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Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in thispart. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose theone that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet I with a single line through the center.
1. It was very difficult tofind the parts needed to do the job because of the ______ way the store was organized.
A. logical
B. haphazard
C. orderly
D. tidy
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：由于店铺东西摆放杂乱无章，干活时找寻所需东西相当困难。haphazard随意的；无计划的；胡乱的。orderly整齐的；有组织的。
2.Mississippi also upholds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people; balmy year-round weather; and truly ______ cuisine.
A. destructive
B. horrible
C. amiable
D. delectable
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：密西西比州也保持着南方人们热情好客、气候一年到头温暖舒适和菜肴真正美味可口的声誉。delectable美味的；使人愉快的。amiable和蔼可亲的；温和的。
3. If she is stupid, she’s ______ pleasantto look at.
A. at any rate
B. by chance
C. at a loss
D. by the way
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：如果说她比较愚蠢，但至少长得还不错。at any rate无论如何，至少。bychance偶然地，意外地。at a loss不知所措；亏本；困惑。by the way顺便地，附带说说。
4. The mother was ______ with grief whenshe heard that her child was dead.
A. fantastic
B. frank
C. frantic
D. frenzy
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：那位母亲听说她的孩子死亡时悲痛欲绝。be frantic意为“发疯似的；发狂的；厉害的”，be frantic with为惯用搭配，指“为……而发狂”。fantastic极好的；异想天开的；奇异的。frenzy为名词，指“狂乱；极度的激动；狂怒”。
5. In your teens, peer-group friendshipsmay ______ from parents as the major influence on you.
A.take control
B.take place
C.take up
D.take over
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：青少年时期，同龄者的友情可能会取代父母对一个人产生主要影响。take over from为常用搭配，意为“取而代之”。take control采取控制，掌控。takeplace发生，举行。take up开始从事；接受（提议）；占用。
6.Parents often faced the ______ between doing what they felt was good for thedevelopment of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplinednoise and destructiveness.
A. paradox
B. junction
C. premise
D. dilemma
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：家长常常面临着这样一个两难境地：做有利于孩子成长的事还是他们能够忍受的没有管束的噪声和破坏。dilemma窘境；进退两难。paradox悖论；似非而是的论点。junction连接；交叉点。premise前提；上述各项；房屋连地基。
7. There have been demonstrations on thestreets ______ the recent terrorist attack.
A. in the wake of
B. in the courseof
C. in the contextof
D. in the lightof
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：最近的恐怖袭击事件后，人们一直在街上举行游行示威。in the wake of紧跟；随着；跟着。in the course of在……期间，在……过程中。inthe context of在……情况下；在……背景下。in the light of鉴于，按照；比照。
8.Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have beenwrongly ______ access to necessary care.
A. grudged
B. denied
C. negated
D. invalidated
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：数以千计有着慢性病的医保患者被不公平地拒绝获得必要的护理。deny access to为习惯用法，有“使……无法获得”之意。grudge怀恨；妒忌；吝惜。negate取消；否定；使作废。invalidate使无效；使作废；证明……错误。
9.It has been proposed by many linguists that human language ______, ourbiologically programmed ability to use language, is still not well defined andunderstood.
A. potentiality
B. perception
C. faculty
D. acquisition
【答案】 C
【解析】 题干两个逗号之间的内容是对“human language______”的解释说明，即“生来便具有的使用语言的能力”，因此横线部分应填入有“能力，才能”之意的faculty。故答案选C。
10.Western medicine, ______ science and practiced by people with academicinternationally accepted medical degrees, is only one of many systems ofhealing.
A. rooted in
B. originated from
C. trapped in
D. indulged in
【答案】 A
【解析】 本句主干为Western medicine is only one of many systems ofhealing，两个逗号之间为定语成分修饰主语western medicine（西药学），指“西药学根植于科学，行医者有着受国际认可的医学学位”。虽然root in和originatefrom均有“来源于”之意，但此处强调的是“西药学是以科学为基础的”，因此root in更符合。trap in陷入；使困于。indulge in任凭自己沉溺于……；耽于。因此本题选A。
11.When I asked if a black politician could win in France, however, he responded______ “No, conditions are different here.”
