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Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(20%)
Directions: Choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete each ofthe following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bat across the squarebrackets on your Machining-scoring Answer Sheet.
1. Today scientists have a greaterunderstanding of genetics and its role in ______ organisms.
A. live
B. life
C. living
D. alive
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：现在，科学家对基因学和它对在生物的作用有了更好的理解。living现存的；活着的。alive活着的。live活的，有生命的；真正的。life生命，生物。
2. The news commentator says that the argument the speaker haspresented does not ______ water.
A. have
B. contain
C. include
D. hold
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：新闻评论员说发言者的观点不和情理。to holdwater：（理论、计划等）证明合理，说得通。
3. Terrorists murder and kidnap people, ______ bombs , hijackairplanes, set fires, and commit other serious crimes.
A. light up
B. set off
C. plant in
D. ignite
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：恐怖犯有分子谋杀绑架，爆炸袭击，劫持飞机，纵火以及其他严重罪行。set off出发，动身；（使）开始；引起；点燃，爆炸。light up照亮，亮起来；点烟，开始吸烟；（使）变得喜悦，（使）兴奋起来。plant in （把……）种入（安置在）……中；把……灌输给……。ignite点燃；引发。
4. Television has become quite the vigorous activity. Sitting up isexhausting so most people ______ down while watching television.
A. lay
B. lie
C. lying
D. lied
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：……熬夜很累，所以很多人躺着看电视。so作为连词，表示结果，从句与主句时态相同。lie down躺着。
5. If each of us does our part little by little, we can ______ thelifespan of our planet and ourselves.
A. enlarge
B. expand
C. increase
D. grow
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：如果我们每个人都一点一滴地尽到我们应有的责任，我们就能延长我们这个星球以及我们自己的寿命。increase应用范围最广，指使（体积，数量，强度，程度，力量，权威，名声，财富等）增大或增长。enlarge 指在大小、程度、容量或范围等方面的扩大。expand 指在大小、面积、容积、体积或范围等方面的增长。grow成长：自然进程中体积的增加。
6. The role of American women ______ significantly from the time thenation was born, to the modern era of the 1950s and 1960s.
A. has changed
B. has beenchanged
C. changed
D. had beenchanged
【答案】 D
【解析】 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，也可能是早已完成或结束，即“过去的过去”；也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。本题中中的动作是从过去的某一刻到过去的另一时刻（from ... to ...）。
7. Financial statement is a financial report or record ______ usuallyon a quarterly and annually basis which provides an individual’s, anorganization’s, or business’s financial status.
A. competed
B. compiled
C. collated
D. contested
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：财政决算是通常每季度或每年编辑的财政报告或者记录，能提供个人、组织或者行业财政情况。compile收集；编辑， 编制。compete竞赛； 竞争。collate校对， 整理。contest争夺， 竞争。
8. Management operates through various ______, often classified asplanning organ leading/motivating and controlling.
A. foundations
B. functions
C. roles
D. relations
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：管理行使多种职能，通常可分为策划、领导、激励、控制。function职能，作用。foundation基础， 基本原理， 根据；建立， 设立， 创办。role（个人在某种组织中的）作用，职责。relation关系，交往。
9. The Jatakana culture encompasses every ______ of life frombeliefs, superstitions, and practices to art, education and tourism.
A. respect
B. inspect
C. aspect
D. suspect
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：Jatakana 文化包括了生活的方方面面，从信仰、迷信、实践到艺术、教育和旅游。aspect是指事态、想法、计划等的某个方面，e.g.The training program covers every aspect of the job.训练计划的范围包括了这个工作的各各方面。respect 是指某一细节的方面，e.g. In many respects,the new version is less good than the old one.从许多方面来看，新的版本并不比旧的强。inspect检查， 检验。suspect怀疑； 不信任。
10. Organizational culture can be defined as a system of sharedbeliefs and values that develops within an organization and ______ the behaviorof its members.
A. guides
B. indicates
C. controls
D. supervises
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：组织文化可以定义为一个组织内部发展起来的共享的信仰和价值观系统，并对成员行为具有指导作用。guides引路；指导；影响， 支配。indicates标示， 指示， 指出。controls支配，控制。supervises管理，监督。
11. Everyone in America these days seems to be ______ with his orher physical fitness, and everyone is talking about getting in shape.
A. concerned
B. allured
C. connected
D. attracted
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：最近，美国的每个人都似乎很关心他或者她的体型，每个人都在谈论锻炼体型。be concerned with关心，关切；关于。allure诱人。be connect with有关。attract（to）吸引。
12. The Internet has been around for an almost equal amount of timeas most of form of media, but only recently _____ a popular way ofretrieving information.
