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Part One: ListeningComprehension
（略）
Part Two: Structure andWritten Expression (15%)
Directions: For each question decide which of the fourchoices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the placemarked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
11. A survey has found that three quarters ofmen quite enjoy their food shopping experience and are happy to _____ their wayaround the aisles searching out products.
A. drive
B. steer
C. navigate
D. voyage
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：一项调查发现，四分之三的男性相当享受自己购买食物的过程，而且喜欢在超市过道来回穿梭搜寻产品。navigate绕过；导航。steer引导；驾驶。voyage远航；旅行。
12. We’ve seen a _____ trend of consumers sayingthey will spend more, from holiday shopping to 2012 travel plans, and spendingplans for Feb 14 are no exception.
A.consistent
B.persistent
C.insistent
D.resistant
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：我们已经看到，无论是假日购物还是2012年旅游计划，消费者一致倾向于消费更多，并且2月14日的消费计划也不例外。consistent一贯的；一致的；连续的。persistent坚持的；持久稳固的。insistent坚持的；迫切的；显著的。resistant抵抗的；顽固的。
13. Nearly a third of parents say they feel_____ into their homes but cannot afford to move to a bigger property, a reportreveals today.
A. squealed
B. squeezed
C. squared
D. sneezed
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：今日一份报告显示，近三分之一的父母称感觉家中拥挤，但又负担不起搬迁到更大房子的费用。squeeze有“挤过，挤进，塞进”之意，符合句意。squeal告密；长声尖叫。square使成方形；与…一致。sneeze打喷嚏。
14. Going through a tricky divorce would be enoughto put anyone off marriage for life. But a new study shows that men are much morelikely to _____ a stressful and complicated break-up than women.
A. get on
B. get off
C. get over
D. get in
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：经历一场艰辛的离婚足以让人自此以后远离婚姻。然而一项新研究表明，男性比女性更容易从压力重重且复杂的离婚伤害中恢复过来。get over克服；恢复；熬过。get on上车；进展。get off动身；免于受罚；从…下来。get in进入；到达；陷入。
15. Being born in the summer could give you asunny disposition for life. And a winter birthday might cast a permanent shadow_____ your happiness, scientists believe.
A. through
B. cross
C. beneath
D. over
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：科学家认为出生在夏天会赋予人开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能会给人的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。cast a shadow over为惯用搭配，指“蒙上阴影”。
16. Couples blessed with strength and aggression_____ looks are better off having boys, as these characteristics are of more useto males.
A. other than
B. rather than
C. rather too
D. in spite of
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：比起长相好的夫妇，那些体力强且有进取心的夫妇更容易生儿子，因为这些特质对男性更有用。rather than而不是；宁可……也不愿。other than除了；不同于。in spite of尽管；不管。
17. Iran’s morality police are _____ on the saleof Barbie dolls to protect the public from what they see as pernicious westernculture eroding Islamic values.
A. putting down
B. breaking down
C. cracking down
D. looking down
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：为防止公众的伊斯兰价值观受到其认为有害的西方文化侵蚀，伊朗道德警察禁止芭比娃娃的销售。crack down制裁，打击。put down镇压；记下；贬低。break down分解；发生故障；失败。look down俯视；向下看。
18. Business and government managers oftenpromote ‘clean desk’ policies to avoid disorganized offices and messy desks,_____ boosting work efficiency and productivity.
A. for the purpose of
B. for good of
C. for purpose of
D. for the fun of
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：企业和政府管理人员经常推行“整洁办公桌”政策来避免出现杂乱的办公室和凌乱的办公桌的现象，从而提高工作效率和生产力。for the purpose of为固定搭配，意为“为了……目的”。
19. New research suggests gossip could actuallylower _____ and help people overcome the frustration of seeing someone doingsomething wrong and getting away with it.
A. press
B. bless
C. cress
D. stress
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：新研究显示，散播流言实际上能减轻压力，帮助人们克服看到有人做错事却没受惩罚的挫败感。根据句意可知本题应选stress。cress水芹；十字花科植物。因此正确答案为D项。
20. Brides are increasingly shunning summerweddings and getting married during winter _____ to cut costs amid the economicgloom, figures suggest.
A. instead of
B. otherwise
C. instead
D. rather than
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：数据显示，为在经济不景气的状况下减少开支，越来越多的新娘选择避开夏天而在冬天举行婚礼。instead为副词，有“反而；代替”之意，符合语境。instead of后面需要接介词宾语，意思为“而不是……”，不能跟不定式。otherwise否则；另外；在其他方面。ratherthan而不是；宁可……也不愿。
21. In the age of Google, our minds are adapting_____ we are experts at knowing where to find information even though we don’trecall what it is.
A. so much
B. so that
C. such that
D. so what
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：我们的头脑正在不断适应谷歌时代，以便即使忘记了某信息，我们也善于从网络中找出这一信息。so that以便；所以。such that如此……以致。so what那又怎样。
22. _____ 2.6 million people starting diets onNew Year’s Day, research suggests that by the end of the week 92 percent ofdieters gave up, shunning exercise and gorging on comfort food.
A. In spite
B. Although
C. While
D. Despite
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：调查显示尽管260万人在新年那一天开始减肥，但本周结束时，92%的节食者放弃计划，不再运动且大吃美食。despite为介词，后跟名词、代词或动名词形式，意为“尽管；不管；虽有”，符合句意。in spite后应加介词of。although和while虽也可表示转折，但均为连词，后应加句子，予以排除。因此本题答案选D。
23. Experiments suggest that season of birth dramaticallyaffects the speed _____ the body clock ticks.
A. at which
B. for which
C. on which
D. in which
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：实验表明，出生的季节会极大影响人体生物钟运转的速度。speed常与介词at搭配，at the speed of意为“以…的速度”。
24. Scientists on Tuesday pushed the hands ofthe infamous “Doomsday Clock” forward one minute from last year, signalingtheir _____ pessimism about the efforts of world leaders to handle globalthreats.