A. ambiguously
B. implicitly
C. unhesitatingly
D. optimistically
【答案】 C
【解析】 根据题干引号中的“No”可知，此处指“毫不犹豫、迅速地”作出回应。本句意为：当我问及在法国黑人政客是否有可能获选时，他毫不犹豫地回应道“不，在这里情况不一样”。unhesitatingly不踌躇地；迅速地。ambiguously含糊不清地，不明确地。implicitly含蓄地；暗中地。
12.The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplacecan be effectively ______ by the use of humor.
A. acquainted
B. installed
C. regulated
D. facilitated
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：工作场合幽默的使用可以有效地促进员工凝聚力和团队精神的发展。facilitate促进；帮助；使容易。acquaint使熟悉；使认识。install安装；任命；安顿。regulate调节；控制。
13.In both America and Europe, it is ______ to tip the waiter or waitress anywherefrom 10% to 20%.
A. elementary
B. temporary
C. voluntary
D. customary
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：在美洲和欧洲，不管是哪儿都有给服务员消费金额10%到20%的小费的惯例。customary习俗的；习惯的。elementary基本的；初级的。
14.Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______ rigid departmental boundaries.
A. pass over
B. stand for
C. break down
D. set off
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：这种方法迫使经理之间进行交流，从而有助于跨越部门之间的严格界限。pass over越过；忽略；回避。standfor代表；支持。break down消除；分解；拆除。setoff出发；开始；引起。
15.As a teenager, I was ______ by a blind passion for a slim star I would nevermeet in my life.
A. pursued
B. seduced
C. consumed
D. guaranteed
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：青少年时期，我对一位永远也不可能见到面的身材苗条的明星充满着盲目的热情。consumed充满的；对……着迷的。seduce引诱；吸引；诱惑。
16.His originality as a composer is ______ by the following group of songs.
A. exemplified
B. created
C. performed
D. realized
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：接下来的几首歌很好地诠释了他作为一名作曲家的独创性。exemplify举例证明；是……的典型。
17.They are going to London, but their ______ destination is Rome.
A. ultimate
B. prime
C. next
D. cardinal
【答案】 A
【解析】 此处指“最终目的地”，可用final destination或ultimatedestination。ultimate最后的；极限的；首要的。prime最好的；首要的；最初的。cardinal基本的，最重要的。nextdestination（下一站）虽然搭配正确，但“他们要去伦敦了，但下一站是罗马”不符合语境，前后并不存在转折关系。因此本题选A。
18.The poor old man was ______ with diabetes and without proper treatment he wouldlose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.
A. suffered
B. afflicted
C. induced
D. infected
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：这位可怜的老人受着糖尿病的折磨。若得不到适当的治疗，不久后他就会失明且不得不跛行。be afflicted with为固定搭配，意为“患；受……折磨”。若此处用suffer则应为主动形式。induce诱导；引起；引诱。
19.The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their familyoffered to take them to Rome to ______ the marriage.
A. terminate
B. initiate
C. consummate
D. separate
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：当家人提出带他们去罗马举办婚礼时，这对新人都喜不自胜了。consummate完成；使达到极点；圆房。terminate使终止；使结束；解雇。initiate开始；发起；使初步了解。
20.Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a ______ effort tohelp the poorer countries.
A. futile
B. glittering
C. frantic
D. concentrated
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：约翰说世界上富裕的国家应该集中精力帮助贫穷国家。concentrated集中的；全神贯注的；浓缩的。futile无用的；无效的；没有出息的。glittering闪闪发光的。frantic狂乱的，疯狂的。
21.The problem is inherent and ______ in any democracy, but it has been moresevere in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universaldenigration of government, politics and politicians.