A. has itbecome
B. it hasbecome
C. it becomes
D. dose itbecome
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：因特网几乎和大多数媒体同时出现在人们的生活中，只是最近才成为获取信息的流行方式。以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely ... when, never, no sooner... than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。recently表明动作是从过去的某时刻延续到现在，该剧强调了过去动作对现在造成的影响，故用完成时。
13. Censorship a word that seems to be ______ quite some controversyover certain people, may not be such a bad idea.
A. arguing
B. attacking
C. causing
D. discussing
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：审查这个词，看起来会引发某些人的争议，也许并不是那么糟糕。cause引起。argue争论，辩论。attack攻击，进攻；抨击。discuss谈论，讨论；论述。
14. We are living in the midst of a great chemical experiment andsome ______ consequences are becoming apparent to scientists.
A. cereal
B. serial
C. series
D. serious
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：我们居住在一个巨大的化学实验中，一些严重的后果开始显现在科学家面前。serious严重的， 非同小可。cereal谷类植物， 谷物。serial连续的， 一系列的。series连续的同类事物，系列。
15. For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has______ heated debate among the world’s brightest minds.
A. spawned
B. injected
C. modeled
D. moved
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：在差不多过去的二十年里，全球变暖这个话题已经在世界最顶级的人才里引发了激烈的讨论。spawn大量生产；引发，导致，造成。The computer industry has spawned a lot of new companies. 由于电脑工业的发展，许多新公司纷纷成立。inject注射，注入。model制作模型；塑造；制作模型；塑造。move使感动，使打动；移动，搬动。
16. In today’s modern society alcohol addiction and alcohol ______ hasbecome one of the most complex, life-threatening issues.
A. infuse
B. abuse
C. reduce
D. refuse
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：现代社会，酒瘾和酗酒已成为最复杂、威胁生命的问题之一。alcoholabuse酗酒。infuse沏（茶），泡（草药）。reduce缩减，减少；降低。refuse拒绝。
17. He argued that the ______ of firearms in America is an illegalact, and degrades the values this country was founded on.
A. banning
B. prohibit
C. veto
D. forbid
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：他表明，在美国禁止枪械是违法的，有辱这个国家立国的观念。banning禁止，禁令。prohibit ( vt. ) 禁止；阻止。veto否决权，否认权。forbid (vt.) 禁止。
18. Advocates of private school argue that the education received inone of these facilities is more valuable and _____ than any othereducational opportunity.
A. awarded
B. awarding
C. rewarded
D. rewarding
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：私立学校的支持者称私立学校的教育比其他任何一种教育机会更有价值、回报率更高。rewarding报答的，值得做的。awarded和awarding是award的两种形式，不用作形容词。rewarded是reward的另一种形式。
19. Children are often ______ sports at an early age. As they getolder and start school they often participate in sports as a way to both makenow friends and be active.
A. exposed to
B. spoiled by
C. indulged in
D. worriedabout
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：孩子很小时经常会接触到运动，当他们大一些开始上学时他们经常参加运动，作为一种结交新友、活跃主动的一种方式。be exposed to接触。be spoiled by被宠坏。be indulged in沉浸于。worry about担心。
20. Although the study of genetics is an entirely new field, it______ mankind for many years.
A. has combined
B. hasinterested in
B. has involved
D. hasfascinated
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：虽然基因学是个全新的领域，但它使人们着迷多年了。fascinate使着迷， 使极感兴趣。combine （使）联合。interest in对……有兴趣。involve使某事物成为必要条件或结果； 需要；使参与， 牵涉。
Part Ⅱ ReadingComprehension(30%)
Directions: Read the following passages and then choose the best answer (from A,B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bat across the square bracketson your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
In 1987,H.I.V/AIDS joined a list of diseases that could keep a person out of the UnitedStates. The government later tried to cancel its decision. But Congress madethe travel ban a part of immigration law. People with H.I.V., the virus thatcauses AIDS, could seek an exception, but that meant extra work.
Last year,Congress and President George W. Bush began the process of ending the travelban. Now President Obama is finishing that process.
BARACK OBAMA:“We talk about reducing the stigma of this disease, yet we have treated avisitor living with it as a threat. We lead the world when it comes to helpingstem the AIDS pandemic, yet we are one of only a dozen countries that still barpeople with H.I.V. from entering our own country.”
A final rulepublished Monday will end the travel ban effective January fourth. H.I.V. willno longer be a condition that can exclude people. And H.I.V. testing will nolonger be required for those who need a medical examination for immigrationpurposes. AIDS has killed more than twenty-five million people since the early1980s.
In September,there was news that a vaccine showed some ability to prevent H.I.V. infectionin humans for the first time. The full results of the vaccine study werepresented in late October at an international conference in Paris. They werealso reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers confirmedthat the study in Thailand produced only “modest” results.
The UnitedStates Army sponsored the vaccine trial. The study combined two vaccines, usingversions of H.I.V. common in Thailand. Neither vaccine alone had shown successin earlier studies.
Thai researcherstested the combination in more than 16,000 volunteers. Half of the volunteersgot the vaccine. The others got a placebo, an inactive substance. All weregiven condoms and counseling on AIDS prevention for three years. The studyfound 31 percent fewer cases of infection in the vaccine group than in theplacebo group.