A. increase
B. increased
C. increasedly
D. increasing
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：周二，科学家们把邪恶的“末日之钟”的指针向前拨动，使之比去年快一分钟，以示他们对世界各国领导人应对全球威胁的行动感到越来越悲观。increasing意为“越来越多的，渐增的”，符合句意。increased增加的，增强的。A项动词和C项副词均不能修饰名词pessimism。
25. Retirees looking to stretch their pensionsmight consider spending their golden years in Ecuador, Panama or Mexico, _____cost of living is low and the weather is warm, according to a new index.
A. which
B. when
C. where
D. whose
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：一项新指数显示，想要更好利用养老金的退休者可能会考虑到厄瓜多尔、巴拿马或墨西哥度过晚年，因为这些地方生活成本低，且气温宜人。此处where引导地点定语从句修饰Ecuador,Panama or Mexico。
Part Three: Cloze Test(15%)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and decidethe best choice for each numbered blank. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
The world’s greatest snow-capped peaks, which run in achain from the Himalayas to Tian Shan (26) _____ the border of China andKyrgyzstan, have lost no ice (27) _____ the last decade, new research shows.
The discovery has stunned scientists, who (28) _____ that around50bn tons of meltwater (29) _____ each year and not being replaced by newsnowfall.
The study is the first to survey all the world’s icecapsand glaciers and was made (30) _____ by the use of satellite data. Overall, thecontribution of melting ice outside the two largest caps—Greenland andAntarctica—is much (31) _____ than previously estimated, with the lack of iceloss in the Himalayas and the other high peaks of Asia (32) _____ most of thediscrepancy.
Bristol University glaciologist Prof Jonathan Bamber, whowas not part of the research team, said: “The very unexpected result was thenegligible mass loss from high mountain Asia, which is not (33) _____ differentfrom zero.”
The melting of Himalayan glaciers caused (34) _____ in 2009when a report from the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changemistakenly stated that they would disappear by 2035, instead of 2350. (35)_____, the scientist who led the new work is clear that while greateruncertainty has been discovered in Asia’s highest mountains, the melting of icecaps and glaciers around the world (36) _____ a serious concern.
”Our results and those of everyone else show we are losinga huge amount of the oceans every year,” said Prof John Wahr of the Universityof Colorado, “People should be just as worried about the melting of the world’sice as they were before.”
His team’s study, published in the journal Nature,concludes that between, 443-629bn tons of meltwater overall are added to theworld’s oceans each year. This is (37) _____ sea level by about 1.5mm a year,the team reports, (38) _____ the 2mm a year caused by expansion of the warmingocean.
The scientists are careful to point out that lower-altitudeglaciers in the Asian mountain ranges—sometimes dubbed the “third pole”—are (39)_____ melting. Satellite images and reports confirm this. But over the studyperiod from 2003-10 enough ice was added to the peaks to (40) _____.
26. A. on
B. in
C. across
D. over
27. A. from
B. as
C. upon
D. over
28. A. believed
B. had believed
C. have believed
D. were believing
29. A. were being shedding
B. were shedding
C. were being shed
D. were shed
30. A. impossible
B.possible
C.unavailable
D.available
31. A. shorter
B. smaller
C. fewer
D. less
32. A. in charge of
B. responsible for
C. liable for
D. caused by
33. A. significantly
B. meaningfully
C. informatively
D. expressively
34. A. agreement
B. consensus
C. controversy
D. difference
35. A. Besides
B. Furthermore
C. Despite
D. However
36. A. resumes
B. remains
C. keeps
D. lasts
37. A. rising
B. arising
C. raising
D. rearing
38. A. including
B. adding up to
C. additionally
D. in addition to
39. A. definitely
B. necessarily
C. exactly
D. particularly
40. A. replace
B. refund
C. compensate
D. balance
【答案与解析】
26. A 此处指“世界上最大的白雪皑皑的山峰，在中国和吉尔吉斯斯坦的边境处从喜马拉雅山一直延伸到天山”。“在……的边界上”的表达为on the border of。因此本题选A。
27. D 该处指“在过去10年间”，表示一段时间可用介词over，因此本题答案为D项。
28. B 该空所在分句指“科学家之前曾认为每年大约有500亿吨融化的冰雪”，是相对于主句谓语has stunned而言，因此本空应用过去完成时态。
29. C 该空之后的and连接两个并列成分，and后为not being replaced与之并列，因此此处也应用进行时的被动形式，即C项。
30. B 根据上下文可知，此处指“卫星数据的使用使该研究成为可能”，因此该空应填入possible，即B项。
31. D 根据该空之后提到的with thelack of ice loss in the Himalayas and the other high peaks of Asia，可推测此处指“融冰量比之前估计的要少得多”，由于主语为不可数名词contribution，因此该空应选less。
32. B 根据上下文可知，此处指“喜马拉雅山和亚洲的其他高峰冰层消融程度比预想的少是造成估算偏差的主要原因”。responsible for有“是造成……的原因”之意，因此B项为正确答案。in charge of负责；主管。liable for对……有责任。
33. A significantly修饰different，意为“有显著差异；大不相同”，放在文中指“亚洲高山地区的冰层消融量微不足道，几乎可以忽略不计（消融量几乎为零）”。meaningfully有意义地；意味深长地。informatively提供信息地。expressively表现地；意味深长地。因此本题选A。
34. C 根据下文提到的mistakenlystated，可推知此处指的是“引起争议”，因此应该选controversy（争论，争议）。consensus一致；舆论；合意。
35. D 前文提到一份报告错误地显示喜马拉雅冰川将在2035年消失时，喜马拉雅山上的冰川的融化引起了争论，此处则指出“科学家很清楚，尽管对于亚洲最高山上冰雪的融化程度还不确定，但全世界冰盖和冰川的融化依然备受关注”，前后为转折关系，因此D项however（然而）符合。
36. B 根据上题分析可知，此处指“仍然是，依然是”，因此应选择系动词remains。
37. C 此处指每年有443-629bn吨冰川融水注入海洋中使使海平面上升约1.5毫米，该空之后跟有宾语sea level，因此应选及物动词raising。
38. D 该空后讲述了使海平面上升的另一个原因，即海洋暖流范围的扩大。因此应选in addition to（除……之外）。add up to合计达，总计达。additionally此外；又。
39. A 根据下一句提到的“卫星图像和报告证实了这一点”，可知此处指“亚洲山脉上的低海拔冰川的确正在融化”。definitely明确地；确定地。
40. C 根据语境可知，此处指“山峰上又增加了足够的冰层，从而弥补了消融部分”，因此答案选C（compensate补偿；抵消）。
【题海拾贝】
snow-capped adj. 积雪盖顶的
stun v. 使震惊；打昏；给以深刻的印象
meltwater n. 冰雪融化成的水；熔融液
discrepancy n. 不符；矛盾；相差
negligible adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略的
