形容词大体上可以分为下面几类:
品质形容词(qualitative adjectives);
类属形容词(classifying adjectives);
颜色形容词(colour adjectives);
强调形容词(emphasizing adjectives);
-ing形容词(-ing adjectives);
-ed形容词(-ed adjectives);
合成形容词(compound adjectives)。
限定词也是一种形容词,前面讨论代词时已一并谈了,本章就不做讨论了。
英语中的大量形容词都属于这一类,用来表示人或物的品质:
That wasn’t a very happy choice of words. 那样的措辞并不十分恰当。
His sad story touched our hearts. 他悲惨的故事深深打动了我们的心。
He is a humorous magician. 他是位富于幽默感的魔术师。
She is wise in money matters. 她善于理财。
The young nation is faced with many difficulties. 那个新建立的国家面临许多困难。
She married a wealthy banker. 她嫁给了一位有钱的银行家。
It’s not a big stream, but it’s very pleasant. 这条溪流不大,但很招人喜欢。
这类形容词常见的有:
这类形容词一般能用于比较级,如worse, weaker, younger等。
类属形容词表示属于哪一类:
The store was a financial failure and soon closed. 该店赔了本,很快就倒闭了。
The museum has many immemorial cultural relics. 该博物馆收藏了很多极为古老的文物。
He is looking for a wife but he hasn’t found his ideal mate. 他正在寻找未来的妻子,但还没有找到理想人选。
The central aim of that government is social equality. 那个政府的核心目标是社会平等。
Large masses of people there lacked the basic necessities of life. 那里的广大人民群众缺乏基本的生活必需品。
这类形容词常见的有:
有少数表示颜色的形容词,如:
Would you like green tea or black tea? 你愿意要绿茶还是红茶?
Mary flushed crimson with embarrassment. 玛丽羞得红了脸。
The burning coals started to flame yellow and orange. 燃烧着的煤开始发出了黄色与橙色的火焰。
这类形容词主要有:
这类词前面还可加light, pale, dark, deep, bright等词:
light brown hair 淡褐色的头发
a pale green coat 淡绿色的大衣
deep blue flowers 深蓝色的花
a dark grey suit 深灰色的西服
a bright yellow skirt 亮黄色的裙子
a light blue dress 淡蓝色的连衣裙
有时这类词后还可加词尾-ish:
blueish glass 淡蓝色的玻璃
yellowish fruit 发黄的水果
greenish-white flower 白绿色的花
reddish coat 淡红色的大衣
有一些形容词可起强调作用,如:
There is no absolute standard for beauty. 美没有绝对的标准。
It was pure luck that he won the match. 他赢得比赛完全是靠运气。
Our new radio is an utter failure. 我们的新收音机完全是个废物。
常见的这类形容词有:
Statistics on juvenile delinquency are alarming. 少年犯罪的统计数字令人惊讶。
What you’ve just told me is very surprising. 你刚才告诉我的情况令我吃惊。
Her colorful character makes her very charming. 她活泼的性格令她富有魅力。
His long boring story made me yawn. 他冗长的故事听得我直打呵欠。
这类形容词都和及物动词有关:
常见的这类形容词有:
这类形容词都为品质形容词,可作定语,也可用作表语,有时可用于最高级,如most amazing, most disappointing。
这类形容词常见的有:
除了这些词,还有不少-ing形式可用作定语,如:
the governing body of a university 大学的管理机构
The falling plane burst into flames. 那架正在坠落的飞机忽然烧起来。
不过,这些还不算作形容词。
a. neighbouring countries 邻近的国家
a cunning fox 狡猾的狐狸
appetizing smell 引起食欲的香味
an enterprising woman 有事业心的女子
b. engaging manner 招人喜欢的态度
a pressing task 紧急任务
a promising young man 有前途的青年
a trying problem 令人头疼的问题
还有少数由动词和前缀构成的-ing形容词:
outgoing chairperson 即将离职的主席
forthcoming talks 即将举行的会谈
overbearing manner 盛气凌人的态度
