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2.1 词的使用
Word Usage

词的使用是SAT最简单也最基本的知识点,对于任何一位参加SAT的考生来说,都是必须首先掌握的。本章将介绍五个考点,即动词的变化、代词的指代、名词的一致性、搭配用法和易混词。

2.1.1 动词变化题
Verb Tense, Voice & Mood(★★★★★)

出题频率约5.4%,每套题目中出现2~3题。

考点速递

1. 动词一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时等时态

2. 动词的单复数

3. 动词的主动和被动

4. 动词的虚拟语气及虚拟语气的倒装用法

动词时态

典型题例: 时态题考查动词的各种时态变化,所以可以从选项中判断,一般来说选项中会出现同一动词的各种时态变化。如下面的题目:

Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves as a digestive aid, and it contains few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.(OG Test 1-8)

A. NO CHANGE

B. containing

C. contains

D. will contain

做题步骤: 时态是动词考查频率最高的考点,对于动词时态题来说,要掌握三个关键的步骤:

第一,看选项。 观察四个选项可发现,它们都是某个动词的时态变化。

第二,观察动词所在的句子的句型。 根据句型来确定这个动词与句中其他动词的关系。

第三,认清时间状语和句意。 根据时间状语和句子意思来判断动作发生的时间,确定动词的时态。此处要注意某些动词的不规则变化,尤其是动词的过去式(did)和过去分词(done)形式。

下面我们用OG的例题来说明一下这种题的解题方法。

Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves as a digestive aid, and it contains few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.(OG Test 1-8)

A. NO CHANGE

B. containing

C. contains

D. will contain

解析:

1) 看选项。 四个选项都是contain一词的时态变化,属于时态题。

2) 观察句型。 句型为and连接的并列联句,前后两句为并列关系。

3) 认识时间状语和句意。 本句没有明显的时间状语。句子解释的是同一事物(Greek yogurt)的营养特征,属于普遍存在的事实,所以前后都应该用一般现在时。

答案: C

介绍了基本的做题方法之后,我们具体介绍一下六种最常考的时态及它们的适用情况,以便各位考生在做题时能迅速找到各个时态常见的句型和时间状语。

1. 一般现在时(present tense)

表示经常发生的事件(如每天都做的事情),或者存在性的事件(客观事实、领土领空等),不强调发生的具体时间。在考查时,通常用过去时或者现在进行时作为干扰选项。

误:More than half of the states in US is extending farther north than Canada's southernmost point.(SAT )

正:More than half of the states in US extends farther north than Canada's southernmost point.

译文: 美国有超过一半的州地理位置都在加拿大最南端以北。

解析: 按照句子意思,这句话涉及的是领土的位置,那么这种情况是存在性的事件,没有发生的具体时间,不存在正在发生的情况,所以使用一般现在时。

2. 一般过去时(past tense)

表示在过去的时间做的事情,以及意义上发生在过去的事情。

两类词对过去时态有较强的提示作用,一类是时间状语,另一类是时间状语从句连接词。 过去时的时间状语 包括过去的具体时间(in the 1930s)、ago短语、last短语等。这些词出现时,提示句子发生的背景时间,一般用过去时。

误:In the 1920s, the Beechnut Packing Company, wanting to boost its sales of bacon, hires a repute expert in public relations named Edward Bernays.

正:In the 1920s, the Beechnut Packing Company, wanting to boost its sales of bacon, hired a repute expert in public relations named Edward Bernays.

译文: 20世纪20年代,Beechnut Packing公司想要增加培根的销量,于是雇用了一位很有名的公关专家,叫Edward Bernays。

解析: 本句应该使用过去时态,因为有过去的具体时间in the 1920s,“雇用”这个动作发生在过去,就应该使用一般过去时。

除了时间状语之外, 部分时间状语从句 也有提示作用。一般来说,考查一般过去时的从句中会含有when、while、as、at the same time、at the moment等表示“同时”意义的词,这样主从句中有一句用一般过去时态的话,另外一句按照句意也会使用同样的时态——一般过去时。

误:The mission was purposely ended when the Galileo disintegrates in the dense atmosphere of the Jupiter.

正:The mission was purposely ended when the Galileo disintegrated in the dense atmosphere of the Jupiter.

译文: 当伽利略号在木星浓密的大气层中解体时,这个任务就结束了。

解析: 因为有when从句,那么说明主句和从句发生的时间是一致的,当主句用过去时was ended的时候,从句的动作也应该用过去时disintegrated。

但是 也要注意,并不是只要句子中出现表示过去的时间状语就用过去时,要分清楚动词所表示的动作是不是发生在这个时间。比如说下面的句子中,虽然有表过去的时间状语,但stipulate并不用过去时。

Enacted in 1972 as part of the Education Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX stipulates that no person shall be excluded from any arenas of public schooling on the basis of sex.(ACT 71H,2014.4)

这句话中用一般现在时stipulates是正确的。很多考生会因为前面的in 1972这个时间而判定后面的动词stipulate用过去时,实际上in 1972是指enact这个动作发生的时间,而stipulate是“规定,约定”的意思,指的是Title IX的内容,也就是一种存在性的事实,用一般现在时最好。

3. 现在进行时(present continuous)

表示现在正在进行的事件,要区分它与一般现在时的区别。

误:The labor union is negotiated a contract with the hospital.

正:The labor union is negotiating a contract with the hospital.

译文: 工会正在和医院商讨一个协议。

解析: 表示现在正在进行的动作,用现在进行时,注意不要与一般现在时混用。

4. 现在完成时(present perfect)

表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,常与since、so far、for ten days、recently这类短语搭配。

误:Hawaii's green sea turtle was classified as an endangered species for over 25 years.

正:Hawaii's green sea turtle has been classified as an endangered species for over 25 years.

译文: 夏威夷的绿海龟已经被列为濒危品种超过25年了。

解析: 因为句子中含有时间状语for over 25 years,所以动词应该使用现在完成时has been classified。

5. 过去完成时(past perfect)

表示到过去某一时间为止已经完成的动作,或者过去的某件事之前已经在做的事情。常与“by+过去时间”“before+过去时间”的时间状语连用。

误: Traffic was heavy, so by the time Brianne finally arrived at the theatre, we waited for her for an hour, missing the first act of the play.

正:Traffic was heavy, so by the time Brianne finally arrived at the theatre, we had waited for her for an hour, missing the first act of the play.

译文: 路上车很多,所以当布莱尼最终到达剧院的时候,我们已经等了她一个小时,把整个剧的第一幕都错过了。

解析: 在句子中,布莱尼到达剧院的时间是过去,到过去的这个时间为止,“等待”这个动作已经做了一个小时,所以应该用过去完成时。

6. 过去将来时(past future)——在过去的基础上讲未来

过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或呈现的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。过去将来时的出发点是过去,即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。表示过去认为“将来会怎么样”,这个“将来”就是“过去的将来”。过去将来时的一般形式为would do。

误:Mr. Lee and his grandchildren practiced traditional Chinese calligraphy together so that the children know an art cherished by earlier generations of their family.

正:Mr. Lee and his grandchildren practiced traditional Chinese calligraphy together so that the children would know an art cherished by earlier generations of their family.

译文: 李先生和他的孙子女一起练习书法,希望他们将来能够了解这个一直被家族珍视的传统。

解析: 在这句话中,practiced这个动作用的是过去时,那么以这个时间为基础,将来发生的事情就是用would know这一过去将来时。

知己知彼

1. 在表示客观存在的事物时,应该用一般现在时,但干扰选项会出现现在进行时。

2. 在表示过去某个时间发生的事情时,动词使用一般过去时,但是干扰选项中常出现一般现在时、现在完成时和过去完成时。

3. 该用过去完成时表示的情况,干扰项经常会用一般过去时。

考题速递

1. According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some of which drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then fell as particles onto the ice sheet.(OG Test 1-18)

A. NO CHANGE

B. falls

C. will fall

D. had fallen

解析: 1) 看选项。 四个选项都是fall一词的时态变化,属于时态题。

2) 观察句型。 句型为and连接的并列联句,前后两句为并列关系。

3) 认识时间状语和句意。 本句中的时间状语为in 2012,表示过去,所以句子中drifted和fell都用一般过去时。

答案: A

2. In addition, the number of four-year graduates in philosophy has grown 46 percent in a decade. Also, studies have found that those students who major in philosophy often do better than students from other majors in both verbal and analytical writing as measured by standardized test scores. On the Graduate Record Examination(GRE), for example, students intending to study philosophy in graduate school has scored higher than students in all but four other majors.(OG Test 1-40)

A. NO CHANGE

B. have scored

C. scores

D. scoring

解析: 1) 看选项。 四个选项都是score一词的时态变化,属于时态题。

2) 观察句型。 句型为简单句,所以要根据其前后句的时态来判定。

3) 认识时间状语和句意。 本句没有明显的时间状语。按照句意,第一句中的“in a decade”(在过去的十年里)限定了“哲学专业学生数量增长”“研究发现”这两件事的时间,所以动词用现在完成时“has grown”和“have found”。按照句意,那些学哲学的学生在GRE考试中分数比其他四个专业的高这件事也是研究的一部分,和研究一样,都是发生在过去十年中,所以也应该用现在完成时,然后结合本句主语的中心词students,可以确定动词要用复数形式。

答案: B

3. Like any other health problems, these ailments can increase employee absenteeism, which, in turn, is costly for employers.(OG Test 3-5)

A. NO CHANGE

B. are

C. is being

D. have been

解析: 1) 看选项。 四个选项都是be一词的时态变化,属于时态题。

2) 观察句型。 句型为which引导的定语从句,对increase起补充说明作用。

3) 认识时间状语和句意。 本句没有明显的时间状语。be costly这个动作是对前面can increase的补充说明,两个动词都是these ailments发出的,意义上应该为同一时态,所以使用一般现在时。

答案: B

4. Not all research into regional English varieties requires such time, effort, and resources, however. Today's researchers have found that the veritable army of trained volunteers traveling the country conducting face-to-face interview can sometimes be replaced by another army: the vast array of individuals volunteering details about their lives—and, inadvertently, their language—through social media.(OG Test 4-28)