dubbed adj. 被称为的；译制的
Part Four: ReadingComprehension (20%)
Directions: Each of the following four passages isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question orunfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully andchoose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
The United Nations Population Fund has picked October 31 asthe day the world will be home to 7 billion people. For better and worse, it’sa milestone.
And there will be more milestones ahead. Fourteen yearsfrom now, there are expected to be 8 billion people on the planet. Most of thegrowth will occur in the world’s poorer countries. Proportionally, Europe’spopulation will decline, while Africa’s will increase. At around the same time,India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth.
The growing global population is just one side of the coin.A recent report from the World Health Organization signaled the seriousness ofthe human population explosion: more than 3 billion people—about half theworld’s population—are malnourished. Never before have so many, or such a largeproportion, of the world’s people been malnourished.
And in a growing number of countries there is a seeminglyunstoppable march toward sub-replacement fertility, whereby each new generationis less populous than the previous one, and population aging.
As a result of declining fertility and increasinglongevity, the population of more and more countries are aging rapidly, Between2005 and 2050, a rise in the population aged 60 years or over will be visible,whereas the number of children (persons under age 15) will decline slightly.
Population aging represents, in one sense, a success storyfor mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutions thatmust adapt to a changing age structure.
The latest national census in China shows the number of elderlypeople in the country has jumped to more than 13.3 percent of the population,an increase of nearly 3 percentage points on the percentage from the previouscensus in 2000. A quarter of the country’s population will be over 65 by 2050,according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission.
The growing number of elderly is a challenge that thegovernment needs to tackle, we can’t rely on the ever-increasing population tosupport them or maintain the nation’s economic growth. Better solutions areneeded, such as raising retirement ages to reflect the greater longevity andworking capability of today’s older adults and making adjustments so pensionprograms are more accessible.
It was heartening to hear the Ministry of Human Resourcesand Social Security spokesperson announced in Beijing on Tuesday that thegovernment will take the retirement policy seriously and proactively.
Shanghai began testing a flexible retirement system lastOctober. Eligible employees in the private allowed to postpone retirement untilthe age of 65 for men and 60 for women. Public servants, however, will continueto retire under the present system age 60 for men and 55 for women.
41. According to thepassage, India will _____ in 14 years.
A. be a poorer country
B. be the most populous country
C. decline in population
D. increase investment in Africa
42. What problem willresult from the global population explosion?
A. Population aging
B. Increasing longevity
C. Declining fertility
D. Expanding malnourishment
43. Population agingrepresents the following EXCEPT ______.
A. rapid economic development
B. challenge to public institutions
C. success story of mankind
D. changing age structure
44. Today’s olderadults enjoy ______.
A. more working years
B. more accessible pension programs
C. greater longevity
D. greater government support
45. What is theauthor’s attitude toward the spokesperson’s announcement?
A. Angered.
B. Delighted.
C. Indifferent.
D. Disappointed.
【答案与解析】
41. B 题干中的关键信息为in 14years，从而定位至文章第三段，该段预测了14年后地球上的人口分布情况，其中该段最后一句指出“At around the same time, India will overtakeChina as the most populous nation on Earth”，即14年后，印度将会超过中国成为世界上人口最多的国家，因此正确答案为B项。
42. D 根据题干中的populationexplosion可定位至第四段，该段提出了population explosion（人口激增）的问题，并介绍到世界上超过30亿的人营养不良（malnourished），在这之前从未有过如此多的人或有如此大的人口比例出现这一问题。由此可知，人口激增会导致营养不良人群增多。
43. A 文章第五段最后首次提到人口老龄化（populationaging）问题，而关于人口老龄化的正面和负面影响则主要集中在第七段“Population aging represents, in one sense, asuccess story for mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutionsthat must adapt to a changing age structure”，由此可知只有A项的内容在文中未被提及。
44. C 倒数第三段提到如何应对人口老龄化的问题，其中提到“... raising retirement ages to reflect the greaterlongevity and working capability of today’s older adults and making adjustmentsso pension programs are more accessible”，从reflect the greaterlongevity可知如今的老年人越来越长寿。因此答案选C。
45. B 由题干中的spokesperson（发言人）可定位至文章倒数第二段，该段指出“It was heartening to hear the Ministry of HumanResources and Social Security spokesperson announced ...”，其中heartening意为“令人振奋的，鼓舞人的”，可知作者对于发言人所宣布内容感到高兴，因此正确答案为B项。
【题海拾贝】
milestone n. 里程碑，划时代的事件
populous adj. 人口稠密的；人口多的
malnourished adj. 营养不良的；营养失调的
profound adj. 深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的
longevity n. 长寿；寿命
eligible adj. 合格的；符合条件的；有资格当选的
public servants公务员；公仆；公职人员
The United Nations declared last Friday that Somalia’sfamine is over. But the official declaration means little to the millions ofSomalis who are still hungry and waiting for their crops to grow.
Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at Davidson Collegesaid it was profoundly disappointing to be discussing another Somali famine,after he worked in the country during the 1991-92 one. Each famine, he said,has distinct characteristics, and this one unfolded in slow motion over thepast couple of years. That’s at least partly because the Somali diaspora sentmoney home that delayed the worst effects.
Menkhaus was among four experts on Somali and famine whospoke at the Radcliffe Gym Monday evening. Who gathered for the event, “Soundthe Horn: Famine in the Horn of Africa.” Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones UniversityProfessor of Global Health and Social Medicine, drew on his experience treatingmalnourished people in Haiti, where he has worked for decades, and said thehuman and social context of hunger need as much attention as the patients do. Amalnourished child is typically an indication of poverty at home, and aid tofamilies should be part of treating the child, he said. Similarly, broader agriculturalinterventions and fair trade policies are needed to boost local agricultural economies.
Though famine is often thought of as a natural disaster, Monday’sspeakers said that is a false impression. Though Somali suffered through a severedrought with today’s instant communications, transport systems can move massiveamounts of food. Given today’s global food markets, famine is too often afailure of local government and international response.
“In today’s 21st-century world, just about everything aboutfamine is man-made. We’re no longer in a world of man against nature,” saidRobert Paarlberg, adjunct professor of public policy at the Harvard KennedySchool.
Ethiopia, which was also affected by the recent drought,fared much better this time because of reforms implemented after the 2001 one.Likewise, Paaflberg said, northern and central Somalia, regions that failoutside of the influence of the Al-Shabaab militia, also fared better. Therewere several man-made features of this famine, which affected more than 10million people and killed between 50,000 and 100,000, half of them childrenunder age 5.
The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaabmilitia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching those in need.But the international community isn’t blameless. As early as November 2010, aninternational famine early warning system was predicting the failure of rainsin the region, but the international community didn’t respond fully until anofficial famine was declared in July 2011. On top of that, U.S. anti-terrorismlaws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, wastaking some of it.
Though the United Nations has declared the famine over,that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying eachday and the number of children who are malnourished. Though the official faminemay be over, both U.N. officials and Monday’s speakers said the crisiscontinues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population remainsdependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will takemonths to reach maturity, and herds of cows, goats, and other animals weregreatly reduced during the crisis.
Michael Delaney, director of humanitarian response forOxfam America, warned that the world will have another chance to get itsresponse right, because the warning signs are pointing to an impending faminein Africa’s Sahel, the arid, continent-spanning transition zone just below the SaharaDesert.