A. perishable
B. periodical
C. perverse
D. perennial
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题逗号前首先承认这个问题在任何民主政治体系中都是固有的，之后指出“但过去25年间我们国家这方面的问题一直比较严重，原因就在于对我们政府、政治和政治家近乎全球范围的诋毁”，可知题干空格部分描述的是该问题的另一个特点，即“具有周期性（periodical）。perishable易腐坏的；易毁灭的；会枯萎的。perverse堕落的；倔强的。perennial多年生的；常年的；四季不断的。因此本题选B。
22.As is known to all, ______ commodities will definitely do harm to our lifesooner or later.
A. counterfeit
B. fake
C. imitative
D. fraudulent
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：众所周知，假冒伪劣产品迟早会危害我们的生活。fake和counterfeit都有“假冒的，伪造的”之意，其区别在于fake强调与某有价值或重要的东西很像，但相像的程度或精度没那么高；而counterfeit强调和真实的东西模仿得惟妙惟肖、一模一样，以欺骗他人，带有违法性质，尤其指非法制造货币等。由此可知此处用fake来形容假冒伪劣产品更合适。
23. It would be______ to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.
A. subtle
B. feeble
C. nasty
D. naive
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：认为这样就可以马上解决该地区的所有问题就太过天真的。naive天真的，幼稚的。subtle微妙的；精细的；敏感的。feeble微弱的；虚弱的；薄弱的。nasty下流的；肮脏的；脾气不好的。
24. It issurprising that such an innocent-looking man should have ______ such a crime.
A. confirmed
B. clarified
C. committed
D. conveyed
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：看起来毫无恶意的一个人竟然会犯下这种罪，这真是太不可思议了。commit a crime为固定搭配，指“犯罪”。
25. Humans are ______,which enables them to make decisions even when they can’t justify why.
A. rational
B. reasonable
C. hesitant
D. intuitive
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：人类倾向于凭直觉行事，有时作出的决定即便他们自己也不能说出个所以然来。intuitive直觉的；凭直觉获知的。rational合理的；理性的。hesitant迟疑的；踌躇的；犹豫不定的。
26.More than 100 ______ cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese provincehave now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that aredestroying crops.
A. loose
B. tamed
C. wild
D. stray
【答案】 D
【解析】 题干中that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province为定语从句修饰主语cats，可知此处指的是“一百多只走失的/迷路的猫”。stray迷路的；离群的；偶遇的。tamed驯服的；平淡的；乏味的。
27.To say that his resignation was a shock would be an ______ —it caused pain.
A. excuse
B. indulgence
C. exaggeration
D. understatement
【答案】 D
【解析】 该句破折号后的pain比之前提到的shock程度更深，因此该句指：说他的辞职使大家感到震惊有点轻描淡写了，事实上这件事给大家带来了痛苦。
28.Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher, aiming at truth, mustnot ______ the seduction of trying to write beautifully.
A. subject to
B. carry on
C. yield to
D. aim at
【答案】 C
【解析】 题干中以aiming at truth来描述philosopher的宗旨，因此空格处指：哲学家不应让步于写出更优美文章的诱惑。yield to让步于；使自己受到……的支配；（使）陷入。subject to使服从，使遭受。carry on经营；继续进行；争吵。
29.I found the subject very difficult , and at one time thought I should have togive it up, but you directions are so clear and ______ that I have succeeded ingetting a picture we all think pretty, though wanting in the tender grace ofyours.
A. on the point
B. off the point
C. to the point
D. up to a point
【答案】 C
【解析】 空格处于其前面的clear并列，描述的是对方的指导（directions），根据空格后that从句提到的“I have succeeded in…”并结合选项，可知此处指对方的指导很清晰很到位。to the point切中关键；切题。onthe point即将……的时候；即将……的。off the point离题；不切要领。upto a point在一定程度上，有一点。
30.They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibersand bagged them, dusted for fingerprints, took pictures and tried to ______ whatcould have happened.