A. NO CHANGE

B. are requiring

C. have required

D. require

解析: 1) 看选项。 四个选项都是require一词的时态变化,属于时态题。

2) 观察句型。 句型为简单句。

3) 认识时间状语和句意。 本句没有明显的时间状语。句子要说明普遍存在的情况,用一般现在时。主语research为单数,用单数谓语。

答案: A

5. There were a number of steps you can take to determine whether game design is the right field for you and, if it is, to prepare yourself for such a career.(OG Test 4-34)

A. NO CHANGE

B. has been

C. are

D. was

解析: 1) 看选项。 四个选项都是be一词的时态变化,属于时态题。

2) 观察句型。 句型为there be结构的简单句。

3) 认识时间状语和句意。 本句没有明显的时间状语。句子要说明的是普遍存在几个步骤来确定游戏策划是否适合“你”,所以应该用一般现在时。

答案: C

6. Its ability to thrive out of the water as well as in it stem largely from certain physical adaptations that are generally not observed in other fish.(2016. 3-2)

A. NO CHANGE

B. stems

C. stemmed

D. have stemmed

解析: 1) 看选项。 四个选项都是stem一词的时态变化,属于时态题。

2) 观察句型。 句型是Its ability为主语的简单句。

3) 认识时间状语和句意。 本句没有明显的时间状语。句子解释的是鱼类能跳出水面的能力,是存在性的事实,应该使用一般现在时。

答案: B

7. As I enter the central gallery of the Arms and Armor collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, an imposing array of heraldry flags flies above me, each flag is bearing a coat of arms.(2016. 3-12)

A. NO CHANGE

B. are bearing

C. bearing

D. bears

解析: 1) 看选项。 四个选项都是bear一词的时态变化,属于时态题。

2) 观察句型。 as作为连词,连接时间状语从句和主句。

3) 认识时间状语和句意。 本句没有明显的时间状语。分句为“As I enter...”,主句为“an imposing array of heraldry flags flies...,主从句各有谓语动词(enter和flies),所以each flag后面的bear不能再使用谓语动词形式,应该使用bearing做伴随状语。

答案: C

8. Though the armor is empty, each complete suit has been assembled to create the illusion that it is inhabited. The illusion is a powerful one, but the exhibit offers more than just fantasy.(2016. 3-13)

A. NO CHANGE

B. was

C. has been

D. had been

解析: 1) 看选项。 四个选项都是be一词的时态变化,属于时态题。

2) 观察句型。 句型为that引导的定语从句,修饰illusion。

3) 认识时间状语和句意。 本句没有明显的时间状语。由于“it is inhabited”这一事件并没有发生过,所以不能使用过去时和完成时。应该使用一般现在时描述一种状态。

答案: A

动词的单复数

主谓一致是指句子的主语和谓语的单复数要一致。主语(subject)一般由名词充当,谓语一般由动词充当。SAT 经常考查这个考点。

基本的主谓一致问题

主谓一致这一考点最重要的解题方法就是要找到主语的中心词,根据中心词的单复数来选择相应的谓语动词。一般情况下,主语应该是句子开头最早出现的独立名词或名词性短语。但是在新SAT考试中,这些名词通常不是独立出现的,而是常常带有很多的修饰成分,所以要找到主语的中心词,就要先学会划掉主语的修饰成分(trim the fat)。主语的修饰成分可分为以下四种。

1. 介词短语:由介词加名词构成,介词短语是主语的修饰成分,对主语的单复数没有影响,在判断主谓一致时可以划掉。

That book on political parties is interesting.

Julie , along with her friends , is planning to go to the cinema.

常见的介词

2. 定语从句:用来描述或补充说明主语中心词,对中心词的单复数没影响,可以划掉。

The books I bought at the bookstore were expensive.

The student that the headmaster picked up from Class Two was John.

3. 后置定语(doing/done短语)做修饰成分,对中心词的单复数没有影响,可以划掉。

A few daring students , led by a senior who would–miraculously graduate a few months later , w ere playing leapfrog outside the window of a room where cameramen were recording the dean's lecture.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 50)

4. 主语后面的插入语处于主语与谓语之间,对主语的单复数没影响,可以划掉。

The first large predators on Earth , according to at least one source , were sea scorpions that grew up to almost six feet in length.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 30)

特殊主语:

1. 动名词 做主语时,谓语动词用 单数 形式。

Growing flowers is her hobby.

2. 抽象名词 做主语时,谓语动词用 单数 形式。

The transportation in Shenzhen is very poor.

3. 表示单数意义的词 ,形容词every、each,以及相关的词组every one of、each of等都要搭配使用单数谓语。另外,相关的不定代词要使用单数谓语。

Every man, woman, and child needs love.

Every one of my friends is here.

None of the boys is here.

4. 专有名词或名称,格式上表现为斜体和首字母大写的 ,如 The New York Times ,谓语动词用单数。

The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851.

5. the number 做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。若是 a number of (表示“许多”)引导的短语做主语,之后的名词和谓语动词都用复数形式。

The number of students in the class is fifteen.

A number of students were late for class.

6. 主语中含有 a group of、a team of、a sequence of、a list of 等短语,谓语动词用单数形式。

A group of professors, highly respected for their knowledge, is welcomed as consultants of the institution.

特殊句型:

1. 倒装句:谓语放在主语的前面的句子。

Across the river and the trees stands an old lady.

Among his most famous things is his collection of CD's.

2. there be句型中,be的单复数是由be后面的名词的单复数来决定的。

There are colorful birds everywhere in the forest.

典型题例:

Anyone who has traveled to foreign countries understand the importance of getting immunization shots.

A. NO CHANGE

B. understands

C. have understood

D. were understanding

通过选项能够看出,四个选项均为动词,动词的单复数有所不同,其中ACD选项为复数形式,B选项为单数形式。本题考查动词的单复数。

解析:

1) 看选项: 根据选项确认本题需要判断动词understand的单复数。

2) trim the fat: 去掉who has traveled to foreign countries这个从句,判断主语的中心词为anyone。

3) 特殊主语或特殊句型: anyone一词为不定代词,意义为“任何一个”,同everyone、no one、some one一样,与之搭配的谓语用单数。

答案: C

知己知彼

1. 句子主语过长,使用trim the fat的方法来删减。(例题1)

2. 句子并列谓语较多,搞清楚句子并列关系及每个动词的主语,可以借助句意判断。

3. 对于不认识的单词,当不能判断单复数时,可以观察文章中代替这个事物所使用的代词,通过代词的单复数来判断名词的单复数。

真题速递

1. These Harvey Houses, which constituted the first restaurant chain in the United States, was unique for its high standards of service and quality.(OG Test 3-15)

A. NO CHANGE

B. were unique for their

C. was unique for their

D. were unique for its

解析: 1) 看选项: 选项中含有was、were,表明本题要区分谓语动词单复数。

2) trim the fat: 去掉which从句,找到主语的中心词These Harvey Houses,谓语动词用复数were。

3)句中含有代词its和their的区分,由于此处指代These Harvey Houses,所以应该用复数their。

答案: B

2. Yet some of the earliest known works of art, including paintings and drawings tens of thousands of years old found on cave walls in Spain and France, portrays animals.(OG Test 3-36)

A. NO CHANGE

B. portraying

C. portray

D. has portrayed

解析: 1) 看选项: 选项中含有portray、portrays等单复数形式,这表明本题考查谓语动词单复数。

2) trim the fat: 去掉including引导的短语,留下主语some of the earliest known works of art,其中of art修饰中心词some of the earliest known works,所以谓语动词用复数portray。

答案: C

3. According to such organizations as the US Environmental Protection Agency, the minute amounts of residue falling within such limits have no negative impact on human health.(OG Test 4-19)

A. NO CHANGE

B. is having

C. has had

D. has

解析: 1) 看选项: 选项中含有have、is、has,表明本题考查谓语动词单复数。

2) trim the fat: 去掉介词短语of residue,留下主语中心词the minute amounts,所以谓语动词用复数have。

答案: A

4.“We only have three weeks until our fall issue goes to print,” say Elena as a reminder to the Life and Art Magazine editors who lagged on deadlines.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 2)

A. NO CHANGE

B. were saying

C. have said

D. said

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断动词say的单复数。

2) trim the fat: 去掉as a reminder to the Life and Art Magazine editors,找到主语的中心词Elena。

3) 特殊主语或特殊句型: 此处为对话的引用,“say Elena as a reminder to the Life and Art Magazine editors”用的是倒装结构,正常语序应该是“Elena say as a reminder to the Life and Art Magazine editors”,主语Elena为单数,排除A、B、C选项。

答案: D

5. Writing have been invented in Sumer around 3200 B.C., making the beginning of recorded history.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 6)

A. NO CHANGE

B. was

C. were being

D. are

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断系动词be的单复数。

2) 特殊主语或特殊句型: 本题的主语比较简单,动名词writing做主语,根据“动名词做主语需要使用单数谓语”的规则,排除A、C、D选项。

答案: B

6. Awarded a Newbery Medal, Doll Bones are the story of three children's quest to return a haunted doll to its proper grave site.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 7)

A. NO CHANGE

B. is

C. were

D. have been

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断系动词be的单复数。

2) trim the fat: 去掉Awarded a Newbery Medal这个定语,判断主语的中心词为 Doll Bones

3) 特殊主语或特殊句型: Doll Bones 一词为斜体形式,且首字母大写,根据格式可以看出这是一个专有名词。根据句意判断 Doll Bones 是一个“story”的名字,所以应该作为单数处理,搭配单数的谓语动词。

答案: B

7. With the help of the Mat-Su Regional Medical Center, middle school students in Gateway, Alaska observe intubation and sets bones.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 11)