46. The current Somalifamine is different from the 1991-92 one in that _____.
A. it received less international aid
B. worst effects came more slowly
C. it caught more attention from the world
D. it lasted longer despite help from the UN
47. In treating themalnourished patients, attention should be paid to the following EXCEPT _____.
A. making fair trade policies
B. aiding the patients’ families
C. ignoring the indication of poverty
D. exercising agricultural interventions
48. What is implied by“We’re no longer in a world of man against nature?”
A. Natural disaster alone cannot explain famines.
B. We live in a world of many man-made matters.
C. The world is made up of conflicting social forces.
D. Human beings fight with one another for better life.
49. Regarding thecurrent famine in Somalia, who’s to blame most?
A. The United States
B. The Al-Shabaab militia
C. The United Nations FAO
D. The international community
50. What problem stillremains from the current Somali famine?
A. The number of malnourished children remains unknown
B. Half of the population remains dependent on humanitarianassistance
C. Crops growing from recent rains were reaped beforereaching maturity
D. Herds of cows, goats and other animals were greatlyreduced during the famine
【答案与解析】
46. B 根据题干中的1991-92可定位至文章第二段，该段中一名政治学教授将此次索马里所发生的饥荒与1991-92那次进行了比较，该段最后两句提到“... thisone unfolded in slow motion over the past couple of years ... partly becausethe Somali diaspora sent money home that delayed the worst effects”，根据slow motion和delayed the worst effects可知此次索马里饥荒最糟结果出现得更慢。因此答案选B。
47. C 文章第三段中一位全球健康与社会医学教授讲述了关于治疗营养不良病人的经验，该段最后两句提到“A malnourished child is typically an indicationof poverty at home, and aid to families should be part of treating the child,he said. Similarly, broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policiesare needed to boost local agricultural economies”，其中“aid tofamilies”，“broader agricultural interventions”和“fair trade policies”分别对应B、D和A项的内容，C项“忽视贫困迹象”在文中未被提及。故答案选C。
48. B 题干引用句子出现在文章第五段，该段指出“Intoday’s 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made. We’reno longer in a world of man against nature”，也就是说，造成饥荒几乎全部是人为因素，我们已不再处于人类与大自然相抗争的世界中，即我们现在所处世界上的很多事也都是人类所造成的（我们已不再是处于人类与大自然相抗争的世界中）。”因此本题答案选B。
49. B 文中第六段最后一句提到“Therewere several man-made features of this famine ...”，即索马里此次出现的饥荒有很多人为因素，接着第七段首句指出“The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaabmilitia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching those in need”，因此此次索马里饥荒最应该责备的是Al-Shabaab民兵组织，即B项。
50. D 文章倒数第二段指出虽然联合国官方宣布索马里饥荒已经结束，但对于索马里人们来说，饥荒仍在继续，该段最后一句描述了目前索马里的状况“Almost a third of the population remainsdependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will takemonths to reach maturity, and herds of cows, goats, and other animals weregreatly reduced during the crisis”，由此可知这场饥荒期间，牛羊和其他动物的数量大量减少。其他选项的描述与原文均有出入，因此本题正确答案为D项。
【题海拾贝】
famine n. 饥荒；饥饿，奇缺
unfold v. 展开；显露
intervention n. 介入；调停；妨碍
adjunct professor副教授，兼职教授
implement v. 实施，执行；使生效
militia n. 民兵组织；自卫队；义勇军
humanitarian assistance人道援助
impending adj. 即将发生的；迫切的；悬挂的
Both versions of the myth—the West as a place of escapefrom society and the West as a stage on which the moral conflicts confrontingsociety could be played out—figured prominently in the histories and essays ofyoung Theodore Roosevelt, the paintings and sculptures of artist FredericRemington, and the short stories and novels of writer Owen Wister. These threeyoung members of the eastern establishment spent much time in the West in the1880s, and each was intensely affected by the adventure. All three had feltthwarted by the constraints and enervating influence of the genteel urban worldin which they had grown up, and each went West to experience the physicalchallenges and moral simplicities extolled in the dime novels. When Rooseveltarrived in 1884 at the ranch he had purchased in the Dakota Badlands, he atonce bought a leather scout’s uniform, complete with fringed sleeves andleggings.
Each man also found in the West precisely what he waslooking for. The frontier that Roosevelt glorified in such books as TheWinning of the West (four volumes, 1889-1896), and that the prolificRemington portrayed in his work, was a stark physical and moral environmentthat stripped away all social artifice and tested an individual’s true abilityand character. Drawing on a popular version of English scientist Charles Darwin’sevolutionary theory, which characterized life as a struggle in which only thefittest and beat survived, Roosevelt and Remington exalted the disappearing frontieras the last outpost of an honest and true social order.
This version of the frontier myth reached its apogee in OwnWister’s enormously popular novels The Virginian (1902), later reincarnatedas a 1929 Gary Cooper movie and a 1960s television series. In Wister’s tale theelemental physical and social environment of the Great Plains producesindividuals like his unnamed cowboy hero, “the Virginian,” an honest, strongand compassionate man, quick to help the weak, and fight the wicked. TheVirginian is one of nature’s aristocrats—ill-educated and unsophisticated butupright steady, and deeply moral. The Virginian sums up his own moral code indescribing his view of God’s justice: “He plays a square game with us.” ForWister, as for Roosevelt and Remington, the cowboy was the Christian knight onthe Plains, indifferent to material gain as he upheld virtue, pursued justice,and attacked evil.
Needless to say, the western myth in all its forms was farremoved from the actual reality of the West. Critics delighted in pointing outthat no one scene in The Virginian actually showed the hard physical laborof the cattle range. The idealized version of the West also glossed over thedarker underside of frontier expansion—the brutalities of Indian warfare, the forcedremoval of the Indians to reservations, the racist discrimination againstMexican-Americans and blacks, the risks and perils of commercial agricultureand cattle growing, and the boom-and-bust mentality rooted in the selfishexploitation of natural resources.
51. Which of the following is probably the mainreason for the author to mention Theodore Roosevelt, Frederic Remington andOwen Wister?
A. They glorified the frontier life
B. They were constrained by the genteel urban world
C. They spent much time in the West
D. They were famous members of the eastern establishment
52. Which of thefollowing statements best describes The Virginian?
A. It is the best Western movie ever made in Hollywood.
B. It is a popular novel written by Owen Wister and TheodoreRoosevelt
C. It gives an accurate depiction of the frontierexperience
D. It is one of the most successful books about the West
53. According to thepassage, which of the following statements regarding the myth of the West is NOTtrue?
A. In one idealized view, the West was a place one canescape from society and its pressures
B. In one version of the myth, westernfrontiersman was depicted as a figure deeply immersed in society and itsconcerns
C. Some writers portrayed the western wilderness as asimple and innocent society
D. The extreme hardship of the frontier life is onepowerful theme of the legendary West
54. The author’sprimary purpose in writing the passage is ______.
A. to perpetuate the myth about the West
B. to introduce the famous writers and painters of the West
C. to distinguish the myth of the West and the actual reality
D. to present the brutalities of Indian warfare
55. What is probablythe reason for people to make up a legendary West?
A. They liked to make up stories
B. They believed what they portrayed were the actual reality
C. They clung to the myth of the West as anuncomplicated, untainted Eden of social simplicity and morally clarity in an eraof unsettling social transformation.
