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中国有成千上万的山脉，说到中国的名山，最有名的就是“五岳”了。“岳”的意思是“高大的山”，“五岳”具体指泰山、华山、衡山、恒山和嵩山。从遥远的古代开始，人们就把这五座山尊称为“五岳”。“五岳”是古代民间山神崇拜、五行观念和帝王封禅相结合的产物。
There are thousands of mountains in China. When it comes to China’s famous mountains, the most famous ones are the “Five Great Mountains”. “岳(Yue)” means “Great Mountain” and “Five Great Mountains” specifically refer to Mount Tai, Mount Hua, Mount Heng, Hengshan Mountain and Mount Song. From the remote ancient times, people honored the five mountains as “Five Great Mountains”. The “Five Great Mountains” are combinations of ancient folk worship of mountain gods, the concept of Five Elements and imperial mountain-top worship of Heaven and Earth.
从地理位置来看，泰山在山东省，称“东岳”；华山在陕西省，称“西岳”；衡山在湖南省，称“南岳”；嵩山在河南省，称“中岳”；恒山在山西省，称为“北岳”。
Geographically, Mount Tai is called “Dongyue (East Great Mountain)” in Shandong Province; Mount Hua is called “Xiyue (West Great Mountain)” in Shaanxi Province; Mount Heng is called “Nanyue (South Great Mountain)” in Hunan Province; Mount Song is called “Zhongyue (Central Great Mountain)” in Henan Province; and Hengshan Mountain is called “Beiyue (North Great Mountain)” in Shanxi Province.
其中，东岳泰山是“五岳”之首，有“天下第一山”的美誉。泰山巍峨陡峻，气势磅礴，主峰玉皇顶海拔1 532米，与周围的平原、丘陵相对高差1 000余米，形成强烈的对比，因而在视觉上显得格外高大。孔子曾有“登泰山而小天下”之叹，唐代诗人杜甫则写下了“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”的豪言壮语。
Among them, “Dongyue” Mount Tai is the head of the “Five Great Mountains”and has the reputation of the No.1 mountain in the world. Mount Tai is lofty, magnificent, and its main peak, Jade Emperor Peak, is 1,532 meters above sea level, with a relative height difference of more than 1,000 meters from the surrounding plains and hills, forming a strong contrast, which makes it particularly high in vision. Confucius once praised that “the world seems so small on top of the Mount Tai”， while Du Fu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote the bold words like “The time will come when I climb to its very summit and see how tiny the other mountains are”.
泰山被古人视为“直通帝座”的宝地，成为百姓崇拜、帝王告祭的神山，有“泰山安，四海皆安”的说法。自秦始皇开始到清代，至少有13代帝王亲登泰山封禅或祭祀。
Mount Tai is regarded as the magic land of “the direct path to Heaven” by the ancients, and it has become the holy mountain worshipped by the people and sacrificed to by the emperor. There is a saying that Mount Tai is peaceful and the world is peaceful. From the First Emperor of Qin to Qing Dynasty, there were at least 13 emperors who went to Mount Tai to worship Heaven and Earth or sacrifice.
西岳华山，险居五岳之首，自古以来就有“奇险天下第一山”的说法。位于华山南峰东侧山腰的长空栈道，是华山险道的险中之险，被誉为“华山第一天险”。长空栈道有700余年的历史，是元代道士贺志真为远离尘世、静修成仙，在万仞绝壁上镶嵌石钉、搭木椽而筑。栈道上下皆是悬崖绝壁，古往今来，历险探胜者络绎不绝。
“Xiyue” Mount Hua is the most dangerous mountain in the “Five Great Mountains”. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that it is the most dangerous mountain in the world. Located on the eastern mountainside of the south peak, the Changkong Trestle is the most dangerous part and is known as “the first natural barrier of Mount Hua”. The Changkong Trestle has a history of more than 700 years. It was built by Taoist priest He Zhizhen in Yuan Dynasty to stay away from the world and became immortal in retreat. It was built with stone nails and wooden rafters on the bold cliff. Up and down the trestle are precipices. Through the ages, there has been an endless stream of adventurers and tourists.