A. NO CHANGE

B. is setting

C. has set

D. set

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断动词set的单复数。

2) trim the fat: 去掉“in Gateway,Alaska”这个介词短语,判断主语的中心词为middle school students。

3) 特殊主语或特殊句型: 题目本身是一个平行结构的句子,主语为复数,observe intubation 和sets bones两个短语应该平行,使用同样的单复数和时态。

答案: D

8. Although calzones often contain the same ingredients as pizza, they are much easier to hold and present a much more subdued package.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 15)

A. NO CHANGE

B. contains

C. is containing

D. has contained

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断动词contain的单复数。

2) trim the fat: 本题结构简单,主语的中心词为calzones,形式为复数。

3) 注意: calzone一词意为“半圆形烤馅饼”,当不认识calzone一词,不能判断它的单复数时,可以参照文中的代词“they”(指代calzones)来判断。

答案: A

9. A recent experiment revealed that hungry mosquitoes first hones in on smell and then on warmth, thus body odor may play a key role in being more desirable to the bugs.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 16)

A. NO CHANGE

B. is first honing

C. first hone

D. has first honed

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断动词hone的单复数。

2) trim the fat: hone的主语应该是hungry mosquitoes,注意不要错看为A recent experiment。

答案: C

10. Despite claims that Columbus's journey to the Americas was filled with harsh weather, records show that the seas were fairly calm for the duration of the trip.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 17)

A. NO CHANGE

B. shows

C. is showing

D. has shown

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断动词show的单复数。

2) trim the fat: 主语的中心词是records。

3) 注意: 主语前面的“Despite claims that Columbus's journey to the Americas was filled with harsh weather”只是修饰成分,对主语的单复数没有影响。

答案: A

11. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt revised 300 words that was thought to be too complex. The president felt words like honour, centre, and travelled should be simplified, hence the deviation of American spellings from their British counterparts.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 18)

A. NO CHANGE

B. has been

C. is

D. were

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断系动词be的单复数。

2) trim the fat: 定语从句中,关系代词that应该指代先行词300 words,所以be动词应该使用复数形式。

答案: D

12. “ All the President’s Men is the most important work of investigative reporting to come out of the 20 th century,” Hannibal said.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 25)

A. NO CHANGE

B. are

C. were

D. have been

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断系动词be的单复数。

2) trim the fat: 经判断主语是 All the President’s Men

3) 特殊主语或特殊句型: All the President’s Men 为斜体形式,且每个单词的首字母大写,根据格式可以看出这是一个专有名词。根据句意判断, All the President’s Men 是一个“work”的名字,所以应该作为单数处理,搭配单数的动词。

答案: A

13. Everyone in the psychiatric communities I've visited agree that daily exercise can enhance mental well-being.(Khan Academy language use: Subject-Verb agreement 26)

A. NO CHANGE

B. agrees

C. have agreed

D. were agreeing

解析: 1) 看选项: 根据选项可知本题需要判断动词agree的单复数。

2) trim the fat: 去掉in the psychiatric communities这个介词短语及后面的修饰性从句“I've visited”,判断主语的中心词为everyone。

3) 特殊主语或特殊句型: everyone为不定代词,意义为“每一个”,同anyone、no one、some one一样,谓语用单数。

答案: B

动词语态

典型题例:

“Panama,” a poem by James Jeffrey Roche, was writing to celebrate the construction of the canal which connected to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.(Khan Academy language use: shifts in verb, tense and mood 21)

A. NO CHANGE

B. will be written

C. was written

D. wrote

通过选项能够看出,四个选项均为动词,动词的语态有所不同,其中A、D选项为主动形式,B、C选项为被动形式。本题考查动词的主被动语态。

做题步骤:

1. 看句意 ,判断主语和谓语之间的 主被动关系

2. 判断动词的 时态和单复数

“Panama,” a poem by James Jeffrey Roche, was writing to celebrate the construction of the canal which connected to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.(Khan Academy language use: shifts in verb, tense and mood 21)

A. NO CHANGE

B. will be written

C. was written

D. wrote

解析: 1) 看句意,判断主被动。 句意为:《巴拿马》是詹姆斯·杰佛瑞·罗奇为了歌颂连接大西洋和太平洋的巴拿马运河建成所作的一首诗。诗歌是被写出来的,主谓语之间是被动关系,所以要从B、C选项中选择答案。

2) 判断时态和单复数。 句子中虽然没有明显的时间状语,但是这首诗已经存在,显然不能使用B选项中的将来时。

答案: C

主动语态指句子的主语是动作的执行者,被动语态指句子的主语是动作的承受者。 动词语态的考点包括两种:一种是区分主被动语态,这种情况可以通过句子意思来进行判断;另一种是考查被动语态的各种时态,这时候要注意被动语态be done中be的各种形式,因为各种时态和其他语法表现在系动词be上。

下面表格中列举了一些比较常用的被动语态的时态形式。

考法1:区分动词的主被动。

例句:

误:The theremin, the first electronic musical instrument, invented in 1918 by Russian physicist, Leon Theremin.

正:The theremin, the first electronic musical instrument, was invented in 1918 by Russian physicist, Leon Theremin.

译文: 第一个电子乐器特雷门琴是由俄国物理学家里昂·特雷门在1918年发明的。

解析: 根据句意,特雷门琴应该是“被发明”,所以应该用被动语态was invented,而不能使用主动语态invented。

考法2:区分被动语态的时态。

例句:

误:A library with five thousand books are offered to the nation as a gift when Lee Prisa became president.

正:A library with five thousand books was offered to the nation as a gift when Lee Prisa became president.

译文: 李·普雷沙当总统的时候,国家收到了一个有5 000本藏书的图书馆作为礼物。

解析: 句子中library是offer的承受者,要用被动语态。library是单数形式,with five thousand books是介词短语修饰library,所以句子的谓语也应该是单数。后面的when从句提示我们offer这件事情应该和became president发生在同一时间,所以应该都用一般过去时,故改为was offered。

知己知彼

在动词语态的考查中,最常见的错误就是出现done结构做谓语。要注意,遇到类似的动词为V+ed形式的句子,先按照句子意思来判定动词是主动还是被动。如果是主动,则有可能V+ed为动词的过去式形式(did),如果为被动,应该是be done做谓语,要在动词前面加上系动词be。

考题速递

1. The editors of our literary magazine is kept busy all year with a wide variety of tasks.(ACT真题)

A. NO CHANGE

B. keeps

C. are kept

D. has been keeping

解析: 1) 看句意,判断主被动。 根据句意,“我们文学杂志的编辑一整年都被各种事务搞得很忙”,句意为被动,应该使用keep一词的被动形式。

2) 判断时态和单复数。 句子没有明显的时间状语,表达的是一种常年的状态,所以使用一般现在时,结合主语editors,应该使用复数谓语are kept。

答案: C

2. Nobody knows why the trees of the Crooked Forest(located in West Pomerania, Poland)are bowed out at such strange angles. While some people think that the trees were shaped for a purpose, such as furniture or boat carving, others believe that they were bent by strange weather.(Khan Academy language use: shifts in verb, tense and mood 38)

A. NO CHANGE

B. are shaping

C. had been shaped for

D. be shaped for

解析: 1) 看句意,判断主被动。 句意:“没人知道为什么弯曲森林(坐落在波兰波美拉尼亚西部)的树木会出现奇怪的弯曲现象。有些人认为这些树木是被人们有意弯曲成这样的,为了做家具或小船,也有人认为是天气造成的。”句中树木是被弯曲的,所以时态为被动,排除B选项。

2) 判断时态和单复数。 句子中有while从句,主句和从句之间是同类事物相对比,应使用相同的时态,参照主句中的were bent,while引导的从句也应使用一般过去时。

答案: A

3. If the two principles come into conflict, deciding whether individual rights or national security is taking priority would be a challenging task.(Khan Academy language use: shifts in verb, tense and mood 44)

A. NO CHANGE

B. has taken

C. should take

D. is taken

解析: 1) 看句意,判断主被动。 句意:“如果个人权利和国家安全相冲突的话,那就很难界定两者哪个应该优先了。”词组take priority是“比……优先”的意思,与主语之间是主动关系,排除D选项。

2) 判断时态和单复数。 句子中“界定个人权利和国家安全哪个应该优先”这件事是一种设想,并未真正发生,所以不应该用现在进行时或现在完成时,排除A、B两个选项。

答案: C

虚拟语气

典型题例:

If it hadn't been for the lantern shark's ability to glow and camouflage itself as a ray of light in the water, it will have been eaten by the passing tiger shark.(Khan Academy language use: shifts in verb, tense and mood 59)

A. NO CHANGE

B. will be

C. would have been

D. had been

句子是由if引导的从句,画线部分为谓语动词,且“乌鲨要是不能闪闪发光伪装成照进水中的阳光”为虚拟的情况,并不会真正发生。本题考点是虚拟语气。

做题步骤:

1. 查看句子是否为if引导的从句;如果是,查看画线部分是不是主句或从句的谓语动词。

2. 根据句意,确定句子所述情况 不会发生

3. 根据虚拟语气的规则判断句子是 对过去、现在还是将来 的虚拟,继而选择动词的形式。

If it hadn't been for the lantern shark's ability to glow and camouflage itself as a ray of light in the water, it will have been eaten by the passing tiger shark.(Khan Academy language use: shifts in verb, tense and mood 59)

A. NO CHANGE

B. will be

C. would have been

D. had been

解析: 1) 观察if从句及所考查谓语动词。 本句是含有if引导的从句的复合句,画线部分为主句的谓语。

2) 判断句意为虚拟情况。 句子中“乌鲨要是不能闪闪发光伪装成照进水中的阳光”为虚拟的情况,并不会真正发生。

3) 判断时态。 if从句的谓语为hadn't been for,是对过去的虚拟,所以主句谓语应该使用would/should/could/might have done形式来对应。

答案: C

虚拟语气中动词的变化相对复杂,所以只要是提到,考生就会感到有些头大。实际上,虚拟语气变化有限,句型有限,还是比较好判断的。想要做好虚拟语气的题目,主要应注意以下两点:第一,虚拟语气是动词考点,所以无论句型如何变化,只需要选择正确的动词形式即可,不必关注句子其他成分。第二,虚拟语气在考查时会有主句和从句相互呼应,将主从句中的动词形式对照,符合虚拟语气要求的就是正确选项,不用对句子内容做特别深入的分析。下面我们介绍一下虚拟语气考点。

最常见的虚拟语气出现在条件状语从句中,表示说话人的主观愿望和假想,是对事实情况的相反假设,主要有三种情况:

1)与现在的事实相反

if+Sub.+did/were, Sub.+would do

(这里提到的would可换为should、 could、 might,句意不同,但是都符合动词语气变化)

If God gave me another chance, I would tell her: “I love you.”

