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复杂的 ☆☆☆
代表单词： complex
英文注释：something that is complex has many different parts, and is therefore often difficult to understand.
拓展单词：elaborated (2014, 2017), sophisticated (2014, 2017), complicate (2014, 2017)
预测单词：intricate, involved
老师说词
请注意involved是形容词。elaborate常考的两个意思是“详细阐述”和“复杂的”。sophisticate的常见意思是“老于世故”，但是在托福考试中，只考“复杂”意项。
经典例句
Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people.（TPO 13）
生活将我们置于复杂的人际关系网络之中。
They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent. (TPO 27)
他们不再是一系列的小型部落，而是生活在一个有着更为复杂的社会组织关系的大社区里，很可能是按照共同祖先划分的部族。
An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3, 300 B. C. to the appearance of writing. (TPO 26)
在公元前3300年左右，有文字记载的一个日益完备的行政系统出现了。
The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered. (TPO 24)
当考虑到实际的水量时，问题变得更加复杂。
The operations can be quite involved , requiring many procedures in order to restructure the anatomy.
手术可能非常复杂，需要很多程序来重组解剖结构。
In Jan van Eyck's The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami , the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride's garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura. (TPO 44)
在扬·凡·艾克的画作《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》中，枝形吊灯按透视法缩短了，加上画中呈现的新娘服装的复杂细节，这些线索使得霍克尼认为作者使用了暗箱。
详细描述 ☆☆
代表单词： elaborate
英文注释：work out with care and detail (AHD)
拓展单词：in detail (2014), develop (2017)
预测单词：dilate, expatiate
老师说词
注意develop还可以表示“展开，详细描述”。
经典例句
The recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator's pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person. (TPO 1)
讲述人通过自己的手势和模仿把对一个事件的回忆过程（一次狩猎过程、战役或其他功绩）进行详尽描述，这种方式最终演变成为由不同的人来演绎不同的角色。
She developed her thesis in a series of articles. (AHD)
她在一系列文章中阐述了她的论点。
简单的 ☆
代表单词： simple
英文注释：not involved or complicated (AHD)
拓展单词：unsophisticated, easy (2014)
预测单词：uncomplicated, uninvolved
经典例句
The cattle herders had only a few possessions: unsophisticated pots and polished adzes. (TPO 28)
牧民的财产很少：一些并不精致的罐子和磨光的斧子。
No doubt the ability to talk about one's past represents memory of a different level of complexity than simple recognition or recall. (TPO 21)
讲述自己的往事无疑代表了比简单地认出或回忆更为复杂的记忆过程。
Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy , factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. (TPO 46)
此外，黏土比较廉价，而且容易成型，这使得泥板不仅在美索不达米亚成为首选的写作材料，而且在遥远的叙利亚、小亚细亚和波斯也很受青睐，甚至在克里特岛和希腊也流行过一段时间。
基本的 ☆☆☆
代表单词： simple
英文注释：of or relating to the foundation or base (AHD)
拓展单词：rudimentary (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018), primitive (2016, 2017), basic, fundamental (2014, 2015)
预测单词：elementary
老师说词
注意rudimentary这个词几乎是年年考。
经典例句
These early versions were rudimentary , inaccurate, and prone to breakdown. (TPO 30)
这些早期版本是基本的，但并不精确并且容易损坏。
Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engine.（TPO 34）托马斯·纽科门在1705年发明了第一台原始蒸汽机。
This most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. (TPO 12)
这一最基本的历史分期标准掩盖了一系列悖论。
Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions.
即使是气态的氮气，通常也会被土壤中的硝酸盐离子吸收。
本质上地 ☆☆
代表单词： basically
英文注释：the intrinsic or indispensable properties that serve to characterize or identify something (AHD)
拓展单词：in essence (2015, 2016), fundamentally, intrinsically, radically (2014, 2017)
预测单词：inherently
老师说词
绝对的高频考词，所谓“本质上的”，就是在性质上能明显区分他者的东西。比如，电动车和燃油车，本质上就是动力系统不同。
经典例句
The central state, though often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route. (TPO 16)
帝国中部尽管非常富足繁盛，但本质上脆弱不堪，因为新的国际贸易线路的发展会动摇经济基础并腐蚀国家权力。就在15世纪晚期瓦斯科·达·伽马绕过非洲开辟南部航线以后，欧洲的水手们便绕过中东商人改走南部航线了。
The verbal abilities that blossom in the two-year-old allow events to be coded in a form radically different from the action-based codes of the infant. (TPO 21)
两岁的儿童发展出的语言能力可以使他们对事件的组织方式与婴儿基于动作的组织方式有根本的差异。
The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. (TPO 20)
蜗牛或蛤蜊的空壳可能会保留下来，如果空壳足够坚固并且能防止分解，就有可能在很长一段时间内基本上保持原样。
重要的 ☆☆☆
代表单词： fundamental
英文注释：strongly affecting the course of events or the nature of things (AHD)
拓展单词：critical (2017), important, key (2014), significant (2014), essential (2017), indispensable (2017), vital
预测单词：decisive
经典例句
The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. (TPO 18)
这些国家之所以取得工业化成功，关键因素在于他们能够适应由早期工业化国家所制定的国际劳动力分配，以及利用自身优势坚持对国际市场的各专业领域进行跟踪监控。
All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. (TPO 18)
它们都能立即进入相关海域，这对重要的国际资源、鱼业以及廉价运输、商船和造船工业有着重要的影响。
The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. (TPO 33)
河谷农业在亚洲和非洲各个地区的推广是第一个人类文明崛起的决定性因素。
The horse was already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions, though sheep, goats, and cattle could also play a vital role.