But critics saidthe findings could possibly have resulted from chance. The announcement inSeptember was based on all 16, 000 volunteers. Almost one-third of them,however, did not follow all the required steps in the study. Results just fromthose who did were similar to the larger group, but the influence of chance wasmore of a possibility.
Still, theresearchers said the study produced enough valuable information to offer newhope for AIDS research.
21. According to the article, ______ did not want people with H.I.Vvirus to seek entry to America twenty years ago.
A. George Bush
B. Obama
C. the Congress
D. the Senate
22. According to this article, it was ______ who sponsored thatmedical experiment to find vaccine for H.I.V carriers.
A. the ThaiGovernment
B. the FrenchGovernment
C. thescientist from New England
D. the UniteStates Army
23. From the article we can infer that 8,000 volunteers in ______ were given the vaccine.
A Thailand
B. UnitedStates of America
C. France
D. Canada
24. According to the article, which one ofthe following statements is true?
A. America wasthe only country that prevented people with H.I.V from entering the country
B. Only a fewcountries refused to issue entry visa to people with H.I.V.
C. Theconference held in Paris was on AIDS prevention.
D. The vaccinetest conducted in Thailand produced important results.
25. According to the critics, the findingsof the test ______.
A. has producedenough valuable information
B. should notbe taken seriously
C. has producedreliable statistics
D. has paved asolid foundation for further research
【答案与解析】
21. C 根据第一段The government later tried to cancel its decision. But Congress madethe travel ban a part of immigration law可知二十年前，政府希望取消对H.I.V携带者的禁令，而国会则将因此产生的禁止过境作为移民法的一部分。A、B项是当前的人物，与二十年前的决定无关。
22. D 根据第六段第一句话The United States Army sponsored the vaccine trial可知选D项。
23. A 根据第五段最后一句话The researchers confirmed that the study in Thailand produced only“modest” results 和第六段第二句话The study combined two vaccines, using versions of H.I.V. common inThailand.可知这项研究是在泰国做的，可推测其中涉及到的志愿者也是在泰国。
24. B 根据第三段最后一句话we are one of only a dozen countries that still bar people withH.I.V. from entering our own country可知世界上只有少数国家禁止艾滋病毒携带者入境，美国是其中一个，可知B项正确，A项不正确。根据第五段第二句The full results ofthe vaccine study were presented in late October at an international conferencein Paris可知这个会议是个国际会议，研究结果在会上公布，但并没有说明这个会议是关于艾滋病防治的，故C项不正确。根据第五段最后一句话The researchers confirmed that the study in Thailand produced only“modest” results以及后文中对结果可靠性的争论可知这个研究结果并不是十分可信，故D项不正确。
25. B 根据倒数第二段第一句话But critics said the findings could possibly have resulted fromchance可知，批评者认为结果具有偶然性，故不应该认真对待。
“Two hundredeight million, two hundred nine million, two hundred ten million ....” That isthe sound of solid waste hitting the bottom of garbage cans all over UnitedStates in 1996. Solid wastes are materials that are discarded or thrown awayafter use by consumers and businesses. This does not include fluid materials.During that year, Americans threw away 210 million tons （about 4.3 pounds/2 kilogramsper person daily）ofgarbage. We threw away 12.4 million tons of glass and about 80 million tons ofpaper products. Americans also threw away large amounts （in tons）of food scraps, yard wastes,plastics, sludge from sewage treatment plants, and other materials. That isalmost a mountain of garbage!
Even though wemake an effort to recycle and compostour solid waste, the amount of waste keeps increasing each year. Our biggestproblem is where to put the solid waste and how to keep it from polluting ourenvironment. If solid waste is disposed of incorrectly, it can contaminate oursurface and underground water supplies. Currently, our municipal waste or wastecollected by our cities and towns, goes to landfills. Today, about 85% of ourgarbage goes to landfills or garbage dumps. This waste must be treated to keeprats, flies, and other animals from building their homes in the landfill. Thetreatment also prevents the growth of bacteria and other organisms that carrydiseases. So, how do we handle this mountain of garbage? Scientists have comeup with different methods for handling our waste problem.
One type ofwaste, disposal called sanitary landfill was first used in Fresno California,in 1937. In sanitary landfills, the solid waste is spread in thin layers thatare compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This is a more expensivemethod, but it takes away the health hazards that are caused by landfills. Italso allows the land to be used for building or recreation. The negative partabout these landfills is that it is tough to find open land and this process isvery expensive. The land also needs have its water sources protected so thatthe waste will not pollute the water supply. Landfills （open dumps）and sanitary landfills rely onthe natural biodegradability of the solid wastes. Solid waste are biodegradableif they can decay or break down through the action of living organisms andreturn to the earth. However, certain materials take longer to decay thanothers, and some materials do not decay or decompose at all. Scientists neededto search for other methods of waste disposal. Incineration and recycling aretwo methods that are currently in use today.