If I were you, I would take the umbrella.

2)与过去的情况相反

if+Sub.+had done, Sub.+would have done

If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.

3)与将来的情况相反

if+Sub.+would do, Sub.+would do

if+Sub.+did/were, Sub.+would do

if+Sub.+were to do/were to be, Sub.+would do

If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.

If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating .

If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.

1. 当从句与主句表示的行为发生时间不同时,动词时态要根据它所表示的时间来调整。

If you had followed the teachers' advice, you would be quite all right now.

2. 如果条件从句中有were、had、should 出现,那么可以把if省略。

If you were in my position, what would you do?

→Were you in my position, what would you do?

If it would rain tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed.

→Should it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed.

用介词短语代替条件状语从句,这样的句子如果有假设的情况,也用虚拟语气。

Without air, there would be no living things.

But for the rain, we would have a pleasant journey.

3. 虚拟语气用于表语从句或同位语从句中,主句中如果含有arrange、command、demand、desire、insist、order、propose、request、require、suggest等,那么这些词的后面用“(should+)Verb”。

He suggested that she(should)take the teacher's advice.

He insisted that he(should)take the teacher's advice.

He demanded that we(should)take the teacher's advice.

He ordered that they(should)take the teacher's advice.

知己知彼

虚拟语气在考题中占比不高,多为对过去和现在情况的虚拟,所以尤其要注意主句中含有would(might/could/should)+have done的时候,从句的动词要使用had done形式;主句出现would(might/could/should)+do的时候,从句的动词使用did/were形式。

考题速递

1. The difference in emojis from manufacturer to manufacturer can lead to major miscommunications. For example, if you are sending an angry face from your phone, it could end up looking like an embarrassed face on your friend's device.(Khan Academy language use: shifts in verb, tense and mood 58)

A. NO CHANGE

B. send

C. if you were the sender of

D. were you to send

解析: 1) 观察if从句及所考查谓语动词。 本句考查的是if从句,画线部分为从句的谓语。

2) 判断句意为虚拟情况。 句子中“从手机中发出一张生气的图片”为虚拟的情况,并未真正发生。

3) 判断时态。 主句的谓语为could do的形式,是对现在或者将来的虚拟,所以从句谓语应该使用did/were/were to do/should do形式中的一种,符合条件的为D选项。(值得注意的是,D选项使用了虚拟+倒装形式,原句应该是“if you were to send...”这种句式。)

答案: D

2. If I was Eleanor and had the chance to go to Italy this summer, I would eat only pizza and gelato every day.(Khan Academy language use: shifts in verb, tense and mood 47)

A. NO CHANGE

B. am

C. would be

D. were

解析: 1) 观察if从句及所考查谓语动词。 本句考查的是if从句,画线部分为从句的谓语。

2) 判断句意为虚拟情况。 句子中“我是埃莉诺,并且这个夏天有机会去意大利”为虚拟的情况,并未真正发生。

3) 判断时态。 主句的谓语为would do的形式,是对现在或者将来的虚拟,所以从句谓语应该使用did/were/were to do/should do形式中的一种,符合条件的为D选项。

答案: D

2.1.2 代词指代题
Pronoun(★★★★)

出题频率约4%,每套题目中出现1~3题。

考点速递

1. 代词的单复数一致

2. 代词的人称

3. 区分物主代词、代词主谓缩写及相近副词

4. 代词指代不明

常见代词表

典型题例:

Although deforestation can provide economic benefits, they have negative effects on the biodiversity of an ecosystem.(Khan Academy language use: Pronoun Agreement 8)

A. NO CHANGE

B. those have

C. it has

D. these have

当画线部分或者选项中出现前面“常见代词表”中的代词时,要注意可能会考查代词的指代问题。

做题步骤:

1. 找到画线部分或选项中的代词,按照句意,判断 代词指代 的内容,或者为指代内容确定相应的代词。

2. 选择正确的代词 单复数、人称和形式

Although deforestation can provide economic benefits, they have negative effects on the biodiversity of an ecosystem.(Khan Academy language use: Pronoun Agreement 8)

A. NO CHANGE

B. those have

C. it has

D. these have

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,画线代词they指代的名词应该是deforestation(采伐森林)。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: deforestation一词是抽象名词,应该用单数的代词指代,所以排除A、B、D选项。

答案: C

代词的单复数一致

代词和它所指代的词在单复数上应该是一致的,单数代词代替单数名词,复数代词代替复数名词。

误: A student should always do their assignments.

正: A student should always do his or her assignments.

解析:分析句子可以看出,画线部分指代的是前面的a student,所以应该使用单数代词his or her。

另外在单复数指代部分常考到的是不定代词的指代问题,要注意的是,下面的不定代词都是单数,在指代的时候要用第三人称单数代词,指代人用he or she,指代事物用it。

不定代词(单数)

误: Everyone should be careful to keep their hands and feet in the vehicle at all times.

正: Everyone should be careful to keep his or her hands and feet in the vehicle at alltimes.

解析: everyone虽然在意思上是“每个人”,但是在被代词指代时为单数,用his or her指代。

真题解析:

Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid-1800s often found themselves in need of refreshment.(OG Test 3-12)

A. NO CHANGE

B. himself or herself

C. their selves

D. oneself

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“……那些19世纪乘火车横穿美国西部的定居者们经常发现自己需要吃点东西提神”,本题中画线部分themselves指代前面的复数名词settlers。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: himself/herself/oneself都是单数名词。their selves是错误的反身代词形式。

答案: A

代词的人称

原则上,人称中第一人称为表达型人称,第二人称为对话型人称,第三人称为论述型人称。一般来说,SAT中的文章中,文学类的文章可能会出现第一人称或第三人称,论述类文章基本都是采用第三人称,如果文章中出现直接引语的对话,可能会引入第二人称,但这种情况并不多见。通常来说,第二人称会作为重点考查对象,切记第二人称在指代的时候一般用在对话中,不能在叙述性的文章中指代前面的名词。

误:For people in ancient societies, work was only a means of survival rather than a way to improve your standard of living.

正:For people in ancient societies, work was only a means of survival rather than a way to improve their standard of living.

译文: 对于生活在古代的人来说,劳动只是生存手段,而不是提高生活水平的途径。

解析: 原句中不是对话形式,不能用your这样的第二人称代词去指代people,应该使用第三人称their来指代。

真题解析:

Because today's students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during our lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable.(OG Test 1-44)

A. NO CHANGE

B. one's

C. his or her

D. their

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 句意:“因为人们期望现代学生能在他们的一生中应对多种工作……”,本题中画线部分our应该指代前面的复数名词students。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: 就单复数而言,students是复数名词,不能使用one's、his or her来指代;就人称而言,是第三人称,所以选择their来指代。

答案: D

形近代词辨析

代词辨析主要是分清楚以下三类词汇:形容词性物主代词,代词的主谓形式,相近似的副词。

its/their——形容词性物主代词,意思是“……的”,后面接名词构成一个名词短语。其中its用于单数名词,their用于复数名词。

it's/they're——代词的主谓形式。意思是“它是……,它们/他们/她们是……”,后面接名词构成一个句子。其中it's用于单数名词,they're用于复数名词。

there——相近似的副词。后面不能接名词,通常接be构成there be句型,或者放在动词后面,没有指代作用。

误:Within they're policy that's plenty of room for discussion, and editors have to be ready to argue spiritedly for their choices.

正:Within their policy there is plenty of room for discussion, and editors have to be ready to argue spiritedly for their choices.

译文: 在政策内还有很大的讨论空间,编辑们要做好准备为自己的选择来积极地辩论。

解析: 这个句子有两个考查点,第一个是they're,由于they're policy是一个句子,而within是介词,介词后面不能连接句子,所以判断they're错误,改为their。第二个考点是that's,虽然语法上没有问题,但是意思是“那是”,按照句意最好使用there be句型表示“有”的意思。

真题解析:

Scientists have long known that soot particles facilitate melting by darkening snow and ice, limiting it's ability to reflect the sun's rays.(OG Test 1-19)

A. NO CHANGE

B. its

C. there

D. their

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 句意:“科学家们早就知道,烟灰会使雪和冰变黑,限制它们反射太阳光的能力,加速融化。”本题中画线部分it's指代的是snow and ice。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: 就单复数而言,snow and ice是复数名词,不能使用it's或its来指代;就形式而言,因为意思中缺少“它们的”的意思,所以要选择形容词性物主代词their,不能使用there。

答案: D

代词指代不明

在SAT语法中,一个代词应该有且只有一处明显的指代,没有指代和多处指代都是不可以的。所以代词指代不明可能会出现两类情况,一类叫无指代,也就是代词前面没有可以指代的名词;另一类是多指代,也就是代词前面有两个或者多个可以指代的名词。如果句子中出现了指代不明,就不要再试图用别的代词来继续指代,正确的改正方法应该是使用具有确切意思的名词或名词短语来代替。我们通过下面两道题来看一下指代不明的两个错误及改正方法。

无指代——也就是根据句意,代词试图去指代前面的句子或者动词短语,而不是指代名词的情况。这种情况不符合代词的基本用法。通常这一部分常常考到的是指示代词this、that、these、those,人称代词it,关系代词which。考生在做题的时候要注意,上面提到的六个词都不能指代前面的句子或动词短语,只能指代名词。

真题解析: Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?

