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四、简单句、并列句及复合句

13 简单句

只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫作简单句。简单句大体上可以分为下面五种类型:

主语+谓语(S+P):

The plane has landed. 飞机着陆了。

The door bell rang. 门铃响了。

谓语可以是短语动词,甚至包括它的修饰语(状语):

House prices are going up again. 房价又上涨了。

He sat down beside me. 他在我旁边坐下了。

不带宾语的动词叫不及物动词(intransitive verbs)。

主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P):

表语可以是形容词、名词、代词、副词、分词、介词短语、从句等:

The medicine tastes horrible. 这药难吃极了。(形容词)

She is a lovely girl. 她是一个可爱的姑娘。(名词)

The umbrella is mine. 那把伞是我的。(代词)

Mother isn’t in at the moment! 妈妈此刻不在家。(副词)

The dish looks inviting. 这盘菜看起来很诱人。(现在分词)

She seemed very pleased. 她似乎很高兴。(过去分词)

Jane looks like her mother. 简看起来很像她的母亲。(介词短语)

That’s how I look at it. 这是我对它的看法。(从句)

名词可以有修饰语,如lovely和her;动词也可以有修饰语,如the moment和well。

主语+谓语+宾语(S+P+O):

下面句子中的斜体部分为宾语:

Who can answer this question? 谁能回答这个问题?

Can you play the violin? 你能拉小提琴吗?

Where have you put the key? 你把钥匙放到哪里了?

用在这种句型中的带宾语的动词多为及物动词,也可以是短语动词,即动词和介词或副词构成的短语,例如:

Lots of people are applying for the job. 很多人在申请这份工作。

He is listening to her endless grievance. 他在听她没完没了的牢骚。

Who put forward the proposal? 这个建议是谁提出的?

I have put the appointment off. 我把约会推迟了。

宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等表示:

They’re playing basketball. 他们在打篮球。(名词)

I have nothing to do today. 我今天没事干。(代词)

She wants two. 她要两个。(数词)

I hope to announce the winner shortly. 我希望马上宣布谁获胜了。(不定式)

My mother dislikes seeing you with me. 我母亲不喜欢看到你和我在一起。(动名词)

You see what I mean?你明白我的意思吗?(从句)

主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语(S+P+O I +O D ):

My uncle gave me a ticket. 我叔叔送了我一张电影票。

I showed them my driver license. 我把驾照拿给他们看。

He left Jane a note. 他给简留了一张便条。

I’ll get you something to drink. 我去给你找点东西喝。

这种跟两个宾语的动词叫作双宾动词(ditransitive verbs)。通常间接宾语(黑体部分)在前,直接宾语(斜体部分)在后;有时间接宾语可以放到后面,但之前要加上介词to或for:

I showed my passport to one of the immigration officers. 我把护照拿给其中一位移民局的官员看。

She gave a camera to someone who likes taking photos. 她给了喜欢照相的人一台照相机。

I got an ice-cream for each of the children present. 我给每个到场的孩子买了一份冰激凌。

从以上例句可见,短的间接宾语(如me, them, Jane, you)都放在前面,较长的则放到后面——至于前面加to还是for要根据动词而定。

主语+谓语+宾语+补语(S+P+O+C):

补语(complement)和宾语一起构成复合宾语。它的作用就是为宾语补充一些重要信息,例如:

They appointed him managing director. 他们任命他为总经理。

She painted the walls light pink. 她把墙漆成了淡粉色。

He told me to be more patient. 他让我耐心一点儿。

I smelt something burning. 我闻见有东西烧焦了。

I had my hair cut. 我理发了。

补语可以是名词、形容词、不定式、现在分词或过去分词。

在以上五类简单句中,有些句子,如祈使句,可省略主语:

Show me your passport. 出示你的护照。

有些句子中有并列成分,比如有两个主语、宾语、动词等:

She and he are in the same university. 她和他在同一所大学。

He ordered a beef steak and a soup. 他叫了牛排和一份汤。

She came forward and shook hands with the old man. 她走上前和那个老人握手。

关于这类句型,详见第十五章。

14 并列句

由两个或更多独立的主谓结构或简单句构成的句子叫并列句。其中这些简单句往往在意义上有关联,否则会分成独立句子,不连成并列句。并列句的两部分可用分号连接,如:

It was getting late; she had to hurry to the station. 天色渐晚,她得赶往车站了。

但更多的并列句都由一个并列连词把两部分连接起来,这两部分可以叫分句(clause),也可以叫并列分句(co-ordinate clause)。英语中的并列连词有:

He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他摇摇头,因为有不同的想法。

He worked hard in college and later he became an engineer. 他在大学时很用功,后来成了一名工程师。

I’ve got a cold, so I’m going to bed. 我感冒了,所以要去睡觉了。

She is a funny girl, yet you can’t help liking her. 她是一个古怪的女孩,但你禁不住喜欢她。

Either you improve your work or I shall dismiss you. 你需要改进自己的工作,否则我将辞退你。

还有一些副词也起连词的作用,可帮助构成并列句:

There was no news: nevertheless she went on hoping. 没有消息,但她还继续抱有希望。

He cannot speak, neither can he hear. 他不能讲话,也听不见。

15 复合句

一个句子中如果有一个或多个成分由从句担任,就是复合句。复合句中可以包含下面几类从句:

名词性从句,它在句中可担任主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语等:

That the match will be put off is now certain. 球赛已经确定将要延期。(主语)

I know(that)you’ll succeed. 我知道你们会成功。(宾语)

It all depends on how we make the preparations. 这都取决于我们的准备工作做得怎么样。(介词宾语)

The question is whether they have signed a contract. 问题是他们是否签了合同。(表语)

His idea that money means everything is unsound. 他“金钱万能”的想法是错误的。(同位语)

关系从句(定语从句),多由关系代词或关系副词引起:

Do you know the young man who sat next to her? 你认识坐在她旁边的青年吗?

Hamlet, which is a famous play by Shakespeare, was performed on stage in the new hall. 莎士比亚的名剧《哈姆雷特》在新礼堂公演了。

At the time when I saw him he was quite strong. 以前我看到他的时候,他身体挺壮实的。

These are the reasons why we did it. 这些就是我们这样做的原因。

状语从句:

用作状语的从句很多,可以表示时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、目的、结果、比较、让步等:

When he got up he felt dizzy. 他起床时感到头晕。(时间)

You can sit where you like. 你愿坐哪儿就坐哪儿。(地点)

He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他摇摇头,因为有不同的想法。(原因)

Let’s meet tomorrow if it is convenient for you. 我们可以明天碰头,如果你方便的话。(条件)

She acted as if(as though)she were mad. 她表现得像疯了似的。(方式)

Speak up a little so that they may hear you. 讲话大声点,以便他们听见。(目的)

It was so dark that we couldn’t see each other’s faces. 天那样黑,我们看不清彼此的脸。(结果)

I haven’t done as much as I should have liked. 我干的没有我希望的那么多。(比较)

Though they were poor, they were still happy. 他们很穷,但很快活。(让步)

下面句子中的that从句也可说是状语从句(或宾语从句):

I’m glad(that)you’re back. 你回来了我很高兴。(对比I’m glad to see you.) IUhZ2CpXyV5EI3/fPv3k3XCTtUJPECzE8qVtz0XAbMDEtw6UYk6abrxwqtuCqoII

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