26. This article is about the disposalproblem of solid waste ______.
A. by consumers
B. inCalifornia
C. by municipalgovernments
D. in America
27. From the article we can infer that ______.
A. treatment ofsolid waste is a hard nut to crack
B. solution toproper disposal of solid waste will be found soon
C. Californiansset a good example in solid waste disposal in the 1930s
D. theGovernment remains confident about the treatment of solid waste
28. According to the article, about ______.isdumped on landhills.
A. 12.4 million tons of garbage
B. 80 milliontons of garbage
C. 85% on thegarbage
D. 92.4 tons ofgarbage
29. The word “recycle”（Line 1, Paragraph 2）means ______.
A. to sendsomething far away
B. to throwsomething away to the right place
C. to convertwaste into reusable material
D. to turn intofertilizers
30. According to the article, which one ofthe following statements is NOT true?
A. Solid wastedoes not include fluid materials.
B. Sanitarylandhill is a type of waste disposal method once used in California.
C. Burning isnot a method that is used today to treat waste.
D. Compostingis still one of the ways to handle the mountain of garbage.
【答案与解析】
26. D 根据第一段United States和Americans两次反复出现可知本文讨论的是美国固体垃圾处理问题，其中包括消费者和公司。第二段出现的our municipal waste是指市政系统的垃圾，并不禁止市政府，故C项不对。
27. A 根据文章内容可知，每年人们产生大量垃圾，虽然人们致力于再循环利于固体垃圾，但垃圾数量依然逐年增长，而其中放置地点和不污染环境是个大问题。科学家们主要提出了三种方法：垃圾掩埋法，再循环，焚烧。加利福尼亚使用的垃圾掩埋法虽然卫生，但是十分昂贵，而且无法保障全部讲解，故在最后一段作者提出Scientists needed to search for other methods of waste disposal可知固体垃圾处理问题十分棘手，现在在用的方法为再循环和焚烧，而根据第二段所述，这两种方法并不减缓垃圾数量增加的速度。因此可知A项正确，B项并没有提及，C项不正确，可推测政府对此并不乐观，故D项也不正确。
28. C 根据第二段Today, about 85% of our garbage goes to landfills or garbage dumps可知C项正确。
29. C 根据文章可知recycle是一种固体垃圾处理方法，且不同于compost（堆肥），本词原意为“再循环”，可知是“回收利用”的意思。
30. C 根据文章最后一句话Incineration（焚烧） and recycling are two methods that are currently in use today可知C项不正确。
Who would havethought we would become a planet of “ologies”? There’s biology, psychology,herpetology, etymology, and geology just to name a few. However, one “ology”truly helps us to understand the most important part of our planet—ourenvironment. Ecology (which is filled with ecologists) is the study ofecosystems and the beings and organisms that inhabit those ecosystems. Justthink, in addition to the bees, deer, and other organisms, you are important toecologists.
Ecosystems arecommunities that vary in size and location. They can be as small as a patch ofgrass or as large as the entire biosphere. The many varieties of plants andanimals that exist in our planet’s ecosystems are important to the survival ofour ecosystems. Plants in particular provide the oxygen and nutrients allorganisms need to survive. These producers have the ability to use the sun’s energy to produce food (thinkphotosynthesis). This is where the animals or consumers become important. Theanimals get their energy by eating the plants and other organisms within theecosystem. Without the producers and consumers, decomposers would not have a job. As you may have guessed, decomposers, like bacteria, stepin to break down the waste excreted from animals and the remains of deadorganisms. Once broken down, the organic materials are absorbed by the soil andgases are sent back into our atmosphere. The whole process is ready to startagain through the Earth’s natural cycles. There has to be a balance ofproducers, consumers, and decomposers in order to maintain a balancedecosystem.
Remember, allorganisms need matter and energy to survive. An ecosystem is balanced whenmatter and energy move efficiently through those ecosystems. Just as yourbackpack has a limit on the number of huge textbooks it can carry at any giventime, all ecosystems have a limit on the populations they can maintain.Carrying capacity is the largest population an ecosystem can support at anyparticular time. The support of this population depends on the amount ofresources (matter and energy) that are available and the movement of thoseresources within that ecosystem. If energy and matter are moving efficientlythrough an ecosystem, then the current population of plants and animals has notreached beyond the ecosystem’s carrying capacity. Once food resources dwindleor animal populations increase dramatically, the ecosystem may not be able tosupport those populations. Fortunately, nature has three ways to control thebalance of ecosystems: ecological responses to change; energy transfer; andfood chains and food webs.