When future degree seekers hear that flexible, online college programs are proliferating, and that they are more affordable than traditional, four-year schools, they are pleased by this .(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 37)

A. NO CHANGE

B. both facts

C. the good news

D. it

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 句意:“当求学的人听说大量灵活的线上大学课程正涌现出来,并且比传统的四年制大学更加经济,他们非常开心。”本题中画线部分this试图指代的是前面两个从句“大量灵活的线上大学课程正涌现出来,并且比传统的四年制大学更加经济”,但是this不能指代句子,所以排除A选项。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: 就单复数而言,前面两个从句应该是复数形式,所以选择B最合适。

答案: B

多指代——是指在句子中出现代词的时候,名词中有两个或多个都可以被指代。也就是说代词指代两个或多个名词中的任何一个,都可以使句子通顺,句意合理。这种情况通常就无法继续使用代词,只能使用名词明确指出对象。

真题解析: Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?

Diego admired the works of both Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali, though his works appealed more to Diego's political sensibilities.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 37)

A. NO CHANGE

B. one's

C. the former's

D. the other painter's

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 句意为“迭戈对巴勃罗·毕加索和萨尔瓦多·达利的作品都很喜爱,尽管他的作品更符合迭戈的政治倾向”。根据以上句意无法判断此处的his指代的是前面的Pablo Picasso还是Salvador Dali,两个人都可以使本句意思合理,所以本句有指代不明中多指代的问题。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: 鉴于one's在人称上不能具体指代前面的某个名词,所以排除B选项。其他三项中只有C项能够将前面两人区分开,所以选择C。

答案: C

综合上面两道真题可以看出,要解决指代不明的问题,重要的是去掉笼统的、不能明白指代的代词(前一个例题中的this,后一个例题中的his),使用具有明确意思的名词(前一题中的both facts,后一题中的the former's)。

知己知彼

1. 一般来说只要画线部分或者选项中出现代词,都会考查代词。

2. 代词考点并不是很难的考点,做错的原因在于很多同学并不是通过句意去寻找代词的指代对象,而是随意找到了前面的某个名词,错以为是所指的名词。

3. 并不是前面有两个名词、后面有一个代词的句子都是指代不明的,两个名词都使后面句子合理(都可指代)才是指代不明,才需要改正。

考题速递

1. Like their terrestrial plant cousins, kelp removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, turning it into sugar fuel through photosynthesis, and releases oxygen back into the air.(OG Test 2-29)

A. NO CHANGE

B. they're

C. its

D. it's

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“就和它们的陆地近亲植物一样,巨藻……”,画线代词指代的名词为kelp(巨藻)。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: kelp是单数,应该使用单数代词。由于like是介词,后面不能加句子,所以不能选择they're和it's这种形式。应该选择its。

答案: C

2. While 1-MCP keeps apples firm and crisp for months, it also limits their scent production.(OG Test 3-26)

A. NO CHANGE

B. there

C. its

D. it's

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“1-MCP……也限制了苹果的香气”,画线代词指代前面的名词apples。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: apples是复数,应该选择复数代词,排除its和it's,画线部分缺少意思“它们的”,所以排除there。

答案: A

3. At the same time, a social and civil rights movement for Mexican Americans was working to raise awareness of Mexican American cultural identity. Artists associated with this began to rediscover and promote the work of the Mexican muralists, particularly Siqueiros.(Test 4-7)

A. NO CHANGE

B. it

C. them

D. this movement

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“人们发起一项社会和民权运动来提高对墨西哥裔美国人的文化身份的重视。与这项活动相关的艺术家都开始……”,画线部分指代前面的名词a social and civil rights movement。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: 由于指代a social and civil rights movement,此处应该选择单数代词,排除them。it和this两个代词较笼统,除了指代a social and civil rights movement之外,也可能指代后面的单数名词Mexican American cultural identity,不能明确表达句子的意思。所以本题要使用名词this movement来明确句子意思。

答案: D

4. Proponents of organic food, of course, are quick to add that their are numerous other reasons to buy organic food, such as a desire to protect the environment from potentially damaging pesticides or a preference for the taste of organically grown foods.(OG Test 4-21)

A. NO CHANGE

B. there are

C. there is

D. their is

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“当然,支持有机食品的人很快增加了要买有机食品的其他原因,比如说……”,画线部分并不缺少代词或名词的意义,所以不能选择A。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: 此处应该选择there be结构,表示“有”的意思。根据后面复数名词numerous other reasons来判断前面应该选择there are。

答案: B

5. As interesting as Russ's findings are, though, they're true value lies in their reminder that the Internet is not merely a sophisticated tool for collecting data but is also itself a rich source of data.(OG Test 4-32)

A. NO CHANGE

B. their true value lies in their

C. there true value lies in they're

D. their true value lies in there

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“罗斯的发现虽然有趣,但是它们真正的价值在于它们的提示作用”,画线部分的两个代词都指代前面的名词Russ's findings。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: findings为复数,应该选择复数代词。仅观察they're true value lies in their reminder这个分句,句中已经有一个谓语动词lies,不应该再出现其他的谓语动词,所以they're形式不对。另外,句子意思是“它们真正的价值在于它们的提示作用”,两个代词意思都是“它们的”,所以排除含有there的D选项。

答案: B

6. Despite this, mudskippers thrive in intertidal regions that are marked by regular, cyclical changes in water levels, adjusting its respiration depending on how much water is available.(2016. 3-10)

A. NO CHANGE

B. it's

C. there

D. their

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“跳跳鱼……根据可用水量的多少调整它的呼吸”,画线代词指代前面的名词mudskippers。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: mudskippers为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除its和it's。画线部分缺少意思“它们的”,所以排除there。

答案: D

7. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?

When I clipped the top of my drinking glass with my plate, it broke.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 29)

A. NO CHANGE

B. the glass

C. part of it

D. the tableware

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“我把碟子砸到玻璃水杯的上方,它破了”,我们无法确定画线代词指代前面的“碟子”还是“水杯”,所以本题是指代不明错误。

2)对于指代不明的问题不能再使用笼统的代词,所以排除A、C选项。另外tableware也包括前面的杯子和碟子,属于笼统的名词,不能清楚地表明指代的对象,所以也不能选。

答案: B

8. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 33)

David told Walter that Dr. Phillips, their business professor, suggested he raise his own funds for his IT consultation business because of the increased freedom in operations.

A. NO CHANGE

B. Walter

C. the student

D. the other

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“大卫告诉沃尔特说,他们的商业教授菲利普斯博士建议他自己筹钱建立信息咨询公司,因为运营越来越自由了”,我们无法确定画线代词he指代前面的大卫还是沃尔特,所以本题是指代不明错误。

2)对于指代不明的问题不能再使用笼统的代词,所以排除A、C、D选项。

答案: B

9. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 42)

Before the beginning of theThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, it states that Mark Twain painstakingly studied the multiple dialects used in the novel.

A. NO CHANGE

B. An explanatory note before the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn states that

C. It states in an explanatory note before the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that

D. They say in an explanatory note before the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“在开始写《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》之前,它表明马克·吐温努力学习过小说里用到的方言”,我们无法确定画线代词it指代的是前面的哪一内容,所以本题属于指代不明问题中无指代的情况。

2)对于指代不明的问题不能再使用笼统的代词,A、C选项中保留了原句中的it,所以不对。D选项虽然去掉了it,使用an explanatory note来替代,但是引入了同样无可指代的they一词,所以也被排除。

答案: B

10. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 48)

Some people argue that horror films are a healthy psychological experience, since they provide an opportunity to experience catharsis: a release of negative emotion which is enabled by temporary investment in a believable fictional world. However, a 1990 research study suggested that it has relatively minimal effects, since exposure to violence is statistically related to increased aggression.

A. NO CHANGE

B. this

C. something of this sort

D. such a release

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“有人说恐怖电影有好的心理影响,因为它能让人们的情绪得以发泄,释放负面情绪……,但是1990年的一个研究表明它没什么用”,我们无法确定画线代词it指代前面的horror movies还是catharsis或release,所以本题是指代不明错误。

2)要解决指代不明的问题,不能再使用笼统的代词,所以排除A、B、C选项。

答案: D

11. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 51)

Amazingly, even though the satellite bumped into the International Space Station, it didn't need to be repaired.

A. NO CHANGE

B. the former

C. the technological wonder

D. one

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“神奇的是,即便卫星撞上国际空间站,它也不需要修理”,我们无法确定画线代词it指代前面的卫星还是国际空间站,所以本题是指代不明错误。

2)要解决指代不明的问题不能再使用笼统的代词,所以排除A、C、D选项。

答案: B

12. The brothers, who were accountants, always said the most important thing they mother taught was how to balance a checkbook.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 9)

A. NO CHANGE

B. his mother taught

C. their mother taught them

D. they mother taught them

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“两兄弟都是会计,他们经常说妈妈教过他们的最重要的事情就是平衡收支”,画线部分是从句,意思应该是“他们的妈妈教过他们的”。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: 这里应该指的是两兄弟,所以用复数,排除B选项。形式上,“他们的”应该使用their,而“教他们”应该使用宾格them。

答案: C

13. Training dolphins requires a deep appreciation for its friendly nature and human-like intelligence.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 10)

A. NO CHANGE

B. their

C. his

D. her

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“训练海豚需要深入理解它的友好天性和像人类一样的智商”,画线代词指代前面的名词dolphins。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: dolphins为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除A、C、D选项。

答案: B

14. Aside from humans, only higher primates, dolphins, killer whales, and elephants are able to recognize them in a mirror.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 12)

A. NO CHANGE

B. itself

C. himself or herself

D. themselves

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“除了人类以外,只有高级灵长类动物、海豚、虎鲸和大象能从镜子中认出它们自己”,画线代词指代前面的名词higher primates、dolphins、killer whales、elephants。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: 所指代名词为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除B、C选项。画线部分缺少意思“它们自己”,所以选择themselves。

答案: D

15. The study abroad advisor asked the students to protect themselves in Africa by taking malaria medication.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 13)

