 8)

而其他因素的作用则很难表述清楚——例如，特奥蒂瓦坎作为宗教圣地的重要地位、在公元前一千年后期墨西哥峡谷及其周围地区的历史情况、特奥蒂瓦坎精英们的机智和深谋远虑如何，以及自然灾害的冲击，比如在公元前一千年后期的火山喷发。

粗糙的

代表单词： rough

英文注释： not carefully or completely made (AHD)

拓展单词：crude

预测单词：undeveloped

老师说词

crude在托福阅读中出现的基本意思都是“原始的”，也就是完全未经过人为加工的状态。比如，对于橙汁而言，橙子就是它的原始材料。但是，在词汇题中，常以“粗糙的”意思出现，也就是制作不够精良。

经典例句

Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higherstatus males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. (TPO 28)

因此大量标记得很好的擦痕的出现表明年龄较大、地位较高的雄鹿就在附近，而不仅只是粗略地说明了该区域鹿群的数量很多。

大约，近似 ☆☆

代表单词： roughly

英文注释：without completeness or exactness (MWD)

拓展单词：approximately (2014, 2017)

预测单词：about, around, close to, just about, more or less, or so, some

其他考查形式：twenty or so=roughly twenty (2015, 2017)

老师说词

rough在实际考试中，是典型一词多义词且是多次考查的考点，所以这个词，虽然简单，但是务必重视。

经典例句

By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9, 000 miles of railroad track；then years later it had over 30, 000 miles, more than the rest of the world combined. (TPO 33)

在1850年之前美国有约9000英里铁轨，几年之后铁轨的长度增加到30000多英里，比世界上其他地方的总和还要多。

It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis, brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), that approximately 40, 000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity, that is, the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity. (TPO 21)

考古学家史蒂文·米森有一个观点，这在他的《思维的史前史》一书中有精彩的阐述，该观点认为约在40000年前，人类的思维形成了认知流动性，即对各种特化的思维加以整合：技术史、博物学（以理解自然资源的行为和分布）、社交智能以及语言能力。

另外 ☆☆

代表单词： furthermore

英文注释：lntroduce a piece of information or opinion that adds to or supports t he previous one.

拓展单词：in addition (2014, 2017), besides (2015)

预测单词：as well as, moreover, what's more

其他考查形式：“额外的”further=additional

老师说词

必考词，这三个词总是互相组合考查，furthermore=in addition=besides。

经典例句

Furthermore , most species do not depend entirely on a single resource, if the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources. (TPO 29)

而且绝大部分物种并不只依靠一种资源，当某物种的主要资源匮乏时，它们常转向其他候选资源。

Moreover ，ltalian sailors were deserting and emigrating，and captains，no longer recruited from the ranks of nobles，were weak on navigations. (TPO 25)此外，意大利船员逐渐逃离并移居到他乡，而船长不再是从贵族阶级中征召而来，在航海方面也暴露出各种不足。

而（做比较关系）

代表单词： whereas

英文注释：while on the contrary (AHD)

拓展单词：while

经典例句

Plots with more than ten species had about half as much biomass in 1988 as in 1986, whereas those with fewer than five species only produced roughly one-eighth as much biomass after the two-year drought. (TPO 46)

那些物种数量超过十种的取样点在1988年的生物量大概是1986年的一半，而那些物种数量少于五种的取样点在经过两年干旱之后，大概只剩下八分之一的生物数量。

尽管 ☆

代表单词： though

英文注释：You use though to introduce a statement in a subordinate clause which contrasts with the statement in the main clause. You often use though to introduce a fact which you regard as less important than the fact in the main clause.

拓展单词：albeit (2017), although, even though, despite, whereas

经典例句

Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas，problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. (TPO 14)虽然南部玛雅地区的降雨量超过北部地区，但在南部潮湿地区，缺水的问题更为严重。

The sahara is a highly diverse, albeit dry, region that has undergone major climatic changes since 10, 000 B. C. (TPO 28)

尽管干旱，撒哈拉的物种极其多样，并自公元前10000年前开始已经历了数次重大气候变迁。