31. The purpose of starting the articlewith the word-ending “ology” (Line 1) is ______.
A. to trace theorigin of “ology”
B. to give anexample for the meaning of “ology”
C. to introducethe term “ecology”
D. toillustrate the importance of balancing the ecosystems
32. According to this article, theecosystems ______.
A. are indanger of being destroyed
B. are verysmall in size
C. refer onlyto the entire biosphere
D. vary greatlyin size and location
33. According to the article, the word“producers”（Line 4,Paragraph 2）refersto ______.
A. plants
B. animals
C. ecologists
D. consumers
34. We can infer from the article that. In the ecosystem the job forthe “decomposers”（Paragraph2）is to ______.
A. absorb thesun’s energy
B. produceoxygen and nutrients
C. break downthe dung and the remains of dead organ
D. eat theplants and animals
35. According to the article, ______.hasthree ways to control the balance of the ecosystems.
A. human beings
B. theenvironment
C. animals andplans
D. nature
【答案与解析】
31. C 文章开始提出的ology的一些例子是我们熟知一些词，暗示我们这个词尾的意思，然后说“和这些词相比，有一个ology对我们了解世界上最重要的部分——环境尤为重要”，以此引出ecology这个词。
32. D 根据第二段第一句话Ecosystems are communities that vary in size and location可知D项正确。
33. A 根据These producers中的代词these可知是指前一句中提到plants。
34. C 根据下一句decomposers, like bacteria, step in to break down the waste excretedfrom animals and the remains of dead organisms可知decomposers起到了分解粪便和生物尸体的作用。
35. D 根据文章最后一句话 nature has three ways to control the balance of ecosystems可知答案为D项。
In modern days,on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi city calledQal’at Sharqat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capital ofa great Mesopotamian empire. At the time, the place had a different name. Itwas called Ashur or Assur. The word Ashur eventually gave rise to the termAssyria, which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in thatregion later became known as the Assyrians.
Historians oftendivide the long history of Assyria into three periods even though they cannotreach a consensus over the exact dates of each era. The three periods were theOld Assyrian Period (circa 2000 B.C. - 1400 B.C.), the Middle Assyrian Period(circa 1365 B.C. - 1100 B.C.), and the Neo-Assyrian Empire (circa 934 B.C. -609 B.C.)
Archaeologicalevidence showed that people began to settle in Ashur as early as 2500 B.C. Butit did not attain any political significance until the 3rd dynasty of Urcollapsed in 2004 B.C. After that fiasco, the Assyrians transformed Ashur intoa bustling commercial center, controlling trade routes to and from Anatolia. In1813 B.C., the first great Assyrian King, Shamshi-Adad I, ascended the throneand began a series of military expansions. At the height of his reign, hiskingdom owned the entire northern Mesopotamia. Its growing influence gave itsneighbors plenty of reasons to be wary. While things were going splendidly forthis Assyrian upstart, Shamshi-Adad passed away in 1791 B.C. Soon after hisdeath, the kingdom began to fall apart. Knowing that Shamshi-Adad’s empire wason the verge of collapse, Hammurabi of the 1st dynasty of Babylon jumped at thechance and invaded northern Mesopotamia. He conquered Ashur in 1760 B.C. Fromthat point on to the middle of the 1300s B.C., Assyria was reduced to a merevassal state. At first, it had to answer to the 1st dynasty of Babylon. Afterthat empire was eradicated, it turned to submit to a Hurrian kingdom calledMitanni. It was not until 1365 B.C. that Assyria, then ruled by Ashur-uballitI, was able to regain its independence. For the next couple hundred years,Assyria grew increasingly powerful. It eventually defeated Babylonia and evenoccupied Egypt.
36. According to the article, the Assyrianslived in part of modern day ______.
A. Egypt
B. India
C. China
D. Iraq
37. According to historians, the history ofAssyria has lasted for about ______.
A. 4000years
B. 3800years
C. 3100years
D. 1400years
38. It was during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I, the first greatAssyrian King, when the Assyrians ______.
A. began toexpand their empire with military forces
B. began toopen new trade routes
C. began toencourage commercial activities
D. began toestablish diplomatic relations with other countries
39. During the reign of Shamshi-Adad I, the neighbouring countriesof Assyrian Empire ______.
A. all showedtheir respect
B. all admiredthe achievements of Shamshi-Adad I
C. all becamevigilant and anxious
D. all paidtribute to Shamshi-Adad I
40. In history, the Assyrians were once very powerful, and they evenoccupied ______.at one stage.
A. India
B. Russia
C. Egypt
D. Greece
【答案与解析】
36. D 根据第一段可知亚述人居住的城市现在是一个伊拉克城市。
37. D 根据第二段第一句话可知历史学家将亚述古城的历史分为三个阶段，分别为the Old Assyrian Period (circa 2000 B.C. - 1400 B.C.), the MiddleAssyrian Period (circa 1365 B.C. - 1100 B.C.), and the Neo-Assyrian Empire(circa 934 B.C. - 609 B.C.)，故可知其历史延续了1400年。
38. A 根据第三段the first great Assyrian King, Shamshi-Adad I, ascended the throneand began a series of military expansions可知A选项正确。
39. C 根据第三段Its growing influence gave its neighbors plenty of reasons to bewary（警惕）可知C项正确，其余选项都没有在文中提及。
40. C 根据文章最后一句话It eventually defeated Babylonia and even occupied Egypt可知C选项正确。
A line in a songasks, “Does anybody really know what time it is?” This question could easilyapply to calendars! Did you know that our ideas about time are affected byreligion? Different faiths use different types of calendars to measure time.
