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如果你有机会从中国东部沿海的上海坐火车到中国西部内陆的拉萨，那么，除了感受到不断向西的横向坐标移动以外，还能感受到不断向上的纵向坐标移动。因为，上海的平均海拔不到5米，而拉萨的平均海拔达到了3 650米。
If you have the opportunity to travel by train from Shanghai on the east coast of China to Lhasa in the interior of western China, you will not only feel the horizontal movement to the west but also the vertical and upward movement in addition. The average altitude in Shanghai is less than 5 meters above sea level, while the average altitude in Lhasa is 3,650 meters above sea level.
中国的地表高低起伏，地势西高东低，向海洋倾斜，大致呈阶梯状分布。一般分为三级阶梯：第一级阶梯是青藏高原，平均海拔在4 000米以上，其北部与东部边缘以昆仑山脉、祁连山脉、横断山脉与第二级阶梯分界；第二级阶梯平均海拔在1 000~2 000米，其间分布着大型的盆地和高原，东面以大兴安岭、太行山脉、巫山、雪峰山与第三级阶梯分界；第三级阶梯上分布着广阔的平原，间有丘陵和低山，海拔多在500米以下。因此，如果从上海坐火车到拉萨，将会由东向西，从第三级阶梯到第二级阶梯，再从第二级阶梯到第一级阶梯，沿途可以感受到各种地形的特点，欣赏截然不同的美景，不过得小心高原反应。
China’s land surface is undulating. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, inclined to the ocean. It is generally distributed in a ladder shape and divided into three steps. The first step is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average altitude of more than 4,000 meters. The Kunlun Mountains, Qilian Mountains and Hengduan Mountains on the northern and eastern edge of the first step are the boundaries of the first step and the second step. The average altitude of the second step is between 1,000 and 2,000 meters, on which large basins and plateaus are distributed. The Greater Khingan Range, Tai-hang Mountains, Wushan Mountains, Xuefeng Mountains in the east of the second step separate the third step from the second step. The third step is a vast plain with hills and low mountains, most of which are less than 500 meters above sea level. Therefore, if you take the train from Shanghai to Lhasa, you will go from east to west, from the third step to the second step, and then to the first step. Along the way, you can feel the characteristics of all kinds of terrain and appreciate the different scenery, but you should be careful of the high altitude reaction.
中国地处北半球，和其他北半球国家一样，3月至5月为春季，6月至8月为夏季，9月至11月为秋季，12月至次年2月为冬季。而地处南半球的国家，如：澳大利亚、新西兰、巴西、阿根廷、南非等，季节则与中国刚好相反。
China is located in the northern hemisphere. Like other countries in the northern hemisphere, spring is from March to May, summer is from June to August, autumn is from September to November, and winter is from December to February. Countries in the southern hemisphere, such as Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina and South Africa, have the opposite seasons with China.
中国南北跨纬度广，各地接受太阳辐射的热量不均衡。自南向北，由低纬度向高纬度，按照接受的太阳辐射热量的逐渐减少，划分出热带、亚热带、暖温带、中温带和寒温带，除此之外，还有特殊的青藏高寒区（青藏高寒区海拔较高，本区高原地势作用超过了纬度的影响，表现为中、低纬度内独特的大面积高寒环境）。在各温度带中，寒温带只占国土总面积的1.2%，青藏高寒区占国土总面积的26.7%，其余占国土总面积72.1%的地区属于热带、亚热带、暖温带和中温带。因此，中国以温暖气候为主。
China has a wide latitude scope from north to south, and the amount of heat received by the sun varies from place to place. From south to north, from low latitude to high latitude, the receiving solar heat gradually reduces, so Tropical, Subtropical, Warm Temperate, Medium Temperate and Cold Temperate zones are classified. In addition, there are special Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Cold Area (with the relatively high elevation, the effect of plateau topography exceeds that of latitude in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is characterized by a large area of alpine environment in middle and low latitudes). Among the temperature zones, the Cold Temperate zone accounts for only 1.2% of the total land area, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau takes up 26.7%, and the remaining 72.1% belongs to the Tropical, Subtropical, Warm Temperate and Medium Temperate zones. Therefore, it can be said that China mainly has a warm climate.
中国幅员辽阔，跨纬度较广，距海远近差距较大，加之地势高低不同，地形类型及山脉走向多样，因而气温和降水的组合多种多样，形成了多种多样的气候。从气候类型上看，东部属季风气候（又可分为热带季风气候、亚热带季风气候和温带季风气候）；西北部属温带大陆性气候；青藏高原属高原山地气候（高寒气候）。
China has a vast territory, a wide range of latitudes, distances from the sea, altitudes, terrain types and mountain ranges. As a result, the combination of temperature and precipitation is diverse, forming a variety of climates. In terms of climate type, the east belongs to Monsoon Climate (which can be divided into Tropical Monsoon Climate, Subtropical Monsoon Climate and Temperate Monsoon Climate), the northwest belongs to Temperate Continental Climate, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau belongs to Alpine Climate.