A. NO CHANGE

B. herself

C. itself

D. ourselves

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“留学顾问要学生们在非洲保护自己,携带抗疟疾药物”,画线代词指代前面的名词students。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: students为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除B、C选项。本句叙事是第三人称口吻,不能用第一人称ourselves。

答案: A

16. Winston and Halli put distinct stickers on their black suitcase so that they could spot it at the airport.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 14)

A. NO CHANGE

B. his and her

C. one's

D. they're

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“温斯顿和哈里在他们的黑色行李箱子上贴上了显眼的标签……”,画线代词指代前面的名词Winston and Halli。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: Winston and Halli为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除B、C选项。画线部分缺少意思“它们的”,所以不能用they're(意为“他们是”)。

答案: A

17. In some isolated parts of the world where educational resources are scarce, nonprofits are setting up computer kiosks that provide children with the opportunity to enrich their learning.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 15)

A. NO CHANGE

B. they're

C. its

D. them

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“……非营利组织建起电脑房让学生们扩展他们的学习”,画线代词指代前面的名词students。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: students为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除C。画线部分缺少意思“他们的”,所以选择A。

答案: A

18. Motorcyclists should inspect their helmets and check the motorcycle's tires before you ride .(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 22)

A. NO CHANGE

B. he rides

C. it rides

D. they ride

解析: 1) 弄清指代: 按照句意,“在骑摩托车之前,骑车者要检查头盔和车胎”,画线代词指代前面的名词motorcyclists。

2) 注意单复数、人称和形式: 本句是以第三人称陈述motorcyclists的做法,并且motorcyclists为复数,所以使用they作为代词最合适。

答案: D

2.1.3 名词单复数一致
Noun Agreement(★★)

出题频率约1%,每套题目中出现0~1题。

考点速递

考查句子中意义有关联的两个名词在单复数上的一致。

对于名词来说,形式上的变化最主要的就是单复数的变化,所以这个词性最主要的考点就是单复数的情况。在SAT语法中,最典型的考法是考查同一个句子或者相邻的两个句子中,意义上有联系的两个名词在单复数上要一致。

误:The origins of the Teapot Dome scandal can be traced to the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

正:The origins of the Teapot Dome scandal can be traced to the presidencies of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

在原句中,由于句意要表达三个总统的presidency(总统任期),每个总统都有一个presidency,所以有三个presidency,应该使用复数presidencies。

知己知彼

名词的单复数一致比较简单,也容易理解,只要注意到画线处和选项名词的单复数,然后结合上下文判断即可。

考题速递

1. As I walked through the exhibit, I overheard a visitors'remark , “You know, that grandfather clock actually runs. Its glass door swings open, and the clock can be wound up.”(OG Test 2-20)

A. NO CHANGE

B. visitors remarking

C. visitor remarked

D. visitor remark

解析: 题目画线部分前面有不定冠词a修饰,所以后面的名词visitor要用单数形式,排除A、B选项。根据前面overheard一词的固定用法overhear somebody do something,排除C选项。

答案: D

2. Consequently, anyone considering a career as a video game designer must be skilled writers and speakers .(OG Test 4-40)

A. NO CHANGE

B. a skilled writer and speaker

C. skilled both as writers and speakers

D. both skilled writers and speakers

解析: 句中画线部分skilled writers and speakers应该与本句主语anyone considering a career as a video game designer相对应。由于anyone(任何一个)属于单数的不定代词,所以画线部分也应该使用单数。

答案: B

3. In 1897, Charlotte Wiberg wed Arthur St. Andrassy in an unlikely places — inside a lion's cage at a Boston zoo.(Khan Academy Language Use: Noun Agreement 1)

A. NO CHANGE

B. venues

C. locales

D. location

解析: 句中画线部分places应该与之前的不定冠词an相对应,所以画线部分应该使用单数。本题看上去像是辨析四个表示地点的名词的意思,实际是选择单复数。这种情况提示我们在选择的时候要注意先观察选项的形式,通过单复数的变化来选择要简单很多。

答案: D

4. The attorneys, who are both officer in a bankruptcy field, believe that the recession will soon end.(Khan Academy Language Use: Noun Agreement 5)

A. NO CHANGE

B. practitioners

C. counselor

D. worker

解析: 句中画线部分officer应该与画线之前的复数谓语are相对应,所以画线部分相应也使用复数。

答案: B

5. The store's most successful fall sellers were its school item .(Khan Academy Language Use: Noun Agreement 12)

A. NO CHANGE

B. supplies

C. material

D. good

解析: 句中画线部分应该与前面主语名词fall sellers单复数对应一致,同时参照谓语were为复数形式,应该使用复数形式supplies。

答案: B

6. One of Mario's sisters, Isabella, acted like divas around their mother, Rosalina.(Khan Academy Language Use: Noun Agreement 21)

A. NO CHANGE

B. a princess

C. members of royalty

D. prima donnas

解析: 句中画线部分divas应该与画线之前的单数主语One of Mario's sisters, Isabella相对应,所以画线部分相应也使用单数。

答案: B

7. No matter how hopeless their plots may seem, each of the books in The Hunger Games series has a positive ending .(Khan Academy Language Use: Noun Agreement 35)

A. NO CHANGE

B. positive terminations

C. positive finales

D. positive conclusions

解析: 句中画线部分a positive ending应该与画线之前的单数主语each of the books相对应,所以画线部分相应也使用单数。

答案: A

8. Although some research suggests that caffeine consumption may be counterproductive, many people consider coffee, tea, and other caffeinated beverages to be something necessary for their productivity and mental health.(Khan Academy Language Use: Noun Agreement 43)

A. NO CHANGE

B. necessities of

C. a necessary part of

D. something essential to

解析: 句中画线部分something necessary for应该与画线之前的复数名词caffeinated beverages相对应,所以画线部分相应也使用复数。

答案: B

9. According to research on health and medicine in the Caribbean territories during the eighteenth century, the impact of an infectious disease depended partially on external factor like geography, residential arrangements, and trading patterns.(Khan Academy Language Use: Noun Agreement 45)

A. NO CHANGE

B. component

C. characteristic

C. circumstances

解析: 句中画线部分factor应该与画线之后的复数名词geography、residential arrangements、trading patterns相对应,所以画线部分相应也使用复数。

答案: D

2.1.4 搭配和习语题
Conventional Expression(★★)

出题频率约2%,每套题目中出现0~2题。

考点速递

考查常见的搭配和固定习语。

固定搭配和习惯用语是几乎所有英语考试都要考查的一部分,ACT考试也不例外。ACT题目全部都是四选一的选择题,而不是没有线索的填空题,这在无形中降低了这类题目的难度。比如下面这道题:

In 1937 she sat about from Miami, Florida, with her copilot, hoping to become the first woman to circumnavigate the globe by airplane.(ACT-67F)

A. NO CHANGE

B. set about

C. sat out

D. set out

解析: 这里我们要分清两个词组,set about “着手做某事”,而set out是“出发,启程”的意思。按照句意应该是从Miami出发的意思,所以应该为set out。另外,set的原形和过去式都是set这个写法,不会出现sat的形式。sat意思是“坐在……”,是动词sit的过去式。

广大考生在备考的时候,要注意各种材料中的搭配和习语,进行长期而广泛的积累,才能保证这类题目的正确率。我们为各位考生准备了常见常考的固定搭配和习语,希望对各位考生有所帮助。

常见的固定搭配如下:

考题速递

1. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves to be a digestive aid, and contains few calories in its unsweetened low-and non-fat forms.(OG Test 1-7)

A. NO CHANGE

B. as

C. like

D. for

解析: 1) 固定搭配: serve as,意为“作为”。

2) 翻译: 营养学家认为希腊酸奶是一种健康食品:它富含钙和蛋白质,有帮助消化的作用,并且这种酸奶的原味脱脂型含有的热量很低。

答案: B

2. It was during this time that I read an article into coworking spaces.(OG Test 1-25)

A. NO CHANGE

B. about

C. upon

D. for

解析: 1) 固定搭配: an article about sth.。about是“关于”的意思,此处表示文章的内容。

2) 翻译: 正是那个时候,我读到一篇关于公共工作区的文章。

答案: B

3. Glass walls and dividers can also be used to replace solid walls as a means through distributing natural light more freely.(OG Test 3-11)

A. NO CHANGE

B. of

C. from

D. DELETE the underlined portion.

解析: 1) 固定搭配: a means of,意为“做事的方法”。

2) 翻译: 玻璃墙和分隔物取代了实心的墙壁,这种方式使得自然光更直接地照进屋子里。

答案: B

4. In particular, bimodal respiration—the ability of acquiring oxygen using gills or through wet skin—sets mudskippers apart from their purely water-based counterparts.(2016. 3-4)

A. NO CHANGE

B. to acquire

C. where they acquire

D. for acquiring

解析: 1) 固定搭配: the ability to do,意为“做某事的能力”。

2) 翻译: 特别的是,跳跳鱼的两种呼吸方式——通过鳃和通过湿润的皮肤呼吸获得氧气——使得它和那些纯粹靠水生存的鱼类不一样了。

答案: B

5. Bimodal respiration makes it a snap for mudskippers to live in areas subject to drastic changes in water level and chemical composition.(2016. 3-8)

A. NO CHANGE

B. possible

C. doable

D. a breeze

解析: 1) 固定搭配: make it possible for X to do sth.,意为“使X做某事成为可能”。

2) 翻译: 两种呼吸方式使得跳跳鱼能够……。

答案: B

6. “You can be a real pain about the neck,” said the man, cleaning up his dog's mess.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 2)

A. NO CHANGE

B. of

C. by

D. in

解析: 1) 固定搭配: pain in the neck,意为“难处理的、惹人讨厌的人或事”。

2) 翻译: “你可真是惹人讨厌啊”,男人边整理被狗弄乱的东西边说。

答案: D

7. Identifying the right ratchet in the messy toolbox was like finding a needle with a haystack.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 5)

