比喻,有明喻和隐喻之分。明喻一般由本体、喻体和喻词组成,常用的喻词有如、若、犹、譬、似、像等。而隐喻则常常以貌似判断句的方式出现,但实际上却体现是比喻之法,只是这种比喻不似明喻那么直接。《黄帝内经》常用明喻和隐喻的方法来阐述医理、医法。这其实与中国古代学者认识事物和分析事物的基本方法有着密切的关系。中国古代人们在进行理论探讨或思想论辩时,常常借助于比喻之法来阐明事物的原理和揭示问题的本质。这种论述的方式在诸子百家著作中,可谓屡见不鲜。
《黄帝内经》中属于明喻的例子很多,举例如下:
例1:目窠微肿,如卧蚕起之状,曰水(《素问·平人气象论》)。
这句话的意思是说,眼睑微肿,如卧蚕之状,即为水病。将眼睑之肿比喻为“卧蚕”,可谓形象之至。美国人Ilza Veith将其译作:When within the eye there is a minute swelling,as though a dormant silkworm were beginning to take shape,it is said to have been caused through water。美籍华人吴连胜、吴奇父子将其译作:When the eyelid is swelling like the silkworm lying torpid,it is also the disease associated with water。两者均采用“化比喻为比喻”之法翻译“卧蚕”,大致符合原文之意。但就整句话的理解和翻译来看,二者均似未尽其善。如所谓“曰水”,就是“水病”(edema)的意思,不是什么caused through water或associated with water。
例2:夫善用针者,取其疾也,犹拔刺也,犹雪污也,犹解结也,犹决闭也(《灵枢·九针十二原》)。
在论述针刺治疗疾病的神奇疗效时,原文以“犹”为喻词,一连使用了四个比喻,说明了针刺治病的效果。吴氏父子将其译为:A physician who is good at acupuncture can cure the disease,even it is a protracted disease,just like pulling a sting,removing a stain,untie a knot or clear away the silt in the river flow.译文的意思是清楚的,但句式结构似乎不够简洁明了。若调整为:Those who are good at acupuncture treat diseases just as simple as pulling a sting,removing a stain,untying a knot or clearing away silt in a river,似乎更为紧凑一些。
《黄帝内经》隐喻的例子亦很多,举例如下:
例1:太阳为开,阳明为阖,少阳为枢(《素问·阴阳离合论》)。
在这句话中,以“为”作隐喻词,一共使用了三个隐喻。Veith将其译作:The Great Yang acts as opening factor,the “Sunlight”acts as covering factor,and the Lesser Yang acts as axis or central point.将“为”译作act as,可谓达旨。“太阳”“阳明”和“少阳”现多音译为taiyang,yangming,shaoyang,也有的将其分别译作greater yang,bright yang,lesser yang,但使用范围远不及音译者广泛。此外,“开”“阖”和“枢” 现一般多译作opening,closing,pivoting。
例2:阴阳者,血气之男女也(《素问·阴阳应象大论》)。
本例貌似判断句,实际上却是隐喻,即以“男女”比喻“血气”的阴阳属性。若对此判断不明,则必然释义含混。Veith将其译为:Yin and Yang[the two elements in nature]create desires and vigor in men and women.可谓南辕北辙矣。另一位海外译者Maoshing Ni将其译为:Themasculine and feminine principles,the qiand the blood,all reflect the interplay of yin and yang.显然释义不明。吴氏父子将其译为:For human being,those who draw support from Yang energy abundantly are men and are of vital energy,those who draw support from Yin energy abundantly are women and are of blood,so the Yin and Yang are theman and woman of energy and blood.更是毫厘之失,千里之谬。
实际上这句话的意思是:以阴阳来区分血气的属性,则血为阴,气为阳。所以这句话的恰当释义应该是:If yin and yang are used to differentiate the nature of blood and qi,blood pertains to yin while qi to yang.