在许多地区，马已经成为有威望的动物，尽管绵羊、山羊和牛也能发挥重要的作用。
However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. (TPO 23)
不过，令人惊讶的不是荷兰农业受到这些危机现象的影响而导致产量和销售量的降低，而是这些危机在荷兰农业中发生得相对较晚。
The focus of life was the agora, the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person. (TPO 43)
市民们生活的中心是市集。市集是一个开放的市场，市民们可以在那儿集会，讨论当下的各种问题，以及如政府行政管理的目的、法律与自由的关系这类基本问题，并且每个人都做出自己的决定。
Records show that the increase in urban heat islands has had a significant warming effect on the global climate. (TPO 48)
有记录表明，城市热岛效应的增加对全球气候产生了显著的变暖影响。
Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy. (TPO 34)
曾经稀少且昂贵的铁制品，现在没有那么贵了且成为一种基础用品，是经济发展的不可缺少的一部分。
复制 ☆☆
代表单词： duplicate
英文注释：identically copied from an original (AHD)
拓展单词：copy (2017), replicate (2014, 2017)
预测单词：reproduce, clone
经典例句
These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. (TPO 7)
这些书籍不仅有每个穆斯林都想诵读的古兰经的手稿，还有科学作品、历史书、冒险故事书、史诗书和诗歌书，它们都印有清晰的字迹和美丽的插图。
Although marine botanist W. A. Setchell suggested early on that temperature was critical to the growth and reproduction of seagrass, it has since been shown that this particularly widespread seagrass grows and reproduces at temperatures between 2 and 4 degrees Celsius in the Arctic and at temperatures up to 28 degrees Celsius on the northeastern coast of the United States. (TPO 44)
尽管海洋植物学家W. A.萨契尔早期曾提出温度是海草生长和繁殖的关键，但研究已经证明，从2到4摄氏度的北极，到28摄氏度的美国东北海岸，这些广泛分布的海草都可以生长和繁殖。
The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. (TPO 22)
银板照片是唯一一张复制照相机镜头前端某些微小的、非选择性的细节影像，不可以加印。
模仿 ☆☆
代表单词： copy
英文注释： copy the actions, appearance, mannerisms, or speech of (AHD)
拓展单词：simulate (2014), imitate (2014)
预测单词：mimic, emulate
其他考试形式： “模仿者”his imitator=the people who copied him (2016)
老师说词
“模仿”和“复制”是有区别的，“复制”是指几乎一模一样，但是“模仿”是指照搬某人的动作、容貌、特殊习惯和讲话等。注意，simulate是“模仿”，而词形非常接近的stimulate是“刺激”的意思。
经典例句
When researchers had one year olds imitate an action sequence one year after they first saw it, there was correlation between the children's verbal skills at the time they first saw the event and their success on the later memory task. (TPO 21)
当研究人员让一岁的儿童们在第一次见到一个动作顺序后的一年模仿这个动作顺序时，他们能否成功完成这个记忆任务与他们第一次看到这个事件时的语言能力相关。
Around the year 900, a set of rounded styles of Arabic handwriting began replacing angular scripts in copying the manuscripts of the Koran . (TPO 34)
大约在公元900年，一套圆形的阿拉伯书写方式开始取代在抄写《古兰经》手稿中用到的角脚记录方式。
多余；多余的 ☆☆
代表单词： surplus
英文注释：being more than or in excess of what is needed or required (AHD)
拓展单词：extra goods (2017), redundant (2014)
预测单词：excess, superfluous
其他考试形式：
名词“多余”duplication=redundancy (2014), redundancy=surplus (2014)
老师说词
其名词和形容词形式都考过，需要牢牢记住。注意rudimentary指“基础的”，redundant是“多余的”。
经典例句
The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. (TPO 18)
过剩的资金累积迅速地刺激了军事要塞以外的经济，使经济兴旺起来。
Leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and ranchers. (OG)
租赁土地用于开发风力涡轮机，可以为农民和牧场主提供额外收入。
If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. (TPO 18)
如果疲劳理论是正确的，那么当人吸入额外的二氧化碳时，应该能够激发人们打哈欠，当吸入纯氧时应该能够抑制打哈欠。