南岳衡山地临湘水之滨，林木苍郁，景色秀丽，享有“五岳独秀”的美名。衡山是中国著名的道教、佛教圣地，有寺、庙、庵、观200多处。其主要山峰有回雁峰、祝融峰、紫盖峰、岳麓山等，最高峰祝融峰海拔1 300.2米。
“Nanyue” Mount Heng is near the shore of Xiangjiang River. It has lush forestsand beautiful scenery. It enjoys the reputation of “the most graceful of the Five Great Mountains”. Mount Heng is a famous Taoist and Buddhist holy place in China, with more than 200 Buddhist temples, nunneries and Taoist temples. The main peaks are Huiyan Peak, Zhurong Peak, Zigai Peak and Yuelu Mountain. The highest peak is Zhurong Peak at 1,300.2 meters above sea level.
中岳嵩山的特点突出在一个“奥”字上。嵩山是古都洛阳东边的重要屏障，素为京畿之地，具有深厚的文化底蕴，是中国佛教禅宗的发源地和道教圣地。嵩山由太室山与少室山组成，共72峰。主峰峻极峰位于太室山，高1 491.7米；最高峰连天峰位于少室山，高1 512米。
“Zhongyue” Mount Song is characterized by the word “profound”. Mount Song is an important barrier to the east of Luoyang, the ancient capital city. It has a profound cultural background and is the birthplace of the Chan Sector of Chinese Buddhism and the holy place of Taoism. Mount Song is composed of Taishi Mountain and Shaoshi Mountain, with 72 peaks in total. The main peak is Junji Peak with 1,491.7 meters high, and the highest peak is Liantian Peak with 1,512 meters high.
坐落于少室山的少林寺，是世界著名的佛教寺院，被誉为“天下第一名刹”。同时，它也是中国功夫的发源地，因其历代少林武僧潜心研创和不断发展的少林功夫而名扬天下，素有“天下功夫出少林，少林功夫甲天下”之说。不少外国人也慕名前去学习功夫，感受中国功夫的魅力。
Located in Shaoshi Mountain, Shaolin Temple is a world-famous Buddhist temple, known as the No.1 temple in the world. At the same time, it is also the birthplace of Chinese Kung Fu. It is well-known for its devoted research and continuous development of Shaolin Kung Fu, known as “all Kung Fu comes from Shaolin, and Shaolin Kung Fu is the best of the world”. Many foreigners also come to learn and feel the charm of Chinese Kung Fu.
北岳恒山因其险峻的山势和地理位置，成为兵家必争之地。许多帝王、名将都在此打过仗，古代的关隘、城堡、烽火台等众多古代战场遗迹被保存了下来。虽然交通不便，山势陡峭，却是深山藏宝，著名的悬空寺便隐匿其中。恒山悬空寺建于公元491年，是佛、道、儒三教合一的独特寺庙。2010年悬空寺入选美国《时代周刊》世界岌岌可危十大建筑。
“Beiyue” Hengshan Mountain has become a place for military strategists to contend for because of its precipitous terrain and geographical location. Many emperors and famous generals have fought here. And many ancient battlefield relics, such as ancient passes, castles, beacon towers, have been preserved. Although the traffic is inconvenient and the mountain is steep, there is a treasure in the deep mountains. The famous Hanging Temple is hidden in it. The Hanging Temple in Hengshan Mountain was built in A.D. 491 and is a unique temple that combines Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. In 2010, Hanging Temple was selected as one of the ten most endangered buildings in the world by Time Magazine.
俗话说：“五岳归来不看山，黄山归来不看岳”，意思是说：去过五岳之后，便会发现其他的山也不过如此，无须再看；而看过黄山之后，便觉五岳也不过如此了。这句话生动展现了“天下第一奇山——黄山”的魅力。
As the saying goes, “No more mountains after visiting the Five Great Mountains, and no more Great Mountains after visiting Mount Huangshan”. This means that after visiting the Five Great Mountains, you do not need to go to any other mountains because you will find them less fascinating. But after seeing Mount Huangshan, you will feel that the Five Great Mountains are just ordinary. This sentence vividly demonstrates the charm of Mount Huangshan, the No.1 miracle mountain in the world.