D. They wanted to make profit by luring people to the West
【答案与解析】
51. A 文章首段指出关于西部传奇有两个不同的版本，TheodoreRoosevelt的历史著作和文章中、Frederic Remington的绘画和雕塑中以及OwenWister的短篇故事和小说中都对这两种不同版本的西部传奇进行了显著的描述。可知三人的共同之处在于对西部传奇的描述。再结合最后一段阐述的本文主题“西部传奇将西部地区理想化”，可推测作者提及这三人的主要原因很可能是因为他们都对西部边境生活进行了赞美。因此答案选A。
52. D 文章首次提到The Virginian这本书是在第三段，该段首句对其描述中指出“This version of the frontier myth reached itsapogee in Own Wister’s enormously popular novels The Virginian ...”，其中apogee意为“最高点，极点”，结合下文介绍的对该本书的翻拍，可知The Virginian是描述西部生活最成功的小说之一，因此答案选D。
53. D 文章最后一段开头便指出“thewestern myth in all its forms was far removed from the actual reality of theWest”（各种体裁的西部传奇都远离了西部的现实情况），接着该段第二句描述到“... no one scene in The Virginianactually showed the hard physical labor of the cattle range”（《弗吉尼亚人》这本书中没有一个场景实际表现出养牛场艰辛的体力劳动），可知有关西部的传奇掩藏了边境生活极度困难的一面，因此D项的表述有误。
54. C 文章前三段主要介绍了西部传奇对西部边疆生活的赞美，最后一段则指出西部传奇将西部地区理想化，掩盖了边远地区扩张中艰难和阴暗的一面。由此可见，本文写作的目的主要是将西部传奇与西部的真实情况区分开来。因此正确答案为C项。
55. C 文章第二段第二句讲述到“Thefrontier that Roosevelt glorified in such books as The Winning of the West... and that the prolific Remington portrayed in his work, was a starkphysical and moral environment that stripped away all social artifice andtested an individual’s true ability and character”（artifice诡计；欺骗），可知C项正确介绍了人们描述西部传奇的原因，即“在混乱的社会转型时代，人们确信西部传奇是社会关系简单、道德未受玷污的伊甸园”，因此答案选C。
【题海拾贝】
prominently adv. 显著地
thwart v. 挫败；反对；阻碍；横过
enervating adj. 使人衰弱的；令人萎靡不振的
genteel adj. 上流社会的；有教养的，文雅的
extol v. 颂扬；赞美；赞颂
prolific adj. 多产的；丰富的
stark adj. 荒凉的；完全的；刻板的
exalt v. 提升；提拔；赞扬
reincarnate v. 赋予新形体，使转世化身
gloss over掩盖，掩饰；给以光滑的表面
The belief that the mind plays an important role inphysical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine. From the time ofthe ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century, it was generally acceptedby both physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness,and it seemed natural to apply this concept in medical treatment of disease.After the discovery of new antibiotics, a new assumption arose that treatmentof infectious or inflammatory disease requires only the elimination of theforeign organism or agent that triggers the illness. In the rush to discovernew antibiotics and drugs that cure specific infections and diseases, the factthat the body’s own responses can influence susceptibility to disease and itscourse was largely ignored by medical researchers.
It is ironic that research into infectious and inflammatorydisease first led 20th-century medicine to reject the idea that the mindinfluences physical illness, and now research in the same field—including thework of our laboratory and of our collaborators at the National Institutes ofHealth—is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological tools havemade it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exists betweenthe immune system and the brain, a network that allows the two systems tosignal each other continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cellssignal the brain, and the brain in turn sends chemical signals to restrain theimmune system. These same chemical signals also affect behavior and theresponse to stress. Disruption of this communication network in any way,whether inherited or through drags, toxic substances or surgery, exacerbatesthe diseases that these systems guard against: infectious, inflammatory,autoimmune and associated mood disorders.
The clinical significance of these findings is likely toprove profound. They hold the promise of extending the range of therapeutictreatments available for various disorders, as drugs previously known to workprimarily for nervous system problems are shown to be effective against immunemaladies, and vice versa. They also help to substantiate the popularly heldimpression (still discounted in some medical circles) that our state of mindcan influence how well we resist or recover from infectious or inflammatorydiseases.
The brain’s stress response system is activated inthreatening situations. The immune system responds automatically to pathogensand foreign molecules. These two response systems are the body’s principalmeans for maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis. Asubstantial proportion of human cellular machinery is dedicated to maintainingit.
When homeostasis is disturbed or threatened, a repertoireof molecular, cellular and behavioral responses comes into play. Theseresponses attempt to counteract the disturbing forces in order to reestablish asteady state. They can be specific to the foreign invader or a particularstress, or they can be generalized and nonspecific when the threat to homeostasisexceeds a certain threshold. The adaptive responses may themselves turn intostressors capable of producing disease. We are just beginning to understand themany ways in which the brain and the immune system are interdependent, how theyhelp to regulate and counterregulate each other and how they themselves canmalfunction and produce disease.
56. The passage suppliesinformation to suggest that ______.
A. it has always been the belief of both physician andpatient that one’s state of mind can affect physical disease.
B. the popular belief that stress exacerbates inflammatoryillness has always been discredited by the doctors.
C. the discovery of antibiotics sheds light on people’sunderstanding of the mind-body interaction in disease.
D. there is a new understanding of the communicationbetween the brain and immune system
57. Which of thefollowing best states the mind-body interaction in disease?
A. The brain and immune systems send signals to each other.
B. The immune and central nervous systems are organized invery different ways to affect the course of illness.
C. Disruption of the communication of the brain and immunesystem can cure certain diseases.
D. The immune system and the brain share a lot of hormonesto facilitate their communication.
58. Which of the following statements aboutclinical significance of the new findings can be best supported by the passage?
