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句子的各成分在很多情况下均由单词表示。
China is in East Asia. 中国在东亚。
He is the hope of his school. 他是学校的希望。
主语有时也可由数词、动名词等表示：
Three of us are going by plane. 我们中的三个人坐飞机去。
Spitting is prohibited. 禁止吐痰。
They faxed me the layout for the new catalogue. 他们用传真机把新目录的版面编排图样传给了我。
It may not seem like such a big deal to you, but you can make profit in the long run. 对你来说这并不是什么大不了的事，但是长远来看是有利可图的。
谓语有时由短语动词（phrasal verbs）表示：
I’ll take care of him. 我来照顾他。
关于短语动词，详见第九章。
Beijing is the heart of our country. 北京是我国的心脏。
That basketball is mine. 那个篮球是我的。
The dish tastes delicious. 这道菜吃起来味道不错。
表语还可由动名词、不定式、分词或介词短语表示：
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。
Her idea was to hold the party outside the house. 她的意见是在户外聚会。
We are so sorry to hear it. 听到这个消息我们都很难过。
I am on vacation now. 我现在在休假。
Have you read today’s evening paper? 你看今天的晚报了吗？
Give me something to eat. 给我一点东西吃。
宾语还可由动名词、不定式、复合结构等表示：
I hate bothering her. 我不愿打扰她。
We hope to hear from you soon. 我们希望早日收到你的来信。
He asked me to give him some money. 他要求我给他一些钱。
She’s a lovely girl. 她是个可爱的女孩。
I have a few questions to ask. 我有几个问题要问。
He is the second tallest boy in our class. 他是我们班第二高的男生。
另外，名词、介词短语、分词、不定式等都可用作定语：
You will see him at the press conference. 你会在记者招待会上见到他的。
The officer in charge secured the camp against attack. 主管的军官确保营地免受攻击。
There are many taxies waiting outside. 外面有许多出租车在等候。
Premier Zhou is a distinguished politician. 周总理是一位卓越的政治家。
There’s nothing to be afraid of.没有什么可怕的。
关于宾语，详见第十八章。
The boy runs very fast. 男孩跑得很快。
How often do you go home? 你多久回家一次？
I’m a little worried. 我有点发愁。
Frankly, I don’t like the idea. 坦白地说，我不太赞成这个想法。
此外，介词短语、不定式、分词等都可用作状语：
I kept silent for two hours. 我沉默了两个小时。
We went there to visit our teacher. 我们到那里去看望我们的老师。
He stepped forward, hoping to speak to her. 他向前走，希望能和她讲话。
I returned the dormitory, utterly exhausted. 我疲惫不堪地回到宿舍。
关于状语，详见第二十章。
可以担任句子成分的短语很多，常见的有：
They went swimming in the river. 他们到河里游泳。（作状语）
She gazed at a portrait on the wall. 她凝视着墙上的画像。（作定语）
He was in his early thirties. 他三十岁出头。（作表语）
I found the map out of date. 我发现这张地图已经过时了。（构成复合宾语）
To accept their offer would be foolish. 接受他们的帮助是愚蠢的。（作主语）
Her wish was to become a singer. 她的志愿是当一名歌手。（作表语）
We decided to go home by bus. 我们决定坐公共汽车回家。（作宾语）
Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗？（作定语）
He was shocked to hear her talking like that. 听到她这样讲话他感到震惊。（作状语）
He asked me to help him. 他请我帮助他。（构成复合宾语）
She couldn’t endure seeing animals cruelly treated. 她不忍心看到动物受到虐待。（作宾语）
Finding work is difficult these days. 如今找工作可不容易。（作主语）
Her major interest is collecting stamps. 她的主要兴趣是集邮。（作表语）
Are you interested in going to the show? 你有兴趣去看演出吗？（作介词宾语）
There’s a freeway connecting the two cities. 一条高速公路把两座城市连接起来。（作定语）
I am lying in bed thinking of my plan of next year. 我躺在床上想着下一年的计划。（作状语）
I found him dozing in class. 我发现他在教室里打瞌睡。（构成复合宾语）
Is there anything planned for weekend? 周末有什么活动吗？（作定语）
Moved by his sincerity, she accepted his propose. 被他的诚意感动，她接受了他的求婚。（作状语）
I felt a great weight taken off my mind. 我心里轻松了许多。（构成复合宾语）
Wait a minute. 等一会儿。（作状语）
She bought a bar of chocolate. 她买了一块巧克力。（作宾语）
I’m looking forward to your letter. 我盼着你的来信。（作谓语）
此外，动词还可构成复合谓语：
You ought to be careful. 你要小心。
They might be waiting for us. 他们可能在等我们。
从句指一个有主语、有谓语的，和句子相似的结构（也可称为主谓结构）。这种结构不是独立句子，而是构成句子的一个成分。从结构上看，它有五类：
The letter says that they are leaving on 12th. 信上说他们十二号动身。（作宾语）
（That）You can’t swim is a pity. 你不会游泳这太遗憾了。（作主语）
The important thing is that we help each other and learn from each other. 重要的是，我们互相帮助，互相学习。（作表语）
I’m glad you have come. 我很高兴你来了。（作状语）
He began to think about what he should do. 他开始考虑应当怎样做。（作宾语）
It hasn’t been decided who is to be the prime minister. 谁当首相还没决定。（作主语）
The current question is how we could solve this problem. 目前的问题是我们怎样才能解决这个难题。（作表语）
He wasn’t sure whether he ought to laugh or cry. 他真是啼笑皆非。（作宾语）
No one can tell what will happen next. 没人知道接着会发生什么。（作宾语）
What you need is a good dose of laughter. 你需要的是大笑一场。（作主语）
That’s what I want to do. 这是我想做的。（作表语）
He began to think about what he should do. 他开始想该怎么办。（作介词宾语）
Give me a phone call when you get home. 到家后给我来一个电话。
Stay where you are. 你就站在原处。
You may stay with us if you like. 如果你愿意可以住我们这儿。
Do as you please. 你爱怎么办就怎么办。
这类从句有时可用作表语：
That’s where we met first. 这就是我们初次见面的地方。
August is when the lotus bloom. 八月是荷花盛开的时间。
Things were not as they seem to be. 情况并不是他们看到的那个样子。
Do you know the young man who sat next to her? 你认识坐在她旁边的青年吗？
She was not in the train which （that） arrived just now. 她不在刚到的火车上。
This was the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。
At the time when I saw him, he was quite well. 我见到他时他身体还挺好的。