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改变 ☆☆
代表单词： change
英文注释： make different in some particular (MWD)
拓展单词：transform, shift, modify (2014, 2017), revise, transition, alter, divert, convert (2014)
老师说词
英文意思就是在某些方面有所不同。实际考试中，change=modify=convert，均在TPO中出现过。
经典例句
As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. (TPO 1)
因此，它可能会放弃或修改一些仪式。
The age of Australia's rock art is constantly being revised . (TPO 23)
对澳大利亚摇滚艺术的时代的定义在不断被修正。
As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the "big men" assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy. (TPO 33)
随着交际圈进一步发展繁荣，“大人物”就具有了世袭地位，他们的支持者和家庭成员也具有了世袭权利。
If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly，consider this: an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings into one that has two pairs of wings. (TPO 30)如果很难设想进化改变得如此迅速，想一想：一个单一基因的改变就足以将有一对翅膀的苍蝇变成拥有两对翅膀。
波动
代表单词： fluctuation
英文注释：shift back and forth uncertainly (MWD)
拓展单词：variance
预测单词：swing, shift
经典例句
Changes in climate caused severe fluctuations in sea level, resulting in the extinction of the dinosaurs. (TPO 8)
气候的变化引起了海平面的剧烈波动，导致了恐龙的灭绝。
Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource. If the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources. (TPO 29)
而且绝大部分物种并不只依靠一种资源，当某物种的主要资源匮乏时，它们常转向其他候选资源。
The record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. (TPO 10)
这一记录显示，越来越多的证据表明不同栖息地之间的气候变化缓慢。
稳定的，不变的 ☆
代表单词： constant
英文注释：something that is unchanging or invariable (MWD)
拓展单词：consistent (2017), unchangeable, immutable
预测单词：steady, invariable, unalterable, fixed
老师说词
词汇题中，经常喜欢用含有否定前缀的词来表示其反义词。比如，changeable，加上否定前缀dis-，是“不变的”意思。常见的否定前缀有，un-，non-，dis-，a-，de-，under-，anti-，counter-
经典例句
Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in "air conditioning" that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. (TPO 47)
一些热带白蚁是更聪明的工程师，它们可以建造有巨大的内置“空调”的地上巢穴，保持巢穴潮湿，温度恒定，氧气充足。
It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay, worked to thinwalled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. (TPO 29)
它们一般由精心筛选和净化后的黏土在快速旋转的圆盘上制成壁薄而形状标准的坯子，然后放入陶器窑中烧结，并确保一气呵成。
扭曲，变形 ☆
代表单词： distort
英文注释： twist out of a proper or natural relation of parts；misshape (AHD)
拓展单词：irregular (2016)
预测单词：deform, misshape, disfigure, warp, twist
其他考试形式1： “曲解”distort=misinterpret
其他考试形式2：
“欺骗的；误导人的”misleading=deceiving=illusory
老师说词
distort本意是“扭曲”（主要是指形式上），引申义是“误解，曲解”，本义在2016年考过，后者在TPO里面出现过。
经典例句
Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. (OG)
研究表明，带有侵略性的人经常曲解他人的意图。
Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born with deformed lungs. (TPO 27)
患有先天性肺不张的婴儿的肺部会阻止气流从肺中流出，这些婴儿出生时肺部就是畸形的。
General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. (TPO 14)
人们普遍担心广告商夸大其词的误导策略。
If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles. (OG)
跟踪它们一段时间，就会发现它们的数量特别不稳定，在不规则周期内飙升或暴跌。
轮廓 ☆
代表单词： configuration
英文注释：the form, as of a figure, determined by the arrangement of its parts or elements (AHD)
拓展单词：shape
预测单词：form, arrangement
其他考试形式： “雕塑造型”sculpt=shape (2017)
老师说词
在《美国传统英语词典》里，shape由configuration做定义解释，即the characteristic surface configuration of a thing。“轮廓”就是“物体外在的表面样子”，在2017年之前，没有在考试中出现过，但是在2017年，shape=sculpt这一对词首次作为考点出现。
经典例句
The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. (TPO 23)
热岛的准确状态取决于好几个因素。比如风能在它出现的地方形成一个区域性的热岛。