A. The responsivity to stress is genetically determined.
B. The treatment of immune maladies can be consciously controlled.
C. Psychoactive drugs may in some cases be used to treatinflammatory diseases.
D. Social interactions can lessen psychological stress andalter immune responses.
59. Which of thefollowing statements can be inferred from the passage?
A. Taking the cure at a mountain sanatorium doesn’t workfor the treatment for many chronic diseases.
B. The relaxing, effects of hot-springs spa canhelp restore the communication between the brain and immune system.
C. The disruption of the brain’s stress response reducesthe body’s response.
D. Depression is also associated with inflammatory disease.
60. According to thepassage, in order to maintain an internal steady state called homeostasis,______.
A. sometimes the stress response needs to go to the extreme.
B. the stress response has to bar the foreign pathogensfrom the body
C. both the stress and immune responses need to beregulated
D. the immune system promotes physiological and behavioralchanges
【答案与解析】
56. D 文章第一段和第二段开头讲述到关于精神在身体疾病治疗方面起着重要作用的观点由来已久，而抗生素的发现和对感染或炎症性疾病的研究使医学界否认了这个观点，接着第二段中第二句指出“New molecular and pharmacological tools havemade it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exists betweenthe immune system and the brain, a network that allows the two systems tosignal each other continuously and rapidly.”，接着文中就此展开讨论，文章最后一句总结到“We are just beginning to understand the many ways in whichthe brain and the immune system are interdependent ...”，可知本文讲述了关于大脑和免疫系统间信息传输的新理解，因此选D。
57. A 文章第二段第二句提到“... theintricate network that exists between the immune system and the brain, anetwork that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously andrapidly”，可知免疫系统和大脑通过相互迅速地发出连续的信号来进行相互作用。因此答案选A。
58. C 根据题干中的关键信息clinicalsignificance可定位至第三段，该段首句指出这些研究成果可能具有深远的临床意义。接着该段第二句提出这些研究成果有望扩大各种疾病的治疗范围，给出的例子是“drugs previously known to work primarily fornervous system problems are shown to be effective against immune maladies, andvice versa”，即主要用于治疗神经系统问题的药物同样对于治疗免疫疾病有效，C项与该例子的描述相一致，因此最能证明这些研究成果的临床意义。psychoactive作用于精神的；影响心理状态的。inflammatory炎症性的。故答案选C。
59. D 文章第二段在讲述大脑和免疫系统之间相互关系时在最后两句提到“These same chemical signals also affect behavior and theresponse to stress. Disruption of this communication network in any way ... exacerbatesthe diseases that these systems guard against: infectious, inflammatory,autoimmune and associated mood disorders”，由此可知大脑发出的化学信号化学信号影响了人们的行为和对压力的反应，而任何信息网络中断都会使防御系统预防病症恶化，其中包括感染、发炎、自体免疫和相关的情绪障碍，因此D项“抑郁症与炎症也有关系”的推测符合文章内容。
60. C 文章倒数第二段开始提到homeostasis（体内平衡）的相关内容，指出“These two response systems are the body’s principal meansfor maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis”，也就是说要维持体内平衡，既需要stress response system，也需要immune system。同时最后一段描述到当体内平衡受到扰乱或遇到危险时，这些反应会试图抵消那些干扰力量，以恢复稳定的状态，由此可知要保持体内平衡，需要同时调节stressresponses和immune responses。
【题海拾贝】
inflammatory adj. 炎症性的；煽动性的；激动的
restrain v. 抑制；约束；制止
exacerbate v. 使加剧；使恶化；激怒
autoimmune adj. 自身免疫的；自体免疫的
clinical adj. 临床的；诊所的
substantiate v. 证实；使实体化
come into play开始起作用；开始活动
threshold n. 临界值；入口；极限
malfunction v. 发生故障；不起作用
Part Five: Proofreading(15%)
Directions: In the following passage there are altogether 15mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You have to change a word,add a word, or just delete a word. If you changed a word, cross it out andwrite the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing wordbetween the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you deletea word, just cross it out. Put your answers on AMSWER SHEET(2).
Examples:
e.g. (61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.
Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(61)begun→began
e.g. (62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seatsin the theatre when the curtain went up.
Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(62)(Scarcely)had(they)
e.g. (63) Never will I not do it again .
Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(63)删除not
(61) Apple’s iPad may be latest and greatest techgadget, but oddly enough, it also represents a return to a model that most techcompanies long ago abandoned—vertical integration.
Apple has designed its own processor, called A4, to powerthe iPad. (62) That is a big deal so until now Apple has used chips made byothers, like Intel and Samsung. (63) In addition the processor, Applealso makes its own operating-system software for the iPad.
(64) Moreover, the only way to get applications for aniPad will be to buy it from Apple. The same goes for content. (65) Toget movies, TV shows, books, music—or everything, really —you will not have tobuy them from Apple’s online store, and the iPad itself will be sold onlyby Apple stores. (66) From top to bottom this is a closing device,completely controlled by Apple.
Is that a good thing? (67) Vertical integration was thenorm back in the 1970s with minicomputer manufacturers like Digital EquipmentCorp, and Data General, and late on with workstation makers, like SunMicrosystems. (68) But pretty much everyone decided lone ago thatvertical integration was a workable model . Why make your own processors andoperating system when you can buy chips from Intel and Windows from Microsoft?(69) It was ironic which on the same day that Apple was announcing the iPad,Sun was holding an event to announce the completion of its being taken over byOracle —ironic because Sun’s pricy vertical-integration model was a bigreason for the company’s decline.
(70) Why is Apple defying the conventional wise and goingvertical ? For one thing, itsCEO, Steve Jobs, is a control freak and hates relying on others. (71) Also,Jobs has been around long enough to know the advantages of a vertical integratedcompany. (72) If the A4 is as good a processor as people seem to think,Apple’s iPad will have a big performance advantage than all the other tablet computersthat are about to hit the market.