all outstanding actor 杰出的演员
I was most distressed to hear the sad news of your father’s death. 我听到你父亲去世的噩耗,十分难过。
We are satisfied, with the smoothness of the negotiation. 我们对谈判的顺利进行很满意。
You have no idea how worried I was. 你想象不出来我有多么担心。
Interested members will meet at two. 有兴趣的会员两点钟碰头。
She threw me a quick frightened glance. 她惊恐地迅速望了我一眼。
这类形容词常见的有:
部分这类形容词,意思和相关动词有差异:
a determined man 果断的男人
guarded optimism 审慎的乐观
strained relations 紧张的关系
mixed situation 复杂的情况
还有一些-ed形容词可说是类属形容词,也由动词的过去分词变来,但不能用于比较级:
His work does not reach the standard required. 他的工作成绩达不到要求。
This room was furnished in warm reds and browns. 这个房间是用红色和棕色这样的暖色调来装饰的。
We should not be infected by erroneous ideas. 我们不应该受错误观念的影响。
We have bought canned meat and canned fruit. 我们买了罐头肉和罐头水果。
He bought a packet of dried beef(apricots).他买了一小包牛肉干(杏干)。
这类形容词常见的有:
还有少数这类形容词意思和相应动词的意思有差异:
advanced math 高等数学
marked changes 明显的变化
a noted musician 著名的音乐家
long pointed fingernail 长长尖尖的手指甲
也有少数-ed形容词并不带有被动意思:
escaped fish 漏网之鱼
fallen leaves 落叶
faded flowers 凋谢的花
a retired teacher 退休的教师
Are you pleased with the new flat? 你对这套新公寓满意吗?
Be prepared for anything to happen. 准备好对付任何可能发生的事件。
I was very touched by/to receive your kind letter. 收到你的来信,我十分感激。
He was convinced of the truth of the report. 他相信报道是真实的。
We are all involved, whether we like it or not. 不管愿不愿意,我们都被牵涉了。
a bearded man 留络腮胡的男子
detailed description 详细的描述
a flowered headscarf 印花头巾
a gifted painter 有天赋的画家
principled stand 有原则的立场
winged ants 有翅膀的蚂蚁
还有一些-ed形容词并不和动词或名词有联系:
an antiquated bus 老旧的公共汽车
beloved children 受宠的孩子
concerted movement 统一的行动
his deceased wife 他死去的妻子
sophisticated weapons 尖端武器
rugged road 崎岖不平的道路
a cautiously-worded speech 措辞谨慎的讲话
a richly deserved award 应得的奖励
a well-known actor 著名的演员
a well equipped army 装备精良的军队
a tall, powerfully built man 身材魁梧的高个子男子
a smartly dressed gentleman 穿着漂亮的男子
an air-conditional bus 有空调的公交车
a good-looking girl 俊俏的姑娘
light-hearted mood 轻松的心情
long-lasting quarrel 长期的争吵
man-eating tribe 食人族
well-behaved students 表现良好的学生们
这类合成形容词最常见的结构有:
形容词+名词+ ed:good-humoured, kind-hearted
副词+过去分词:low-paid, well-informed
形容词+现在分词:fine-sounding, thorough-going
副词+现在分词:hard-working, fast-moving
形容词+名词:white-collar(workers), twin-engine(car)
名词+现在分词:a time-consuming(job), a heart-warming(news)
还有一些其他结构的合成词,如:
a tree-lined(path) 林荫小径(名词+过去分词)
cast-off(socks) 丢弃的(袜子)(过去分词+副词)
duty-free(goods) 免税(商品)(名词+形容词)
two-piece(suit) 两件套的(西服)(数词+名词)
the day-to-day administration 日常的行政工作
a down-to-earth approach 务实的方法
an out-of-the-way village 偏僻的乡村
a twenty-year-old girl 二十岁的女孩
an out-and-out conservative 彻头彻尾的保守分子