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Text 4

1. In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless.

译 文: 1784年,在成为美国总统的5年前,52岁的乔治·华盛顿几乎掉光了牙齿。

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讲 解: 该句是复合句,主句由主系表结构构成,句中数字52作定语修饰主语,before从句跟在名词后面,故before作为关系副词引导定语从句,修饰先行词five years。第二层定语从句由主谓宾结构构成,从句中of the United States为介词短语作后置定语,修饰宾语president。

词 汇: toothless [‘tuːθləs] a. 无牙齿的

2. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

译 文: 于是他雇了一名牙医,为他移植了9颗牙齿,而这9颗牙齿是从他的奴隶的嘴里拔出来的。

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讲 解: 该句是简单句,由主谓宾宾补结构构成,动词不定式短语to transplant...作宾语补足语,解释说明雇用牙医做什么。

词 汇: transplant [træns’plɑːnt] vt. 移植

3. That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.

译 文: 这与大多数人从历史书中记住的那个砍樱桃树的乔治·华盛顿的形象大相径庭。

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讲 解: 该句的主干由主系表结构构成,句中的定语从句修饰人名George。第二层定语从句由主谓宾结构构成,省略了关系代词that或who,关系代词在从句中作remember的宾语。

4. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.

译 文: 但是最近,很多历史学家开始关注奴隶制在美国开国元勋生活中所起的作用。

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讲 解: 该句的主干由主谓宾结构构成,句中宾语the roles作为先行词,后跟省略关系词的定语从句。第二层定语从句中,省略的关系代词指代roles,作谓语played的宾语。

5. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.

译 文: 1998年获得的DNA证据几乎肯定地证明托马斯·杰斐逊和他的奴隶莎莉·赫明斯至少生了一个孩子,这种DNA证据在某种程度上激起了历史学家的兴趣。

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讲 解: 该句是复合句,主句由主谓结构构成,句中by DNA evidence为介词短语作方式状语,过去分词短语made available in 1998作后置定语修饰evidence,关系代词which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰先行词evidence。第二层定语从句由主谓宾结构构成,宾语部分为that引导的宾语从句。第三层宾语从句由主谓宾结构构成。

词 汇: spur [spɜː] vt. 激励

6. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.

译 文: 只是在近30年,学者们才彻头彻尾地研究历史。

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讲 解: 该句是部分倒装结构,当句首出现only等词语时,句子部分倒装。

7. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.

译 文: 有几位历史学家的著作揭露了美国早期领袖在道德上的妥协和美国建国初期脆弱的本质。

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讲 解: 该句由主谓宾结构构成,由and连接两个名词短语作并列宾语,句中过去分词短语made by...作后置定语,修饰compromises。

词 汇: compromise [‘kɒmprəmaɪz] n. 妥协

8. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.

译 文: 更重要的是,历史学家们认为许多开国之父都知道奴隶制不对,但却很少有人试图废除奴隶制。

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讲 解: 主句由主谓宾结构构成,句中宾语部分是that引导的宾语从句。第二层宾语从句的主干是主谓宾结构,宾语部分由省略了that的宾语从句组成。第三层由两个简单句构成,其一是主系表结构,其二是主谓宾结构。

词 汇: significantly [sɪg’nɪfɪk(ə)ntlɪ] ad. 显著地

9. More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.

译 文: 历史学家认为,最重要的是开国元勋们受到自己所处时代文化的束缚。

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讲 解: 主句的主干由主谓宾结构构成,宾语部分由宾语从句构成。第二层宾语从句是简单句,由主谓结构构成。

词 汇: hamper [‘hæmpə] vt. 妨碍

10. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

译 文: 虽然华盛顿和杰斐逊都在私下表示对奴隶制度的厌恶,但他们同时也知道奴隶制是他们帮助创建的国家的政治和经济基石的一部分。

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讲 解: 该句是主从复合句,主句由主谓宾结构构成,其中that引导宾语从句,while引导让步状语从句。第二层让步状语从句由主谓宾结构构成。第三层宾语从句由主系表结构构成,从句中of the country为介词短语作后置定语修饰bedrock,定语从句they helped to create修饰country。第四层定语从句由主谓宾结构构成,省略的关系代词作动词create的宾语。

词 汇: distaste [dɪs’teɪst] n. 厌恶

11. For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves.

译 文: 首先,南方各州无法承受失去奴隶的代价。

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讲 解: 该句是简单句,由主谓宾结构构成,动词不定式to part with its slaves作谓语afford的宾语。

12. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America .

译 文: “拥有奴隶就如同拥有一大笔银行存款”,《不完美的上帝:乔治·华盛顿,他的奴隶和美国的诞生》一书作者威尼克(Wiencek)这样说道。

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讲 解: 该句的主干由主谓宾结构构成,宾语部分是直接引语,句中介词of后跟书名,作后置定语,修饰同位语。第二层宾语从句由主系表结构构成。

13. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

译 文: 如果没有对这种“特殊制度”的保护,南方各州政府就不可能在宪法上签字。这个“特殊制度”包括一个关于国会代表人数的条款,一个奴隶按五分之三个人计算。

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讲 解: 该句的主干由主谓宾结构构成,句中现在分词短语including a clause作后置定语,that引导定语从句,修饰先行词clause。第二层定语从句由主谓宾结构构成,从句中介词短语as...作宾语补足语。

词 汇: Constitution [kɒnstɪ’tjuːʃ(ə)n] n. 宪法

14. And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.

译 文: 此外,政治家的政治生涯依赖于奴隶制。

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15. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.

译 文: 这种五分之三的计算方法使得选举团里南方各州政府的投票激增,使杰斐逊在1800年总统大选中险胜。

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讲 解: 该句由主谓双宾结构构成,句中Jefferson作间接宾语,his narrow victory作直接宾语。by...College作方式状语。

词 汇: inflate [ɪn'fleɪt] vt. 使充气;膨胀

16. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

译 文: 杰斐逊一执政,就通过1803年购买路易斯安那州使得奴隶制扩张;这片新国土被划分为13个州,其中包括三个奴隶制州。

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讲 解: 该句由两个简单句构成,第一个句子由主谓宾结构构成,第二个句子由主谓结构构成,句中including three slave states为介词短语作后置定语。

17. Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.

译 文: 尽管如此,杰斐逊还是释放了赫明斯的孩子们——虽然他没有释放赫明斯本人和大约150名其他奴隶。

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讲 解: 该句是简单句,由主谓宾结构构成。though引导让步状语。

词 汇: free [fri:] v. 解放,使自由

approximately [ə'prɒksɪmətlɪ] ad. 大约

18. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

译 文: 华盛顿在南北战争中目睹了黑人士兵的勇敢后,他已开始相信“所有人生来平等”,因此不顾亲属的强烈反对,在他的遗嘱中赋予他的奴隶自由。

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讲 解: 该句的主干由主谓宾结构构成,who引导的定语从句修饰主语,不定式to...will作目的状语。第二层定语从句的主干由主谓宾结构构成,that引导宾语从句。第三层宾语从句是简单句,由主谓结构构成,句中equal作主语补足语。

词 汇: bravery[‘breɪv(ə)rɪ] n. 勇敢

19. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.

译 文: 而仅仅在10年前,这样的行为在弗吉尼亚州却需要立法机构的批准。

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讲 解: 该句是简单句,由主谓宾结构构成。

词 汇: legislative [‘ledʒɪslətɪv] a. 立法的 zMUTSsA6YGnRomdm2BFWrmgeZCuCCs2VvgPfcsinIHF35m22BNy/44YxOrJyKF0D

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