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1. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities.
译 文: 在上一辈人生活的时代,经济风险和美国新的现实已经改变了美国中产阶级的家庭,他们曾经可以依靠辛苦工作和公平竞争的原则使自己经济有保障。
讲 解: 该句是复合句,主句由主谓结构构成,句中that引导定语从句,修饰family。该定语从句由主谓宾结构构成,从句中不定式to keep itself financially secure作目的状语。
词 汇: count on 指望,依赖
transform [træns’fɔrm] v.(使)改变
2. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
译 文: 现在,一张解雇通知单、一个不利的诊断结果或者配偶的离世都可以使一个殷实的中产阶级家庭在几个月后成为新的贫困家庭。
讲 解: 该句是简单句,主谓宾结构,句中a pink slip,a bad diagnosis和 a disappearing spouse是三个并列主语。
词 汇: pink slip 解雇通知书
spouse [spaʊs] n. 配偶(指夫或妻)
diagnosis [ˌdaɪəg’nəʊsɪs] n. 诊断结论
3. In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.
译 文: 在仅仅一代人的时间里,数百万母亲出去工作,改变了美国基本的家庭经济状况。
讲 解: 该句由主谓结构构成,句中现在分词短语transforming basic family economics作伴随状语。
4. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.
译 文: 学者、政策制定者以及各领域的批评家都在讨论这些变化给社会带来的影响,但很少有人看到其副作用:家庭风险也在上升。
讲 解: 该句为主从复合句,主句是but连接的两个主谓宾结构的并列句,句中family risk has risen as well为同位语从句,解释说明the side effect。第二层同位语从句由主谓结构构成。
词 汇: stripe [straɪp] n. 类型,类别
side effect 副作用
implication [ɪmplɪ’keɪʃ(ə)n] n. 影响
5. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.
译 文: 今天美国家庭开支预算已经达到了两个人收入的极限。
讲 解: 该句由主谓结构构成,介词短语of their new two-paycheck status作后置定语修饰limits。
词 汇: budget [‘bʌdʒɪt] v. 预算
paycheck [‘peɪtʃek] n. 薪金,工资
6. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.
译 文: 结果,他们失去了以前在经济萧条时期的“保障措施”——当家庭的主力失业或者生病,家中后备劳动力(通常是母亲)就可以加入劳动力队伍。
讲 解: 该句是复合句,主句由主谓宾结构构成,宾语作为先行词,后跟定语从句1;破折号后面的内容为同位语,解释说明parachute,名词earner作为先行词,后跟定语从句2。第二层定语从句由主谓结构构成。第三层定语从句主干由主谓结构构成,if引导条件状语从句。第四层条件状语从句中由并列连词or连接谓语和系表结构。
词 汇: parachute [‘pærəʃuːt] n. 降落伞
back-up a. 后援的
setback [‘setbk] n. 挫折,失败
get laid off 解雇
7. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.
译 文: 过去,这种“额外劳动者效应”可以加强失业保险和伤残保险提供的安全网,以帮助家庭度过经济困难。
讲 解: 该句是简单句,由主谓宾结构构成,句中过去分词短语offered by...作后置定语,修饰宾语中的名词net,动词不定式短语to help families...作目的状语。
词 汇: weather [‘weðə] v. 度过
8. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-athome partner.
译 文: 但是如今,家庭财产的损失再也不能由原本待在家里的伴侣获得的额外收入来弥补。
讲 解: 该句是简单句,由主谓结构构成;句中介词短语to family fortunes作后置定语修饰disruption;介词短语from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner作后置定语修饰extra income。
词 汇: disruption [dɪs’rʌpʃn] n. 中断
make up 弥补
fortune [‘fɔrtʃən] n. 财富
9. During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.
译 文: 在同一时期,美国家庭还要在退休收入中承担更多的风险。
讲 解: 该句是被动句,由主谓结构构成,动词不定式to absorb...作主语补足语。
词 汇: absorb [əb’zɔːb] v. 承受,承担
retirement [rɪ’taɪəm(ə)nt] n. 退休
10. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.