And what of Apple’s risky bet on vertical integration? (73) Won’t the highly cost of going it alone put Apple at a disadvantage comparedto makers that buy chips and software from others? (74) Won’t thoseother guys be able to charge more than Apple? The answer is, probably, yes.But again, most people, myself included, are happy to pay more for what Applemakes. (75) My take is that Apple’s bet on vertical integration, that seemsagainst the tide is actually a stroke of genius.
【答案与解析】
61. (be) the (latest)
latest和greatest均为形容词的最高级形式，因此前面应该加定冠词the。
62. so→because
该句称苹果公司设计出了自己的处理器是一件大事，并给出原因“直到现在苹果公司都在使用英特尔和三星的芯片”。因此应当将so改为引导原因状语从句的because。
63. (addition) to (theprocessor)
in addition后为名词，因此之后应加介词to。构成固定搭配in addition to（除……之外）。
64. it→them
本句中it实际上被用来指代applications，因此应改为指代名词复数的代词them。
65. 删除not
上文提到只能从苹果公司购买iPad所需应用，并且对于内容来说也一样（The same goes for content），因此该句指的是“必须得从苹果在线商店购买电影、电视节目、书籍、音乐等”，因此应去掉not。
66. closing→closed
根据上下文可知，iPad完全由苹果公司所控制，因此应将closing改为closed，指“密闭着的，保密的”。
67. late→later
根据语境，可知此处指“（1970s）之后对于工作站的创造者Sun Microsystems，垂直整合也是一种规范标准”，因此将late改为表示时间上先后的副词later。later on“后来，随后”。
68. (was) not（a）
上文提到垂直整合是一种规范标准，此处以but开头进行转折，表明“很久以前几乎所有人就断定垂直整合这一模式是行不通的”，因此加上表示否定的not。
69. which→that
“It is/was+形容词+that从句”为固定结构，此时真正的主语为that从句，因此本句中应将which改为that。
70. wise→wisdom
conventional（传统的；平常的；依照惯例的）为形容词，因此之后应跟名词，因此应将wise改为起名词形式wisdom（智慧）。
71. vertical→vertically
修饰形容词integrated应当用副词，因此vertical应改为vertically。
72. than→over
have an advantage over为固定用法，指“胜过，优于”，因此把that改为介词over。
73. highly→high
本句中形容“价格高”应该用形容词high而非highly来修饰名词cost，因此将副词highly改为high。
74. more→less
上文提到关于高成本是否会给苹果公司带来不利的担忧，下文又指出大多数人都乐意支付更多来买苹果公司的产品，因此可知此处提出“其他制造者是否会收取更低的费用”的疑问，因此将more改为less。
75. that→which
本句中seems against thetide引导非限制性定语从句修饰Apple’s bet，因此应当用which来引导，故将that改为which。
【题海拾贝】
gadget n. 小配件；小工具
defy v. 藐视；公然反抗；挑衅；使落空
control freak喜欢控制一切的人；对控制上瘾者
Part Six: Writing (15%)
Directions: Read the following paragraph and then writea response paper of about 250 to 300 English words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).
A lot of people today are animal rights advocates. Some ofthem are very passionate and even quite radical about the issue. But othersargue that “human rights” will always take priority. In fact, in many placeseven the most basic human rights are not adequately protected. So why animalrights? What do you think? And why?
【参考范文】
Nowadays, with an increasing number of people becomingaware of humans’ moral obligations to animals and the significance of animalprotection, debates concerning animal rights are getting more hotly contested.Opinions are diversified regarding whether animals have rights.
Some insist that we should give priority to human rights,by quoting the number of lives saved by the medicine developed with the help ofanimal experiment. In their opinion, while in many places around the world, eventhe most basic human rights can not be protected sufficiently, what is thepoint of talking about animal rights?
Nonetheless, personally I believe animals also have theright to be respected for three reasons. First of all, animals are valuablenatural resources. They are more than just beautiful creatures, but an integratedpart of nature. Every animal have its place in the ecological system. Mankindand the natural world are interrelated, so for the sake of an ecologicallybalanced living environment, we are obliged to protect the animals. Secondly,from the moral level, animals are entitled to the rights to be treatedhumanely, just as each one of us likes to be respected by others. And theirrights should not be ruthlessly trodden under the pretext of human well-being,as so many animals have died or suffered in experiment. Animal research is onlyone alternative for developing new medicine, which should be replaced by othermethods if possible. Thirdly, there is what is called affection between animalsand humans. Animals are our friends and the consolation brought to the old andthose lonely souls are too familiar to many people. I suppose everyone hasheard one or two stories about pets saving their masters’ lives.
All in all, animals also have their rights and should berespected. We have the obligation to respect them and forge a harmoniousrelationship with them.
【解析】
本写作与动物权利相关，范文首先引出关于动物权利争论的背景，接着介绍了对动物权利持否定观点的人群的理由，随后文中给出了自己的观点，即人们应该保护动物权利，并从生态平衡、道德层面和感情依托三个方面进行论证，最后一段给出总结，并再次呼吁尊重动物权利。
【文海拾贝】
contest v. 争辩；提出质疑
diversified adj. 各种的；多样化的
give priority to优先考虑；认为优先
integrated adj. （各组成部分）和谐的；完整的；整体的
interrelated adj. 相关的；互相联系的
for the sake of为了；为了……的利益
be obliged to有义务；不得不；感谢
be entitled to有权；有……的资格
ruthlessly adv. 无情地；残忍地；冷酷地
trodden v. 践踏；行走（tread的过去分词形式）
under the pretext of以……为借口，托词