Odd structures,such as Stonehenge in England, may have been used to measure time long ago.These ancient rocks stand in a circle like large, gray Legos. Some people thinkthat the rocks relate to the position of the sun. No one knows how people movedthem into this formation, but it was probably a lot of work. If it was acalendar, it sure was a big one! The Aztecs also had a rock calendar that wasrelated to the sun. They had a Sun Stone that showed their sun god in thecenter.
The calendar youare probably most familiar with is also based on the sun. The powerful RomanEmperor, Julius Caesar, first adopted the solar calendar in 46 B.C. The cycleof the year in a solar calendar is measured from one equinox to the next. Asolar calendar has to be adjusted every so often to keep in time with the sun.In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII first authorized taking a few days out of every yearfor the purpose of adjusting the calendar. People didn’t like this one bitbecause they thought they were losing time! It tool centuries for Europeans toget used to this concept.
Eventually, asystem was worked out to add a single day to the calendar every four years soit was synchronized with the seasons. The extra day made every fourth year 366days long. These special years are called leap years, and we add the extra dayto the month of February. If you know someone whose birthday is on February 29,you know that he or she was born in a leap year. This calendar is called theGregorian calendar, and it is used in the United States and other Christiancountries.
Muslims use adifferent king of calendar. Their lunar calendar is based on the cycles of themoon, and it is completely different than a solar one. According to the Muslimholy book, the Koran, Allah said, “Truly, twelve months is the number of themonths with God, according to God’s Book, ever since He created heaven andEarth.” A new Muslim month does not start until two reliable witnesses haveseen the new moon. Muslim families often take walks in the evening to find thefirst yellow slice of the new moon to start Ramadan, their month-log fast.
41. According to the author of the article, ______.has influencedour way of measuring the time.
A. the universe
B. the Pope
C. religion
D. nature
42. We know from the article that ______.calendaris based on the cycle of the moon.
A. Gregorian
B. solar
C. Christian
D. lunar
43. From the article we can infer thatRamada is a muslin festival, which lasts for ______.
A. one month
B. one week
C. four days
D. twenty fivedays
44. The verb “synchronize”（Line 2, Paragraph 4）probably means ______.
A. to cause tooccur four days later
B. to cause tohappen four days earlier
C. to happenbeforehand or afterwards
D. to cause tohappen at the same time
45. The calendar that most people nowadaysfamiliar with was first adopted by ______.
A. theChristians
B. the Pope
C. JuliusCaesar
D. the Muslins
【答案与解析】
41. C 根据文章第一段最后两句话Did you know that our ideas about time are affected by religion?Different faiths use different types of calendars to measure time可知宗教信仰影响了我们计量时间的方式，接下来在文章里作者列举了不同的宗教信仰采取的不同计量时间的方式。
42. D 根据文章最后一段第二句话heir lunar calendar is based on the cycles of the moon可知阴历是以月亮的周期为基础的。
43. A 根据文章最后一句话Ramadan, their month-long fast可知斋月延续一个月。
44. D 根据文章可知，这种计时系统使得每四年多出一天，从而使每年的季节与日期同步，而不是每年天数相同，如果如此的话我们可以想象累计每一季节开始的时间将会和日期产生差距，可能导致春天开始时正是八月份。故可推测synchronize意为“同步”。
45. C 我们目前最常用的计时系统为阳历，根据第三段Julius Caesar, first adopted the solar calendar in 46 B.C.可知C选项正确。
For anyone whohas experienced an earthquake, the experience can be frightening and traumatic.In addition to the movement of the ground, people need to be concerned withcollapsing buildings and falling debris, such as flying glass. The majority ofthe injuries and deaths that occur from earthquakes are due to falling objectsand structures. The effects of an earthquake can also cause dangerouslandslides, fires, gas line and electric explosions, and floodwaters fromcollapsing dams. The goal of seismologists is to understand why earthquakes andother seismic activity on Earth. This information, when shared with people inearthquake-prone areas, can help decrease the number of deaths and injuriesthat may occur.
One of the mostdestructive effects of earthquakes is tsunami. Tsunamis, giant ocean waves,form after an earthquake has occurred on the ocean floor. If the tsunamicrashes into land, it may cause serious destruction. The difficulty withprotecting people from tsunamis is that they may come without warning and at anextremely high speed. Once undersea earthquakes occur, the ocean floor rises orsinks. This is when tsunamis may begin to form. Along with this shifting of theocean floor, there is also a large mass of seawater that may drop or rise. Toadjust to the sudden change in sea level, the mass of water moves upward ordownward. As it is moving, a series of long, low waves begin to move from thepoint of the epicenter outward. These waves will increase in height as theycome closer to the shore underwater landslides caused by earthquakes may alsoform tsunamis.