This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator. (TPO 15)
这是在一个老式蒸汽散热器中发现的相同的装置。
伴随的，附带的
代表单词： attendant
英文注释： go with as an associate or companion (MWD)
拓展单词：accompanying
预测单词：accessory
老师说词
attendant作为名词属性，表示“服务员”或者“随从”，这是在TPO阅读文章中出现过的意思。但在考试中，目前只考过“伴随的”这个意思。它的引申义就有“附带，附属”的意思。因此和accompanying放在词汇题里一起考。
经典例句
Local rulers could no longer protect their relatives and attendants in legal cases, and with the ending in 1905 of the practice of forcing peasant farmers to work part-time for local rulers, the rulers no longer had a regular base for relations with rural populations. (TPO 32)
地方统治者在法律案件中不能再保护他们的亲属和随从，并且随着强迫贫穷农民为地方统治者做兼职的行为在1905年被废除，地方统治者与农村人口不再有稳定的关系基础。
For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast”. (TPO 15)
举个例子，称早餐食用谷物食品对健康是有益的广告可能会附带一个免责声明，即“前提是早餐营养要均衡”。
In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as do land plants. (TPO 25)
此外，其他一系列证据支持了这种假说，即陆生植物由原始绿藻进化而成，两者在进行光合作用时使用了相同类型的叶绿素和辅助色素。
覆盖
代表单词： cover
英文注释： place something upon or over , so as to protect or conceal (MWD)
拓展单词：overlie
预测单词：overlay, mantle
经典例句
In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil. (TPO 1)
低势区域上的任何位置可能就是曾经的河床，后续被土壤覆盖而变成现在的样子。
暴露 ☆
代表单词： expose
英文注释： deprive of shelter, protection； make visible , (MWD)
拓展单词：visible, uncover
预测单词：show, display, uncover, reveal, unveil, exhibit, manifest
经典例句
These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. (TPO 25)
其中包括从根部向上运输水分和矿物质的导管，从叶片向植物其他部分输送光合作用产物的筛管以及用来支撑植物体、使得它以最大表面积接触阳光的硬化木质素。
保护
代表单词： protect
英文注释： keep from being damaged (AHD)
拓展单词：immunity
经典例句
Protected embryos and waterless dispersal of sex cells were achieved with the origin of seed plants and the key evolutionary innovations that they introduced: pollen, seeds, and later, flowers and fruits. (TPO 25)
进化到种子植物时，保护胚胎以及在无水环境下传播生殖细胞的方式才得以实现，它们带来的关键进化创新的产物是：花粉、种子以及后来的花朵和果实。
出现 ☆☆☆
代表单词： appear
英文注释： come into existence. (MWD)
拓展单词：emerge (2014, 2018), arise (2018)
预测单词：materialize, crop up, turn up, turn out, show up, come into view
其他考试形式： “消失”disappear=vanish (2017)
老师说词
这一组词绝对是高频考点！在2018年的试题中，又再次出现，切记背熟！
它的反义词“消失”，在2017年的试题中出现，一并记忆！
预测词汇中的materialize有“出现”的意思，尤其是特指没看见或找不着等情况下突然出现。
看例句：Think of Harry Potter removing his invisibility cloak. He materializes. (vocabulary. com)
试想哈利·波特脱掉他的隐身斗篷，他就显现了。
另外，materialize，还有“成为现实”的意思（become reality），比如：Her dream really materialized.（她的梦想成真。）
经典例句
Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged independently in several different areas of the world when small communities，driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources，began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. (TPO 33)
很多史前学家相信农业有可能是在世界不同地方独立发展起来的。因为人口增加，食物资源匮乏，一些小社群开始试图在土地上播下种子以确保它们的存活。
As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widely scattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. (TPO 34)
随着这种早期能源危机愈演愈烈，英国转而使用数量丰富且分布广泛的煤炭作为即将消失的木材的替代品。
The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. (TPO 18)
那些与从云层涌来的电子相遇的带正电的粒子流通常来自于高大的带尖顶的建筑物，例如金属旗杆或塔。
产生 ☆☆
代表单词： produce
英文注释： cause to occur or exist (AHD)
拓展单词：generate (2014, 2017)
其他考试形式： 名词指“商品”, commodity=product (2014)
经典例句
The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. (TPO 11)
一个关于乞食行为的假说认为，乞食声已经进化出一种避免引起捕食者注意并及时做出预警的特性：比起那些较少受到捕食者捕食的雏鸟相比，被捕食率高的鸟类的雏鸟需要发出更轻柔、频率更高的叫声。