总体来说，中国的气候具有夏季高温多雨、冬季寒冷少雨、高温期与多雨期一致的季风气候特征。中国夏季普遍高温，除青藏高原等地势高的地区外，大部分地区在20℃以上，南方（热带季风气候带、亚热带季风气候带）许多地方在28℃以上，南北气温差别不大是中国夏季的特征。相反，南北气温差别大是中国冬季的特征。冬天南方比较温暖，其中，最南部的海南省三亚市气温可达到20℃以上；而北方（温带季风气候带、温带大陆性气候带）比较寒冷，最北部的黑龙江省漠河市的气温可低至-30℃以下。
Generally speaking, China’s climate shows the features of Monsoon Climatewhich is characterized by hot and rainy summer, cold and dry winter and the consistency of high temperature periods and rainy periods. High temperatures are common in summer in China. Except for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other highaltitude areas, most areas are above 20℃, and many places in the south (Tropical Monsoon Climate zone and Subtropical Monsoon Climate zone) are above 28℃. In summer, there is little difference in temperature between north and south. On the contrary, there is great difference in temperature between north and south. In winter, the south is relatively warm. The temperature in Sanya, the city in Hainan, the southernmost province, can reach more than 20℃. However, the north (Temperate Monsoon Climate zone, Temperate Continental Climate zone) is relatively cold, and the temperature in Mohe city, Heilongjiang province, the northernmost part of China, can be lower than -30℃.
由于北方地区冬季比较寒冷，因此，北方每年冬季都会集中供暖，即由供热单位把集中的热源通过管路将热量传递给用户。集中供暖十分安全，不易发生火灾和一氧化碳中毒。
Since it is cold in winter in northern China, central heating is provided every winter in the north. That is to say, the heating sector transfers the heat from the centralized heat source to the user through pipelines. Central heating is very safe, not prone to fire and carbon monoxide poisoning.
那么，一般北方冬天的供暖时长是多久呢？因为我国北方各城市变冷的时间各不相同，所以供暖时间也有所差异。一般情况下，大部分北方地区每年的供暖时间是从11月中旬开始，一直到次年的3月中旬，供暖时长约为4个月。例如北京，每年都是11月15日左右开始供暖，次年3月15日左右结束。
So how long does the heating supply last on average during winter in the north? Because the period of extremely cold weather varies from city to city in northern China,the heating time is also different. Generally speaking, the heating time in most northern areas starts from Mid-November to Mid-March of the next year, which lasts for about 4 months. For example, in Beijing, heating supply starts around November 15 and ends around March 15 every year.
在北方居住的人，冬天离不开暖气，有了暖气，室内温度可达20℃以上，进屋还得脱外套。而本来较温暖的部分南方地区，冬季室内温度有可能还不到10℃，屋里屋外一样冷，进屋也得把自己裹得严严实实的，还冻得直哆嗦。特别是早上起床，对南方居民来说，也会成为巨大的挑战，因为他们根本不愿意离开温暖的被窝。可见，北方的冬天可能比南方的冬天好过一些。不过，虽然南方没有集中供暖，但是南方居民可以通过其他方式取暖，比如：空调、地暖、“小太阳”取暖器、电热毯、热水袋等。
People living in the north cannot live without heating in winter. With heating, the indoor temperature can reach 20℃ and above. When people enter the room, they have to take off their coats. However, in some warm southern regions, the indoor temperature may be less than 10℃ in winter. The indoor temperature is just as cold as that of outside. Even in the house, people have to wrap themselves in warm coats but still shiver with cold. In particular, getting up in the morning can be a huge challenge for southern residents, who are reluctant to leave their warm beds. Therefore, the northern winter is likely to be better than the southern winter. However, although there is no central heating in the south, residents can get warm in other ways, such as air conditioning, floor heating, “little sun” heater, electric blankets, and hot water bags.
你知道吗？
Do you know?
（1）上海—拉萨列车
The Train from Shanghai to Lhasa
班次：Z164，历时：47小时27分钟
Train schedule: Z164, duration: 47 hours and 27 minutes
（2）高原反应
High Altitude Reaction
高原反应，是人体急速进入海拔3 000米以上的高原，暴露于低压低氧环境后产生的各种不适，是高原地区独有的常见病。常见的症状有头痛、失眠、食欲减退、疲倦、呼吸困难等。
High altitude reaction is a kind of discomfort caused by the exposure to lowpressure and low-oxygen environment after the human body rapidly enters the plateau over 3,000 meters above sea level. It is a common disease, but it only happens in the plateau area. Common symptoms are headache, insomnia, loss of appetite, fatigue, dyspnea, etc.
（3）青藏高寒区
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Cold Area
青藏高寒区空气稀薄，大气干燥，风力强劲，降水稀少，太阳辐射强烈，气温低而且年较差小，日差较大。青藏高寒区由于自然条件限制，居民稀少，经济尚不发达，所以保留了比较完整的原始自然状态，是人类探索自然奥秘的宝贵场所。
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Cold Area shows the feature of thin air, dry atmosphere, strong wind, rare precipitation, strong solar radiation, low temperature with the small annual range and the large daily range. Due to the limitations of natural conditions, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Cold Area has few residents and underdeveloped economy, so it has retained a relatively complete original natural state and is a valuable place for human beings to explore the mysteries of nature.
（4）炎热中心
Hot Center
新疆吐鲁番盆地（海拔-154米）7月份的平均气温在35℃左右，是中国夏季的炎热中心。
Xinjiang Turpan Basin (-154 m above sea level) is a summer hot center in China with an average temperature of 35℃ in July.
（5）漠河北极村
Mohe Arctic Village
北极村位于黑龙江省漠河市漠河乡，地处北纬53°33′30″，是中国最北的城镇。
Located in Mohe township, Mohe city, Heilongjiang Province, Arctic Village is the northernmost town in China, located at 53°33′30″ north latitude.