On land, thefocus of an earthquake’s destruction is usually buildings and property. Most ofthe buildings today are built using strict building codes. These codes requirethat the buildings can withstand the swaying motion of the ground during anearthquake. However, there are building with weak walls that may collapsecompletely during a quake. Extremely tall buildings, like skyscrapers, may swayso violently that they may tip over and cause damage to lower structuresnearby. One factor that affects the intensity of an earthquake is the localgeology. The type of land that is beneath buildings can determine the way thebuildings respond to an earthquake. Buildings on solid ground are more likelyto withstand an earthquake than buildings that are constructed on loose soiland rock. Likely rock and soil vibrate as if they were jelly. When buildingsare constructed on this type of land, they tend to have an exaggerated motionand to sway violently.
46. This article is concerned with ______.
A. earthquakesonly
B. tsunamisonly
C. bothearthquakes and tsunamis
D. variousnatural disasters
47. The word “seismologists”（Lin 6, Paragraph.1）refers to ______.
A. experts whoare interested in buildings
B. people whoact as rescuers when earthquakes occur
C. people whohave the ability to predict tsunamis
D. experts whostudy earthquakes and related phenomena
48. The term “earthquake-prone area”（line 7, Paragraph 1）probably means ______.
A. a placewhere earthquakes are more likely to happen
B. a regionwhere tsunamis are more likely to occur
C. an area thatis more suitable for the construction of skyscrapers
D. a zone inwhich earthquakes are very unlikely to happen
49. According to the author, tsunamis arecaused by ______.
A. extremeclimatic change due to global warming
B. destructionof the balance of the ecology
C. earthquakes
D. rising sealevel of the ocean as well as carbon dioxide emission
50. From the last paragraph of the article, we can infer that theintensity of an earthquake is closely related to ______.
A. structure ofthe buildings
B. solidity ofthe buildings
C. the heightof the building
D. the localgeology
【答案与解析】
46. C 根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲了地震，其中地震最具破坏力的后果是引发海啸，文中就海啸成因和破坏原理进行了阐述，故选C项。
47. D 根据文章第一段中The goal of seismologists is to understand why earthquakes and otherseismic activity on Earth可知seismologists是研究地震发生原因和其他地震活动的。
48. A 根据文章This information, when shared with people in earthquake-prone areas,can help decrease the number of deaths and injuries that may occur可知，这些地方的人们在了解地震资料后，能有效减少地震带来的伤亡，故可推测这个地区是地震易发地区。
49. C 根据第二段Tsunamis, giant ocean waves, form after an earthquake has occurredon the ocean floor可知海啸是由海床地震引起的巨大波浪。
50. D 根据最后一段One factor that affects the intensity of an earthquake is the localgeology可知选D项。
Part Ⅲ Translation（20%）
51. English-ChineseTranslation（10%）
Directions: Translate the following into Chinese. And you must write yourtranslation on your ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
The opening of Disneylandin Shanghai will bring many associated investment opportunities. At least foureconomic sectors will benefit directly. First, property markets. Housing andcommercial real estate prices around the Disneyland area are already rising.Second, the tourism sector. After the opening, analysts expect 3 to 5 millionmore tourists will visit Shanghai every year, bringing more business to hotels,travel agencies and retailers. Third, brand marketing will give a boost to toymanufacturers, publishers and the gaming industry. Fourth, constructioncompanies and material suppliers will enjoy a huge increase, comparable to the2010 Shanghai World Expo Disneyland’s first phase of construction is expectedto cost 24 billion yuan.
【参考译文】
上海迪斯尼乐园的开放将带来大量相关投资机遇，至少会有四个经济行业从中直接受益。首先是房产市场。迪斯尼乐园附近的住房和商品地产价格已经开始上升。其次，旅游业。分析家预期在开放后每年到上海的游客将增加300万到500万，给宾馆、旅行社和零售商带来更多商机。第三，品牌营销将推进玩具制造业、出版商和游戏产业的发展。第四，建筑公司和原料供应商将迎来大幅增长，迪斯尼乐园的一期建筑预期花费240亿元，堪与2010上海世博会媲美。
【解析】
本篇文章以短句为主，翻译起来较为简单，唯一的长句为第六句“After the opening analysts expect ... travel agencies and retailers.”，在翻译将主语analysts前置，其分析的内容全部置后，可保证句子语义完整。本文的翻译难点在于专业词汇的翻译，比如economic sector等，故在练习中积累相关词汇十分重要。
【文海拾贝】
economic sector 经济行业
property market 房产市场
commercial real estate 商品地产
give a boost 促进
brand marketing 品牌营销
comparable to 可比的，与……相当
52. Chinese-EnglishTranslation（10%）
Directions: Translate the following into English. And you must write yourtranslation on your ANSWER AHEET Ⅱ.
首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。当别人的孩子在玩耍的时候很难想象一个学生能把精力集中在课本上。而且，由于要额外的学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。通过以上讨论我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。任何家长都应非常重视孩子在学习与玩耍这两方面的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。
【参考译文】
In the firstplace, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth ofchildren. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to takesome sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent thewhole day in a boring classroom. Since children are undergoing fast physicaldevelopment, lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence ontheir later life. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majorityof children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additionaleducational activities. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energyon textbook while other children are playing. Moreover, children will have lesstime to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies,consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character andinterpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer fromcertain mental illness. From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obviousadvantages, its disadvantages shouldn’t be ignored and far outweigh itsadvantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school. Anyparents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep thebalance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no playmakes Jack a dull boy.