A. rehearse
B. reiterate
C. reinforce
D. reenact
【答案】 D
【解析】 题干中描述了犯罪现场技术人员进行取样、找寻指纹和拍照，而其目的在于重现案发时的场景。reenact再次展现，再现，重现。rehearse排练，排演。reiterate重申；反复地做。reinforce加固；使更结实；加强。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are four reading passages in thispart. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. Foreach of them there are four choices marked A, B, C. and D. Choose the bestanswer and then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a singleline through the center.
(1)
In 1896 aGeorgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year oldwas told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to thefamily, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a centurylater, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidentaldeath damages and won an award of $750, 000.
Thetransformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents isthe subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, pricing the Priceless Child.During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” childwho contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-daynotion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeedextremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.”Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by themid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenthand early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulationsand compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that achild’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
For Zelizer theorigins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion ofchildren’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline inbirth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development ofthe companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicitbonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing theassessment of children’s worth. Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cashnexus,’ although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic,occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains, “was also part of acultural process ‘of sacralization’ of children’s lives.” Protecting childrenfrom the crass business world became enormously important forlate-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; thissacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentlesscorruption of human values by the marketplace.
In stressing the culturaldeterminants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of thenew “sociological economics” who have analyzed such traditionally sociologicaltopics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of theireconomic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in theform of individual “preferences”, these sociologists tend to view all humanbehavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain.Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead theopposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As childrenbecame more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or“surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangibleworth into cash terms, became much greater.
31.It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards inAmerica during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the______.
A. earnings ofthe person at time of death
B. wealth of theparty causing the death
C. degree ofculpability of the party causing the death
D. amount ofmoney that had been spent on the person killed
32.It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children weregenerally regarded by their families as individuals who ______.
A. neededenormous amounts of security and affection
B. requiredconstant supervision while working
C. wereimportant to the economic well-being of a family
D. were unsuitedto spending long hours in school
33. Which of the following alternative explanations of the change inthe cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward bysociological economists as they are described in the passage?
A.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parentsbegan to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of theirchildren.
B.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because theirexpected earning over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
C.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because thespread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a whole sale reappraisal of the worthof an individual.
D.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century becausecompulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs ofavailable child labor.
34. The primary purpose ofthe passage is to ______.
A.review the literature in a new academic subfield
B.present the central thesis of a recent book
C.contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change
D.refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon
35. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences inchanging the assessment of children’s worth except changes in ______.
A.the mortality rate
B.the nature of industry
C.the nature of the family
D.attitudes toward reform movements
【答案与解析】
31.A 关于19世纪在美国意外死亡保险的基础，原文并未明确给出。但文章首段给出的例子指出一对夫妇起诉要求为他们两岁孩子的意外死亡偿付赔偿金被拒绝，被告知原因是“the child had made noreal economic contribution to the family”，即还不能为家里挣钱，因此答案选A。
32.C 题干中的关键信息为1800’s，原文第二段第二句提到“During the nineteenth century, she argues, the conceptof the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way graduallyto the present-day notion of the “useless” child…”，其中thenineteenth century对应1800’s，可知19世纪时期，孩子会有助于家庭经济情况的改善。C项与之表达意思相符。
33.B 题干中的关键信息为sociologicaleconomists，文章最后一段出现了与之相对应的“sociological economics”，该段第二句提到“these sociologists tend to view all human behavior asdirected primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain”（这些社会经济学家把人的一切行为解释为试图获取最大的经济利益），因此B项（19世纪儿童以金钱衡量的价值得到提升，原因在于儿童一生能获得的收入有较大增长）最符合社会经济学家的观点。
34.B 该题问及本文写作目的。文章首先通过两个例子引出儿童以金钱衡量的价值问题，接着提到Priceless Child这本书把这两个例子联系起来讲述了the transformation insocial values。随后本文便围绕该主题展开，阐明了该书作者Zelizer在该著作中的主张。因此B项（介绍最近一本书的主题）为正确答案。
35.D 关于Zelizer提出的影响儿童价值变化的重要因素，文章第三段第二句提到“The gradual erosion of children’sproductive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth anddeath rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of thecompanionate family…were all factors critical in changing the assessment ofchildren’s worth”，可见只有D项（对改革运动的态度）在原文没被提及。因此本题选D。
【题海拾贝】
damage n. 赔偿金；损害
award n. 裁定；判决；奖品
juxtapose v. 并列；并置
erosion n. 侵蚀，腐蚀
mortality n. 死亡数，死亡率
companionate adj. 伙伴的；友爱的
nexus n. 关系；连结
determinant n. 决定因素
take issue with 提出异议；与……争论
intangible adj. 无形的；难以理解的
A stout old lady was walkingwith her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusionof the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to herthat the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: I’m going towalk where I like. We’ve got liberty now. It did not occur to the dear old ladythat if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road,then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would begetting in everybody else’s way and nobody would get anywhere. Individualliberty would have become social anarchy.