When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscapes to burst into flames. (TPO 42)
当星体撞击地球时，这些能量被释放，产生了巨大的冲击波，受到影响的数千公里的土地瞬间夷为平地，大部分景观突然起火。
Population growth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly of handicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts of northern ltaly, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. (TPO 10)
在英国、佛兰德斯、意大利北部、德国西南部以及西班牙部分地区，人口的增长促进了小规模制造业的发展，尤其是在手工艺品、纺织品和金属制品行业。
建造 ☆☆☆
代表单词： construct
英文注释： form by assembling or combining parts (AHD)
拓展单词：erect (2014, 2015)
预测单词：fabricate, establish
其他考试形式：
名词意为“建立”erecting=constructing (2014), founding=establishment (2016), founding=building (2017)
老师说词
绝对的高频考点！
erect和construct的动词形式和名词形式均在实际考试中出现过，切记这组词：construct=erect=found。
经典例句
Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in "air conditioning" that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. (TPO 47)
一些热带白蚁是更聪明的工程师，它们可以建造有巨大的内置“空调”的地上巢穴，保持巢穴潮湿，温度恒定，氧气充足。
Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. (TPO 33)
因为东部的耕犁耕不动大草原浓密且错综复杂的根部，所以最早的定居者只是在森林和草原的边界上修建农场。
That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants. (TPO 34)
我们现在已经有充分证据表明蚂蚁的确有益于植物生长，因为在1977年巴巴拉·宾利就已经研究了相关证据，并且自那以后，越来越多的观察和实验也为此提供了更多的证据。
发明，创造 ☆☆
代表单词： create
英文注释：cause to exist (MWD)
拓展单词：devise, construct (2016, 2017)
预测单词：spawn, bring into being, invent
经典例句
He devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. (TPO 6)
他设计了一种使活塞转动轮子的方法，从而将往复运动转化为旋转运动。
Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artists and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. (TPO 41)
面对设计模型，纳瓦霍艺术家们和助手们用自己的手指由内向外撒下黑、白、蓝灰、橙、红色的材料来制作细致入微的图像。
方式，方法 ☆☆
代表单词： mechanism
英文注释：A mechanism is a special way of getting something done within a particular system.
拓展单词：method (2015, 2017), way, fashion, vehicle, mean (2014)
老师说词
fashion这是个熟词生义词，除了表示“时尚”之意外，它还有“方式，方法”的意思。在TPO词汇题中出现过，但错误率很高。可以看下例句：
Set the table in this fashion .将桌子这样放。
经典例句
Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. (TPO 29)
同一物种不同个体之间的竞争（种内竞争），作为自然选择的一个主要方式，现在属于进化生物学范畴。
Livestock could be driven across the mountains, but the cost of transporting bulky grains in this fashion was several times greater than their value in eastern markets. (TPO 20)
可以用家畜翻越大山，但是以这种方式运输谷物的成本是这些谷物在东部市场上的价值的好几倍。
策略 ☆☆
代表单词： strategy
英文注释：a plan of action resulting from strategy or intended to accomplish a specific goal (AHD)
拓展单词：tactic (2014, 2017)
预测单词：maneuver, plan, scheme
经典例句
General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. (TPO 14)
人们普遍担心广告商夸大其词的误导策略。
They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. (TPO 9)
他们以弗吉尼亚的一组教师为研究对象，并在几年内这一组的40位教师进行研究。
控制，管理
代表单词： regulate
英文注释：control or direct according to rule, principle, or law (AHD)
拓展单词：control
预测单词：run, direct, govern, manage, handle, conduct
老师说词
在预测单词中，我们举例了好几个熟词生义的单词，比如direct：manage or conduct the affairs of；regulate（AHD）意为“管理”。
例：He will direct day-to-day operations.他管理日常运营。
run也有“管理”的含义，例：His father ran a prosperous business.他父亲经营一家生意兴旺的公司。
经典例句
Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis；and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. (TPO 26)
如果水含量过低，大部分植物组织会死亡；植物所汲取的养分是通过水来传输的；水也是光合作用这个关键过程中的成分；同时，水通过吸收热量来调节植物体的温度，因为水蒸气通过叶片蒸腾到空气中的过程可以帮助植物降低温度。
Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. (TPO 30)
学习适当的社交行为特别重要，尤其是对于群居动物，比如猴子，它们需要学会控制自己的私欲和攻击性，学着去懂得付出和收获的关系以融入群体。