【解析】
在做汉译英时，由于汉语句子常为块状结构，英语句子注重链接和逻辑，故在翻译过程中要注意句子结构和衔接，可通过增词、减词、替代、转换、使用连接词等手段实现句子间的衔接，使之符合英语表达习惯。比如第三句“孩子们正处于……造成严重的影响”实际上表达的是因果关系，故要在译文中体现出来，用Since一词进行衔接；第五句“当别人的孩子在玩耍的时候很难想象一个学生能把精力集中在课本上”，译文通过提前“很难想象”来改变句子结构，使之符合英语表达习惯，并且衔接流畅；第六句是个长句，是本段文章翻译的难点，首先分析句子结构，“孩子们没有……”是主句，前一句和后一句分别是原因和结果，译文巧用“due to”和“consequently”两词，起到了很好的连接作用。此外，译文行文简洁，例如在翻译“但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点”时，译者用了两个并列动词“be ignored”和“outweigh”，忠实而形象地传达出原文意思。
【文海拾贝】
正处于身体快速发育时期 undergo fast physical development
造成严重的影响 produce disastrous influence
从心理上讲 frompsychological aspect
没有什么好感 havean unfavorable attitude toward
精力集中在 focustheir energy on
同龄的孩子 peers
交际能力 interpersonalskill
孤僻 solitary
只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
Part Ⅳ Writing（30%）
53. Practical Writing（10%）
Directions: Write a note to your roommate Frank. Your note should contain about80 English words. Remember that you are writing this note before leaving forShanghai for three days. In your note, you should ask Frank to look after yourpet dog Goofy while you are away. Your note to Frank should include thefollowing information:
（a）You will fly to Shanghai in theevening;
（b）Apologize to Frank that youhave to leave in a hurry;
（c）Ask Frank to look after Goofy;
（d）Tell Frank that the dog food isleft in the store room;
（e）Remind Frank that Goofy doesnot like cold milk;
（f）Goofy likes to take walks inthe evening;
（g）Let Frank know that you aregrateful to him for looking after Goofy.
Write your note to Frank on your ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
【参考范文】
【解析】
便条是一种简单的书信，主要目的是为了尽快地把最新的信息、通知、要求或者活动的时间、地点转告给对方，语言尽量通俗口语化，简单扼要，直截了当，无需使用客套语言。各类便条必须包括以下几个基本要素：1）Date：便条日期；2）Salutation：称呼；3）Body：正文；4）Signature：署名。本文要求写留言条，主要内容也在题目要求中给出，只需用合适的方式将内容衔接在一起即可。
54. Essay Writing（20%）
Directions: Write an essay of about 200 words as your answer to the followingquestion: “Should the Chinese Government pay more attention and invest more ineducation for children from the rural area?”
Write your essay on your ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
【参考范文】
In China, for along time, due to the restrictions of the natural environment, economicdevelopment and traditional ideas, China’s rural education is less developedthan that in the city. Though the economy in rural areas has improved a lot,the situation of Chinese rural education is not optimistic, which needs moreattention from Chinese government.
First andforemost, in most rural areas of China, the schools are underdeveloped andstudents must study under very hard conditions. When I was a voluntary teacherin a rural primary school, I saw many of my students take hours of precipitous mountainpath to school. Secondly, Chinese rural schools face a serious shortage ofteachers, especially competent teachers. What’s more, there is plenty of roomfor improvement in the rural education quality. These are several factors thatrestrict the development of rural education.
Since the loweducation level in the rural area contributes partly to the gap of living and thecurrent situation of Chinese rural education is quite worrying, the Chinese governmentshould pay more attention and invest more on rural education. Firstly, morefunds should be invested in rural education infrastructure and teacherstraining. Secondly, Chinese government can call for college students or otherqualified people to do voluntary teaching in these less developed areas. Thirdly,associated law system should be completed to facilitate rural educationdevelopment. In addition, the whole society from citizens to the government andthe international organizations should hang together and give their hands totake actions to help and solve the issue.
【解析】
本文围绕“农村教育”问题展开论述。在首段，作者开门见山提出，长期以来，由于种种条件的制约，中国农村教育一直处于欠发达状态，政府应该注重这个问题。第二段，作者分别从三个方面分析了中国农村教育落后的原因，接着在第三段简短的总结之后，作者紧承前文从三个方面提出了解决方面，最后提出全民都应对此伸出他们的援助之手，升华了主题，完美收尾。本文论述充分，语言流畅，句式整齐有力，结构清晰，是一篇不可多得的范文。
【文海拾贝】
①traditionalideas 传统观念
②voluntaryteacher 支教志愿者
③precipitous陡峭的
④thereis plenty of room for improvement in 还有待于大大提高
⑤callfor 号召
⑥facilitate使便利，减轻……的困难