译 文: 钢铁工人、航空公司职员以及汽车产业工人正在加入不得不担心利率和股票市场的波动、退休金不够养老的残酷现实的数百万家庭行列。
讲 解: 该句是复合句,主句由主谓宾结构构成,who引导的定语从句修饰families。第二层定语从句主干由主谓宾结构构成,that引导的同位语从句解释说明宾语3 the harsh reality。第三层同位语从句由主谓宾结构构成。
词 汇: fluctuation [ˌflʌktʃʊ’eʃən] n. 波动,起伏
outlive [aʊt’lɪv] v. 生存得比……更久
harsh [hɑːʃ] a. 残酷的
11. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.
译 文: 过去大半年以来,布什总统致力于将社会保险体系转化成储蓄存款模式,退休人员把大部分或者全部保障报酬用来交换投资效益所得的报酬。
讲 解: 该句是简单句,由主谓宾结构构成,句中现在分词短语depending on investment returns作后置定语修饰payments。
词 汇: campaign [kæm’peɪn] v. 发起或参加(政治或商业性的)活动
guarantee [gær(ə)n’tiː] v. 保证
trade...for... 用……交换
12. For younger families, the picture is not any better.
译 文: 对更年轻的家庭来说,情况也不见得好。
13. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable healthsavings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare.
译 文: 医疗保健的绝对成本以及家庭承担的份额都上涨了——新近流行的健康储蓄计划正在从立法机关向沃尔玛的员工普及,免赔额度更高了,家庭未来医疗保健的投资风险也更高了。
讲 解: 该句由and并列连接两个简单句,分句1是主谓结构,其中过去分词短语borne by family作后置定语,修饰主语中的名词share;分句2是主谓结构,介词with短语作伴随状语,其中deductible在此作名词,意为“免赔额”(免赔额又称“自负额”,是指在保险合同中规定的损失在一定限度内保险人不负赔偿责任的额度)。
词 汇: absolute [‘æbsəluːt] a. 绝对的
deductible [dɪ’dʌktɪb(ə)l] a.(保险)可减免的
borne [bɔːn] v. 承受(bear的过去分词)
dose [dəʊs] n. 剂量
14. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
译 文: 就连人口统计数据也对中产阶级不利,因为中产阶级家庭中父母一方年老体弱——以及随之产生的物质和经济援助需要——的可能性,在一代人的时间里就猛增了八倍。
讲 解: 该句是复合句,主句由主谓宾结构构成,从句是由as引导的原因状语从句。第二层原因状语从句由主谓结构构成。
词 汇: demographics [demə’græfɪks] n. 人口统计数据
attendant [ə’tend(ə)nt] a. 伴随的,随之而来的
odds [ɒdz] n. 可能性
eightfold [‘eɪtfəʊld] ad. 八倍地
15. From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.
译 文: 从中产阶级家庭的角度来看,可以理解的是,许多此类活动看起来远不像是承担更多财务责任的机会,而更像是将金融风险大规模转移到他们本已负担过重的肩膀上的可怕加速行为。
讲 解: 该句是简单句,由主系表结构构成,句中and连接两个并列表语;不定式短语to exercise...作后置定语修饰表语1;介词短语more like...作后置定语修饰表语2;介词of短语作后置定语修饰名词acceleration。
词 汇: exercise [‘eksəsaɪz] v. 实行,行使
wholesale [‘həʊlseɪl] a. 大规模的
acceleration [əkselə’reɪʃ(ə)n] n. 加速
overburden [əʊvə’bɜːd(ə)n] v. 使负担过多
16. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.
译 文: 经济的副作用已经开始,政治的负面影响也许不会太远了。
讲 解: 该句由and连接主谓结构和主系表结构。
词 汇: fallout [‘fɔːlaʊt] n. 附带结果,余波