黄山位于安徽省黄山市，是安徽旅游业的标志，代表景观有“四绝三瀑”。四绝：奇松、怪石、云海、温泉，三瀑：人字瀑、百丈泉、九龙瀑。黄山迎客松是安徽人民热情友好的象征，承载着拥抱世界的东方礼仪文化。
Mount Huangshan, located in the Huangshan city, Anhui Province, is the symbol of Anhui tourism. Its representative landscapes are “Four Wonders and Three Falls”. Four Wonders include strangely-shaped pines, grotesque rocks, the sea of clouds and hot springs, and Three Falls include the Herringbone Waterfall, Hundred-zhang Spring and Nine-dragon Waterfall. The Pine Greeting Guests in Mount Huangshan is a symbol of the hospitality and friendliness of Anhui people, carrying the Oriental etiquette culture embracing the world.
在青藏高原南部边缘，还耸立着世界上最高大、最雄伟的喜马拉雅山，藏语意为“雪的故乡”。它的主峰珠穆朗玛峰终年积雪，是世界最高峰，因此成了登山者的圣地。珠穆朗玛峰有两种高度：尼泊尔等国采用的雪盖高（总高）是8 848米，2005年中国国家测绘局测量的岩面高（裸高）为8 844.43米。
Further west, on the southern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there stands the world’s tallest and most magnificent Himalayas, which means “home of snow” in Tibetan. Its main peak, Mount Qomolangma, is covered with snow all the year round. It is the highest mountain in the world, so it has become a holy place for climbers. Mount Qomolangma has two heights: the snow cover height (total height) adopted by Nepal and other countries is 8,848 meters, and the rock surface height (bare height without snow) measured by the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of China in 2005 is 8,844.43 meters.
《全球通史》中提及：“中东、印度、中国和欧洲这四块地区的肥沃的大河流域和平原，孕育了历史上最伟大的文明。这些文明使欧亚大陆成为起重大作用的世界历史中心地区。”
The book called A Global History mentions that the fertile large river basins and plains of the four regions of the Middle East, India, China and Europe have nurtured the greatest civilization in history, and these civilizations have made the Eurasian Continent the center of world history that plays an important role.
古中国的文明中心是黄河流域和长江流域。黄河和长江世世代代滋润着大地、哺育着中华儿女，成为中华文明发展的摇篮。黄河还被中国人称为“母亲河”。
The center of civilization in ancient China was the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin. The Yellow River and Yangtze River have moistened the earth and nurtured Chinese nation for generations. They have become the cradle of the development of Chinese civilization. And the Yellow River is called “Mother River” by Chinese people.
而在文明初生的石器时代，黄河流域松软的土壤显然比长江流域密致的土壤更容易用木石工具来耕种，于是华夏文明最早在黄河两岸蓬勃生长。黄河位于中国北方，呈“几”字形，全长约5 464千米，是中国的第二长河。黄河发源于青藏高原巴颜喀拉山北麓，蜿蜒东流，自西向东分别流经青海、四川、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西、山西、河南、山东9个省、自治区，最后注入渤海。
In the early Stone Age, the soft soil in the Yellow River Basin was obviously easier to cultivate with wood and stone tools than the dense soil in the Yangtze River Basin, so Chinese civilization flourished on both sides of the Yellow River at the earliest time. The Yellow River is situated in the north of China and has the shape of “几(ji)”. It is the second longest river in China with about 5,464 kilometers. The Yellow River originated at the northern foot of the Bayankala Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and flows eastward. It flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces and autonomous regions from west to east, and finally into the Bohai Sea.
黄河中上游以山地为主，中下游以平原、丘陵为主。由于河流中段流经中国黄土高原地区，因此夹带了大量的泥沙，所以它也被称为世界上含沙量最多的河流。大量泥沙常年留在黄河下游，形成冲积平原，有利于种植。
The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River are dominated by mountains, while the middle and lower reaches are dominated by plains and hills. Because the middle part of the river flows through the Loess Plateau of China, it carries a large amount of sediment, so it is also known as the most sediment-laden river in the world.A large amount of sediment remains in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for a long time, forming an alluvial plain, which is conducive to planting.