The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. (TPO 16)
独立行会进一步发展，是因为贸易顺差不是由国内的工艺生产而产生，而是主要来自于国际贸易活动。政府允许劳动人民自主管理，这和部落首领让牧羊者们离群索居一样。
残余 ☆☆☆
代表单词： remain
英文注释：be left after the removal, loss, passage, or destruction of others (AHD)
拓展单词：relic (2014), remnant (2014, 2017), remainder (2015, 2017)
经典例句
Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains. (OG)
相对低矮的山脉的历史往往更加久远，它们通常是高耸的山脉受到自然侵蚀的结果。
In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. (TPO 33)
在一些情况下，早期城市的地理区域划分反映了社会整体上的严格等级制度特点，比如一堵威风凛凛的高墙把皇宫和其余的城市居民分隔开来。
In the chest cavity of this specimen, which is housed in the Senckenberg Museum in Germany, are the fossil remains of conifer needles, twigs, seeds, and fruits. (TPO 48)
标本存放在德国森肯堡博物馆内，在其胸腔内，是针叶、细枝、种子和果实的化石。
参与 ☆
代表单词： engage
英文注释： involve oneself or become occupied (AHD)
拓展单词：participate in (2014)
预测单词：take part in, join in, undertake
其他考试形式1： “雇用”engage=hire
其他考试形式2： “忙于”engaged in=practiced (2017)
老师说词
engage第一个意思是“参与”，第二个意思是“约定服务，雇佣”，即取得某项服务或签了合同。比如engage a carpenter雇个木匠
经典例句
It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials. (OG)
因此，可以毫不夸张地说，纯艺术工艺品领域内的从业者们需要克服原材料的局限，而从事应用艺术的从业者们则不能脱离原材料创作。
The paintings were located where many people could easily see them, allowing groups of people to participate in the magical-religious activities. (TPO 4)
这些画被放置在许多人可以很容易地看到的地方，旨在让人们参加魔法宗教活动。
Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608. (TPO 23)
北荷兰有许多湖泊和临海区，特别适合开垦土地，其中竣工的最大的一个工程是1608年启动的贝姆斯特湖的排水项目。
逃避；逃跑 ☆
代表单词： escape
英文注释： run away , as from trouble or danger (AHD)
拓展单词：evade (2014), run away from, flee
预测单词：dodge, shun, avoid, miss
其他考试形式： “通过”course through=run through
经典例句
Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of people fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. (TPO 7)
他们规模性地迁移拉开了序幕是因为，一方面是由于一场人们为逃避沙漠化的运动而使该地区人口骤增，另一方面是由于撒哈拉沙漠太过干旱。
The ephemeral plants evade drought. (TPO 26)
短生植物可以抵御干旱。
Also, because the molecular motion of a gas depends on temperature, at the low temperatures of the Jovian planets even the lightest gases are unlikely to acquire the speed needed to escape . (TPO 16)
同时又因为气体分子运动取决于温度，所以在类木行星这样的低温环境下，即使是最轻的气体也无法达到所需要的逃逸速度。
取出
代表单词： extract
英文注释： draw or pull out , using great force or effort (AHD)
拓展单词：take out of
预测单词：withdraw, pull out
经典例句
Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. (TPO 21)
在这个温度范围内，水在热储层中循环能够产生足够的热量来给住宅、商业区和工业区取暖。
The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. (TPO 19)
当大量的水从海洋中蒸发掉，并且凝结成雪从而形成冰川的时候，海洋中氧的同位素比率会发生变化。
举起，提升 ☆☆
代表单词： elevate
英文注释：move (something) to a higher place or position from a lower one (AHD)
拓展单词：raise (2014, 2015)
预测单词：lift, uplift, heighten
其他考试形式：
形容词“高的”elevated=high (2016, 2017)
经典例句
As the Little lce Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations , infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. (TPO 24)
随着小冰川期的发展，农民们可能会把他们的田地转移到海拔较低的地方种植，这样必然侵犯了其他农民的土地，至此把人们集中到了一起，从而形成了聚居区。