A. NO CHANGE

B. in

C. as

D. through

解析: 1) 固定搭配: find a needle in a haystack,字面意思为“在草堆里找一根针”,引申为“像大海捞针一样难找”。

2) 翻译: 在乱糟糟的工具箱里找个棘轮真像大海捞针一样难啊。

答案: B

8. When the third customer came in with an expired coupon, the waitress flew on the table.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 7)

A. NO CHANGE

B. from

C. off

D. over

解析: 1) 固定搭配: fly off the table,意为“勃然大怒”。

2) 翻译: 当第三个顾客带着过期优惠券进来时,女服务员勃然大怒。

答案: C

9. The tortoise won the race against the hare, fair but square.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 8)

A. NO CHANGE

B. if

C. with

D. and

解析: 1) 固定搭配: fair and square,意为“公正的,正大光明的”。

2) 翻译: 乌龟赛跑赢了野兔,正大光明。

答案: D

10. After Governor Poltroon was caught lying about her finances, she continued to lie instead of coming clean.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 11)

A. NO CHANGE

B. going

C. remaining

D. leaving

解析: 1) 固定搭配: come clean,意为“坦白承认,全盘托出”。

2) 翻译: 波尔楚恩州长对自己的财政状况撒了谎,之后还拒不承认,继续撒谎。

答案: A

11. James, the new medical resident, was afraid that the older doctors would walk all over him.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 13)

A. NO CHANGE

B. under

C. on

D. across

解析: 1) 固定搭配: walk all over sb.,意为“盛气凌人地对待”。

2) 翻译: 新来的住院医师詹姆斯害怕年长的医生会盛气凌人地对待他。

答案: A

12. Jane disapproves at her friends' failure to remove their shoes before entering her house.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 23)

A. NO CHANGE

B. in

C. of

D. DELETE the underlined portion

解析: 1) 固定搭配: disapprove of,意为“不赞成,不喜欢”。

2) 翻译: 对于朋友们进她家之前没有脱鞋的行为,简很不喜欢。

答案: C

13. People often do not have control in the circumstances in their lives.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 24)

A. NO CHANGE

B. over

C. on

D. at

解析: 1) 固定搭配: control通常搭配over,意为“对……的掌控”。

2) 翻译: 人一生中,经常无法掌握自己的命运。

答案: B

14. Despite the Tasmanian Devil's small size, its cantankerous attitude and incredibly strong bite make it a force to be reckoned about .(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 29)

A. NO CHANGE

B. a

C. with

D. against

解析: 1) 固定搭配: reckon with,意为“对付,处理”。

2) 翻译: 袋獾虽然体型不大,但是它的暴躁性格和难以置信的利齿要加以防备。

答案: C

15. Instead of giving a dramatic speech, Indu chose to simplify her message and let the facts speak with themselves.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 30)

A. NO CHANGE

B. before

C. for

D. DELETE the underlined portion

解析: 1) 固定搭配: speak for sb.,意为“为某人辩护,支持某人”。

2) 翻译: 因杜没有发表激动人心的演讲,而是选择将信息简化,让事实说话,证明自己。

答案: C

16. Perhaps due to his incredible perfectionism, Leonardo Da Vinci was known for his short fuse. It was apparently very hard to work as an apprentice in his studio.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 31)

A. NO CHANGE

B. with

C. about

D. of

解析: 1) 固定搭配: be known for,意为“因为……而出名”。

2) 翻译: 也许是因为他极端的完美主义,里昂纳多·达·芬奇因为他的火暴脾气而出名。很明显要在他的工作室当个学徒是很难的。

答案: A

17. Many current employers tell colleges that in today's labor market, “soft skill” like communication and leadership are very much on demand.(Khan Academy Language Use: Conventional Expression 33)

A. NO CHANGE

B. to

C. for

D. in

解析: 1) 固定搭配: in demand,意为“非常需要的,受欢迎的”。

2) 翻译: 现在很多的雇主告诉大学,在今天的劳动力市场上,沟通能力和领导能力这些“软实习”很受欢迎。

答案: D

2.1.5 常见易混词
Frequently Confused Words(★★)

出题频率约2.2%,每套题目中出现0~2题。

考点速递

考查那些拼写上比较相似但意义和用法不同的单词。

考生在背单词的过程中可以发现,有些单词在拼写上很相似,经常记混,在实际运用中也难以区分,这类词以动词、名词和形容词居多。在SAT考试中,专门设置题目考查考生对这类单词的辨析。比如说下面这个例子:

误:Mary Whiton Calkins was an imminent psychologist and philosopher whose research focused on such topics as memory, consciousness, and dreams.

正:Mary Whiton Calkins was an eminent psychologist and philosopher whose research focused on such topics as memory, consciousness, and dreams.

译文: Mary Whiton Calkins是著名的心理学家和哲学家,她的主要研究方向是记忆、意识和梦。

解析: 原句中的imminent一词虽然也是形容词,但是意思是“迫近的,即将发生的”,不能修饰后面的psychologist and philosopher,而与之相近的eminent含义是“著名的,有名的”,很符合句子意思需要,所以改为eminent。

比较常见的易混单词

1. indecisive 非决定性的 vs. indefinite 不确定的,无限期的

例句:Despite the attorney's moving plea, the judge placed the juvenile offender on probation for an indefinite period.

2. affect 影响(动词)vs. effect 影响(名词)

例句:Widespread wildfires followed by heavy rains can result in mudslides, which haveharmful effects on the environment.

3. incredulous 怀疑的 vs. incredible 难以置信的

例句:In 1816, the eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia threw an incredible amount of dust into the atmosphere, greatly altering world weather patterns.

4. eminent 杰出的 vs. imminent 临近的

例句:Having studied tornados for twenty years, Wisam knew that the imminent storm would be catastrophic.

5. discrete 不连续的 vs. discreet 谨慎的

例句:A good diplomat must be discreet when interacting with foreign heads of state.

6. emigrate 移民(出)vs. immigrate 移民(入)

例句:Typical individual who emigrates from his native country in pursuit of employment is more likely to have a bachelor's or postgraduate degree than is the typical U.S. citizen.

7. veracious 诚实的 vs. voracious 狼吞虎咽的

例句:David has a voracious appetite and often eats five meals a day, but somehow he remains exceptionally thin.

8. desirous 渴望的(人)vs. desirable 令人想要的(物)

例句:We are desirous to secure scientific and technological knowledge because it is very desirable.

9. pore 注视 vs. pour 倾倒

例句:She pored over the travel brochure as if she had never seen photographs of snowcapped mountains.

10. infer 推断 vs. imply 暗示

例句:Does that remark imply that you are displeased with the way I am managing the business?

11. capture 捕获 vs. captivate 迷惑,迷住

例句:A work of singular beauty, Stanhope's painting Love and the Maiden captures thelongings and aspirations of an artistic generation.

12. lie-lay-lain 躺着 lying 撒谎、躺着 lie-lied-lied 撒谎 lay-laid-laid 放置、下蛋

例句:In order to be sure that the mattress was firm before placing an order, the man gingerly sat down and lay back.

13. perspective 方面 vs. prospective 预期的

例句:The prospective advantages this proposed merger can bring into our firm greatly outweigh any of the potential disadvantages predicted by opponents of the consolidation.

14. later 稍后 vs. latter 后者

例句:Initially, the candidate made heavy use of the Internet to raise funds for his campaign; later he went on to more conventional fund-raising methods.

15. raise 提高,上升(及物动词)vs. rise 提高,上升(不及物动词)

例句:The students in the audience became restive and noisy when the curtain failed to rise at the scheduled time.

16. undetermined 未决定的 vs. indeterminate 不确定的,模糊的

例句:The candidate, John Kallan, is of an indeterminate age, and he uses this ambiguity to his benefit.

考题速递

1. In recent years, public libraries in the United States have experienced reducing in their operating funds due to cuts imposed at the federal, state, and local government levels.(OG Test 2-1)

A. NO CHANGE

B. reductions

C. deducting

D. deducts

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 四个选项均有“减少”之意。

reducing、deducting 后面应该接名词,与原句后面的介词短语in their operating funds 不符。

reductions名词,与have experienced构成动宾短语,符合题目需要。

deducts动词,无法用在have experienced后面。

2) 结合句意: “最近几年,由于联邦政府、州政府和当地政府都在削减预算,所以公共图书馆的资金减少了。”

答案: B

2. More like a fair then an actual café, the first Repair Café took place in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.(OG Test 2-38)

A. NO CHANGE

B. fair than

C. fare than

D. fair, then

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析fair和fare、than和then两对形近词。

fair: 展示会,市集。

fare: 车费,路费。

than: 比(与比较级搭配)

then: 然后

2) 结合句意: “第一家修理咖啡馆,说是咖啡馆,其实更像展示会,开在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。”按照句意,选择fair(集会)而不是fare(车费);另外与比较级搭配用than。

答案: B

3. Brice Russ of Ohio State University, for example, has employed software to sort through postings on one social media cite in search of particular words and phrases of interest as well as the location from which users are posting.(OG Test 4-30)

A. NO CHANGE

B. site in search of

C. sight in search for

D. cite in search for

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析形近词cite、sight、site三个词。词义如下:

cite vt. 引用;举例;表扬

sight n. 视力,景色 v. 瞄准;观测

site n. 地点,位置;现场 v. 使……位于

根据前面的词汇social media来推测,此处应该填site,表示“社交媒体网站”。

还考查in search of的固定搭配。

2) 结合句意: “俄亥俄州立大学的布鲁斯·罗斯用软件将社交媒体网站上的信息分类,试图找到特定的网络词汇和用语以及它们的来源。”

答案: B

4. The armor is composed of several sections hinged together to allow maximum mobility.(2016. 3-16)

A. NO CHANGE

B. complied

C. concealed

D. consisted

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析composed、complied、concealed、consisted四个形近的动词。

composed 由……组成

complied 遵守,顺从

concealed 隐藏,隐瞒

consisted 由……组成

2) 结合句意: “这副盔甲由几个部分组成,用铰链连接在一起,尽最大可能方便移动。”其中“由……组成”比较符合原句的句意。be composed of是固定搭配,符合画线部分的需要。consisted虽然也有“由……组成”的意思,但其搭配是consist of的主动形式,与画线前后词汇不符。