There is a danger of theworld getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket,and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means.It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, theliberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman, say, atPiccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, heis the symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty. You may not think so. You may,being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office,feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere withyour free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, youwill reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with noone, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom thatyou would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of privateliberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty areality.
Liberty is not a personalaffair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. Inmatters which do not touch anybody else’s liberty, of course, I may be as freeas I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown, who shall say menay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent toyou. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache (whichheaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late orgetting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man’s permission. I shallnot inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will notask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may preferElla Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.
In all these and a thousandother details you and I please ourselves and ask no one’s leave. We have awhole kingdom, in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise orridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out ofthat kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by otherpeople’s liberty. I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight tillthree in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I couldplease myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I doit out in the streets the neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow thetrombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet. There are alot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to theirliberties.
We are all liable to forgetthis, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections ofothers in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for therights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct. It is in thesmall matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that wepass judgment upon ourselves, and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized.The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits ofcommonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or makebitter the journey.
36. The author might have stated his “ruleof the road” as ______.
A.do not walk in the middle of the road
B.follow the orders of policemen
C.do not behave inconsiderately in public
D.do what you like in private
37. The author’s attitude to the old ladyin paragraph one is ______.
A.condescending
B.intolerant
C.objective
D.supportive
38. A situation analogous tothe “insolence of office” described in paragraph 2 would be ______.
A.a teacher correcting grammar errors
B.an editor shortening the text of an article
C.a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accounts
D.an army office giving orders to a soldier
39. The author assumes thathe may be as free as he likes in ______.
A.all matters of dress and food
B.any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of others
C.anything that is not against the law
D.his own home
40. In the sentence “We areall liable....” the author is ______.
A.pointing out a general weakness
B.emphasizing his main point
C.countering a general misconception
D.suggesting a remedy
【答案与解析】
36.C “rule of the road”出现在第二段首句。该段第三句是“ruleof the road”的解释“It means that in order that the libertiesof all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed”，即为了保全大家的自由，必须对个人自由有所限制。此处“rule of the road”为比喻的用法，实指“在公众场合应该遵守的规则”，因此C项（公开场合行事也要为别人考虑）正确。
37.C 文章首段客观地讲述了一位老妇人自称享有个人自由而不顾别人劝告从马路中间穿过的事情。对于此作者指出该老妇人并没有意识到如以自由之名横穿马路，这种自由的后果就是世界陷入一片混乱。作者以事实为依据，态度客观，因此C项正确。condescending盛气凌人的；居高临下的。intolerant不能容忍的，不容异议的。supportive支持的，拥护的。