中国人对长江的认知比黄河迟滞了上千年，直到1976年，人们对长江源头才有了相对准确的认知。长江发源于青藏高原唐古拉山的主峰各拉丹冬雪山，全长6 387千米，比黄河长900多千米。它是亚洲第一长河、世界第三长河，仅次于非洲的尼罗河与南美洲的亚马孙河。
The Chinese people’s knowledge of the Yangtze River lagged behind that of the Yellow River for thousands of years. Until 1976, people finally had a relatively accurate knowledge of the headstream of the Yangtze River. The Yangtze River originates from the main peak of Tanggula Mountains in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Geladandong Peak. With a total length of 6,387 kilometers, Yangtze River is more than 900 kilometers longer than the Yellow River. It is the first longest river in Asia and the third in the world, just shorter than the Nile River in Africa and the Amazon River in South America.
长江干流自西而东横贯中国中部。干流先后流经青海、四川、西藏、云南、重庆、湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏、上海共11个省、自治区和直辖市，最后注入东海。
The main stream of the Yangtze River runs through central China from west to east. It flows successively through Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai, 11 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in total, and finally into the East Sea.
长江是中国第一大河，是横贯我国东西的水运大动脉，货运量位居全球内河第一，素有“黄金水道”之称。长江干线航道上起云南水富港，下至长江入海口，全长2 838千米。利用长江黄金水道优势降低物流成本，是在内陆地区发展钢铁、汽车等产业的重要条件。
The Yangtze River is the largest river in China. It is the main water transport artery across China’s east and west. The volume of freight transportation ranks first in the world’s inland rivers, known as the “Golden Waterway”. The Yangtze River main channel rises from Shuifu Port in Yunnan to the estuary of the Yangtze River, with a total length of 2,838 kilometers. Taking advantage of the superiority of the Yangtze River Golden Waterway to reduce logistics costs is an important condition for the development of iron and steel, automobile and other industries in inland areas.
中国是世界上河流最多的国家之一，有许多源远流长的大江大河，其中流域面积超过1 000平方千米的河流就有1 500多条。出名的除了黄河和长江以外，还有珠江、黑龙江、松花江、辽河、雅鲁藏布江、澜沧江、怒江和汉江等。
China is one of the countries with the most rivers in the world. There are many long-standing large rivers. There are more than 1,500 rivers with a basin area of more than 1,000 square kilometers. Except the Yellow River and Yangtze River, the Pearl River, Heilong River, Songhua River, Liao River, Yarlung Zangbo River, Lancang River, Nujiang River and Han River are the most famous ones.
中国除天然河流外，还有许多人工开凿的运河，其中世界上开凿最早、最长的京杭大运河，是中国历史上与万里长城齐名的伟大工程。京杭大运河南起杭州、北到北京，途经浙江、江苏、山东、河北四省及天津、北京两市，贯通钱塘江、长江、淮河、黄河、海河五大水系，全长约1 800千米。
In addition to natural rivers, there are many artificially excavated canals in China, including the earliest and longest canal in the world, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is a great project and enjoys equal popularity with the Great Wall in Chinese history. From Hangzhou in the south to Beijing in the north, the Grand Canal runs through Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin and Beijing. It links up the five major river systems of Qiantang River, Yangtze River, Huai River, Yellow River and Haihe River with a total length of about 1,800 km.
大运河从开凿至今已有2 000多年的历史，对沟通中国南北交通曾起过重大的作用，促进了中国南北地区之间的经济、文化发展与交流，特别是对沿线地区工农业经济的发展起了巨大的推动作用。
The Grand Canal has a history of more than 2,000 years since its excavation. It has played an important role in the communication between north and south China. It has promoted the economic and cultural development and exchanges between the two regions, especially the development of industry and agriculture along the canal.
你知道吗？
Do you know?
封禅
Imperial Mountain-top Worship of Heaven and Earth
封禅，封为“祭天”，禅为“祭地”，是指中国古代帝王在太平盛世或天降祥瑞之时祭祀天地的大型典礼。封禅仪式在嵩山和泰山都曾举行过，但以泰山的次数多且影响大而出名。
Imperial mountain-top worship of Heaven and Earth is called “Fengshan” in Chinese. “Feng” means “sacrifice to Heaven” and “shan” means “sacrifice to Earth”. It refers to the large-scale ceremonies of ancient Chinese emperors sacrificing Heaven and Earth in the time of peace and prosperity or when Heaven descends auspicious sign. The Fengshan ceremony has been held in both Mount Song and Mount Tai, butMount Tai is famous for its great influence.