答案: A

5. A more legitimate concern pertains to personal health: some studies do show a relationship between wind turbine noise and averse health effects caused by annoyance and sleep deprivation in up to 20 percent of residents living close to wind farms.(2016. 3-41)

A. NO CHANGE

B. adverse

C. adverted

D. adversarial

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析averse、adverse、adverted、adversarial四个形近词。

averse adj. 厌恶的,反对的

adverse adj. 不利的,逆向的,损害的

adverted vi. 注意;谈到

adversarial adj. 对手的,敌对的,对抗的

2) 结合句意: “关于个人健康的担心更为合理:确实有些研究表明风力涡轮机的噪声会对健康不利,住在风力发电站附近将近百分之二十的人会睡眠不足和易怒。”按照句意的需要,其中adverse health effects最符合常理,表示“不利于健康的结果”。

答案: B

6. Most people don't eat the crops of an apple because it has less flavor and a lot of seeds.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 2)

A. NO CHANGE

B. chore

C. core

D. court

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析crop、chore、core、court四个形近词。

crop n. 农作物;收成;庄稼 v. 修剪;收获

chore n. 琐事;家务;讨厌的工作

core n. 核心,果核;要点 vt. 挖去果核

court n. 法院;庭院;球场;奉承 v. 献殷勤;追求;设法获得

2) 结合句意: “大多数人不喜欢吃苹果的果核部分,因为果核味道不佳,而且有很多籽。”按照句意的需要,C选项的core(果核)最符合常理。

答案: C

7. Molly appreciated the visible spectrum of colors so much that she decided to dice her hair all the colors of the rainbow. She loved the look, but it required a lot of maintenance.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 8)

A. NO CHANGE

B. die

C. dye

D. dry

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析dice、die、dye、dry四个形近词。

dice n. 骰子,小方块 v. 切成方块;掷骰子

die v. 死;消失;枯竭;渴望 n. 骰子;印模;金属模子

dye n. 染料 v. 染;染色

dry adj. 干燥的,口渴的 v. 使……变干

2) 结合句意: “毛利太喜欢可见光的光谱了,她决定把头发染成彩虹色。她喜欢这种颜色,但颜色需要很好的保护。”其中dye her hair最符合常理,表示“染头发”。

答案: C

8. The partnership proved to be a success, as Jane's strengths complimented Joe's weaknesses.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 9)

A. NO CHANGE

B. complemented

C. contemplated

D. compelled

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析compliment、complement、contemplate、compel四个形近动词的意思。

compliment v. 恭维;称赞

complement v. 相辅相成;补充

contemplate v. 注视;沉思;打算

compel v. 强迫,迫使

2) 结合句意: “两个人合作得很成功,简的强项弥补了乔的短板。”按照句意的需要,其中complemented最符合常理。

答案: B

9. The great Genghis Khan tried to illicit fear in his enemies.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 11)

A. NO CHANGE

B. elicit

C. elucidate

D. exude

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析illicit、elicit、elucidate、exude四个形近词。

illicit adj. 非法的;违禁的;不正当的

elicit v. 引出;诱出;探出

elucidate v. 阐明;说明

exude v. 流出;渗出

2) 结合句意: “成吉思汗想要引发敌人的恐惧”,其中elicit fear最符合常理,表示“引发恐惧,使……恐惧”。

答案: B

10. It takes courage to except when you're wrong and humbly apologize.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 13)

A. NO CHANGE

B. accept

C. expect

D. intercept

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析except、accept、expect、intercept四个形近词。

except prep. 除了……之外

accept v. 接受;同意;承担

expect v. 预期;期待;盼望

intercept n. 截取;妨碍;截距 v. 拦截

2) 结合句意: “在犯错的时候能承认错误并谦逊地道歉,这是需要勇气的。”按照句意的需要,其中accept最符合常理。

答案: B

11. In many cultures, it is considered rude to not accept food as a guest in someone's home. Guests should always eat a small portion of whatever they are served, even if they don't like it.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 19)

A. NO CHANGE

B. incept

C. except

D. receipt

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析accept、incept、except、receipt四个形近词。

accept v. 接受;同意;承担

incept v. 摄取;接收(入会);获得硕士学位

except prep. 除了……之外

receipt n. 收据;收条;收到 v. 出收据

2) 结合句意: “在很多文化中,在别人家做客却不吃东西是不礼貌的。客人们要把每种准备的食物都吃一些,不喜欢的也要吃。”按照句意的需要,其中accept food最符合常理,表示“吃食物”。

答案: A

12. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. effected great social change through his leadership in nonviolent protest for civil rights.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 20)

A. NO CHANGE

B. affected

C. afflicted

D. inflicted

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析effect、affect、afflict、inflict四个形近词。

effect v. 使产生,引起

affect v. 影响;感动;作用

afflict v. 使苦恼;折磨

inflict v. 使遭受;施以;加害;折磨

2) 结合句意: “马丁·路德·金领导的争取人权的非暴力抗议活动使社会发生了巨大的改变。”按照句意的需要,其中effect great social change最符合常理,表示“使社会发生巨大的改变”。

答案: A

13. Bruce was discrete about his true identity as Batman.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 25)

A. NO CHANGE

B. disagree

C. concrete

D. discreet

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析discrete、disagree、concrete、discreet四个形近词。

discrete adj. 不连续的,分离的

disagree v. 不同意;不一致;有分歧;不适宜

concrete adj. 具体的;实质性的;混凝土的

discreet adj. 谨慎的;不引人注意的

2) 结合句意: “布鲁斯对自己蝙蝠侠的身份很谨慎。”按照句意的需要,其中be discreet about最符合常理,表示“对……谨慎”。

答案: D

14. Any serious fisherman will tell you that the best way to catch a fish is to remain stationery and quiet, whether you cast your line from a boat or the shore.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 26)

A. NO CHANGE

B. stagnant

C. sanctuary

D. stationary

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析stationery、stagnant、sanctuary、stationary四个形近词。

stationery n. 文具;信笺

stagnant adj. 不流动的;停滞的;不景气的

sanctuary n. 圣所;避难所

stationary adj. 不动的,稳定的

2) 结合句意: “任何严肃的垂钓者都会告诉你,钓鱼最好的方法就是一动不动、保持安静,不管你是从船上下钩还是从岸上下钩。”按照句意的需要,其中与quiet一词表示并列关系和意义的最佳选择就是stationary。

答案: D

15. When he was cornered by a tribe of monkeys in the jungle, Joan was able to allude them by cleverly throwing his voice.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 40)

A. NO CHANGE

B. elude

C. exclude

D. preclude

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析allude、elude、exclude、preclude四个形近词。

allude v. 暗示;暗指

elude v. 逃避;躲避;理解不了;记不起来

exclude v. 排除;阻止;拒绝接受

preclude v. 阻止;排除

2) 结合句意: “当琼在森林里被一群猴子围起来的时候,她聪明地使用腹语躲避了过去。”其中elude一词的“躲避”含义最符合句意。

答案: B

16. Because Pinocchio was a marionette that lacked many human characteristics, his friends Jiminy Cricket served as his official conscious .(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 41)

A. NO CHANGE

B. conscient

C. cornichon

D. conscience

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析conscious/conscient/cornichon/conscience四个形近词。

conscious adj. 神志清醒的;意识到的;自觉的;有意的

conscient 无此词

cornichon n. 酸黄瓜,醋渍小黄瓜

conscience n. 良心;是非之心;顾忌

2) 结合句意: “因为匹诺曹是一个木偶,人的很多特征他都没有,所以他的朋友杰米尼·克力克特帮他明辨是非。”其中conscience表示“是非之心,良心”,最符合句意需要。

答案: D

17. South Carolina succeeded from the Union on December 20, 1860; five more states followed suit in January of 1861.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 42)

A. NO CHANGE

B. acceded

C. exceeded

D. seceded

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析succeed、accede、exceed、secede四个形近词。

succeed v. 成功;继承;接着发生

accede v. 同意;继承;即位;加入

exceed v. 超过;超出

secede v. 正式脱离或退出

2) 结合句意: “南卡罗来纳州在1860年12月20日脱离联邦政府,接着在1861年1月,又有5个州脱离了。”按照句意的需要,其中secede from the Union最符合历史,表示“脱离联邦政府”。

答案: D

18. This beautiful flower is indigenous to this island.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 43)

A. NO CHANGE

B. indigent

C. indignant

D. indigo

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析indigenous、indigent、indignant、indigo四个形近词。

indigenous adj. 土生土长的;本地的;天生的

indigent adj. 贫穷的;贫困的

indignant adj. 愤慨的;愤愤不平的

indigo n. 靛青;紫蓝色

2) 结合句意: “这种漂亮的花是本地岛上长的。”其中indigenous“本地的”最符合句意的需要。

答案: A

19. In the Epic of Gilgamesh , the title character searches for a plant which will make him amoral , a symbolic quest shared by many literary heroes who attempted to escape death.(Khan Academy Language Use: Frequently confused words 45)

A. NO CHANGE

B. memorial

C. immortal

D. moral

解析: 1) 区别各个选项的意义和用法: 本题需要辨析amoral、memorial、immortal、moral四个形近词。

amoral adj. 与道德无关的,无从区分是非的

memorial n. 纪念碑;纪念物;纪念仪式

immortal adj. 不朽的,永世的

moral adj. 道德的,精神上的

2) 结合句意: “在《吉尔咖美什》史诗中,标题的人物吉尔咖美什想要找一种使他长生不老的药草,很多文学作品中的英雄为了逃避死亡都有过这种象征性的寻找。”按照句意的需要,其中immortal最符合句子中“长生不老”的意义。

答案: C Js/6ApRdCcdlsMFl/YIs6mDEhAvoFNB0tO4SLS7eKFz2pXbbrmS9tAFUrRrP1SNr

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