38.C “insolence of office”出现在第二段第五句“Youmay, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence ofoffice, feel that your liberty has been outraged”，即有些人可能急于赶路，但却被走到路中间的交警拦下，因此感觉个人自由受到践踏。此处office指“官职人员”，而insolence意为“傲慢；无礼”。通过浏览四个选项可以发现，与该段描述情况类似的为C项中的“税务稽查员要求查看某人账户”。
39.B 文章第三段作者指出自由并不仅仅是个人的事，该段第三句指出“In matters which do not touch anybodyelse’s liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like”，即只要不影响他人自由，便可充分享受个人自由。与之表达意思相符的B项（interferewith干预；阻挠）。
40.A 最后一段首句指出“We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately weare much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than ofour own”，该句中的this指的便是上文描述的享受个人自由的同时不应干涉他人自由的理念，该句提出“我们都倾向于忘记这一点，并且不幸的是在这方面我们更能意识到他人而非自己的不足”，可见此处作者描述了人们普遍的一个弱点。
【题海拾贝】
stout adj. 结实的；矮胖的；激烈的
pedestrian n. 行人；步行者
anarchy n. 无政府状态；混乱；无秩序
curtail v. 缩减；剪短；剥夺……特权
maelstrom n. 大漩涡；极度混乱；不可抗的破坏力
trombone n. 长号，伸缩喇叭
(3)
The name ofFlorence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroicadventure of the Crimea. Had she died as she nearly did upon her return toEngland, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would havecome down to us almost as we know it today that gentle vision of female virtuewhich first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari.Yet, as a matter of fact, she lived for more than half a century after theCrimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy andall the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highestpitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed,hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainlymore important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In MissNightingale’s own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident,scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was the fulcrumwith which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For morethan a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her reallife began at the very moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.
She arrived inEngland in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless effortsof the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart wasaffected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks ofutter physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alone wouldsave her—a complete and prolonged rest. But that was also the one thing withwhich she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting;why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, whenthe iron was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, comewhat might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her familylamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness ofsuch a course. Madness? Mad-possessed, perhaps she was. A frenzy had seizedupon her. As she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictatedletters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. For monthsat a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest. At this rate, thedoctors assured her, even if she did not die, she would become an invalid forlife. She could not help that; there was work to be done; and, as for rest,very likely she might rest...when she had done it.
Wherever shewent, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among therhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter ofScutari—the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital. Shewould lay that phantom, or she would perish. The whole system of the ArmyMedical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations ofhospital procedure...rest? How could she rest while these things were as theywere, while, if the like necessity were to arise again, the like results wouldfollow? And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of theArmy? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double themortality in civil life. “You might as well take 1,100 men every year out uponSalisbury Plain and shoot them,” she said. After inspecting the hospitals atChatham, she smiled grimly. “Yes, this is one more symptom of the system which,in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.” Scutari had given her knowledge; andit had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back—anincalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before her; but themost urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look to the health of the Army.
41. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty yearsof Florence Nightingale’s life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea,all of the following except ______.
A.less dramatic
B.less demanding
C.less well-known to the public
D.more important
42. Paragraph two paints a picture of awoman who is ______.
A.mentally shattered
B.stubborn and querulous
C.physically weak but mentally indomitable
D.purposeful yet tiresome
43. The primary purpose of paragraph 3 isto ______.
A.account for conditions in the army
B.show the need for hospital reform
C.explain Miss Nightingale’s main concerns
D.argue that peace time conditions were worse than wartime conditions
44. The author’s attitude to his materialis ______.
A.disinterested reporting of biographical details
B.over-inflation of a reputation
C.debunking a myth
D.interpretation as well as narration
45. In her statement Miss Nightingaleintended to ______.
A.criticize the conditions in hospitals
B.highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were living
C.prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a militaryhospital
D.ridicule the dangers of army life
【答案与解析】
41.B 题干中要求将Florence Nightingale最后50年所作工作与其在克里米亚战争期间所作工作进行对比，可定位至文章首段。该段主要讲述了Florence Nightingale在克里米亚战争之后的工作。该段第四句指出“What she accomplished in those years ofunknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimeantriumphs; but it was certainly more important”，其中thoseyears of unknown labor, hardly have been more glorious, more important分别对应C项、A项和D项。因此本题答案选B。
42.C 第二段描述了Florence Nightingale返回伦敦时身体状况极其不好，这从shattered state of health和undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected;she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utterphysical prostration均可体现出来。医生建议她好好休息，但她执意不肯，坚持工作（she devoured blue-books, dictated letters,and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes）。因此C项表述最准确。
43.C 文章第三段指出Florence Nightingale回到伦敦后不管去哪儿都因the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital而惶恐不安，随后该段主要描述了其所担心的问题“the whole system of the Army MedicalDepartment, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospitalprocedure”等，因此答案选C。
44.D 本文主要描述了三方面的内容：Florence Nightingale后50年所做工作的意义、其从克里米亚战争后极差的身体状况以及令她担心而不能休息的问题。作者在描述的过程中，既有一般叙述（如第二段对Florence Nightingale身体状况的描述），也有分析说明（如首段对Florence Nightingale后50年所做工作的意义的分析）。因此答案选D。
45.B 文章第三段提到即使在和平时期，军队的卫生状况也不佳，兵营里士兵的死亡率几乎是平常人的两倍，因此Florence Nightingale发表了“You might as well take 1,100 men every year out upon SalisburyPlain and shoot them”的言论，可见她是在强调普通士兵生活在不健康的环境下。
【题海拾贝】
by virtue of由于，凭借
stepping-stone n. 踏脚石；方法
fulcrum n. 支点
shattered adj. 破碎的；极度疲劳的
prostration n. 虚脱；平伏；跪倒
lament v. 悲叹；悔恨；哀悼
entreat v. 恳求；乞求
invalid n. 病人；残废者
specter n. 幽灵；妖怪；恐怖之物
phantom n. 幽灵；幻影；虚位
perish v. 死亡；毁灭；腐烂
How many really suffer as aresult of labor market problems ? This is one of the most critical yetcontentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statisticsexaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same direconsequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed wereprimary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to themargin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programsfor those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise offamilies with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondaryearners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection haveunquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and incomedata also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourlyearnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are frommultiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by thepoverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilitieswhich keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by nomeans an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.
Yet there are also many waysour social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-relatedhardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employedworkers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wagesand repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine thecapacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at sometime during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, thosewho suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annualunemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month reallysuffers. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there isanother working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, orelse outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers inour country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent,neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion ofcash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in thelabor market are adequately protected.
As a result of suchcontradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as aresult of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tensof millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated ormust be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one areaof agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earningsstatistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring theconsequences of labor market problems.
46. Which of the following isthe principal topic of the passage?
A.What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering?
B.Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty
C.the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures
D.How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship causedby low wages and insufficient employment opportunities
47. The author uses “labormarket problems”in the first paragraph to referto which of the following?
A.The overall causes of poverty
B.Deficiencies in the training of the work force
C.Trade relationships among producers of goods
D.Shortages of jobs providing adequate income
48. Which of the followingproposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?
A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce thelevel of unemployment.
B.A compromise should be found between the positions of those who viewjoblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold theopposite view.
C. Newstatistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to whichunemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.
D. Considerationshould be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes ofthe phenomena that they purport to measure.
49. The author states that the mitigating effect of social programsinvolving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is oftennot felt by ______.
A.the employed poor
B.dependent children in single-earner families
C.workers who become disabled
D.retired workers
50. According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment andearnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the ______.
A.recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers
B.possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker
C.fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages andremain poor
D.establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compilepoverty statistics
【答案与解析】
46.D 文章第一段指出社会数据夸大了经济困难程度，而第二段则讲述到社会数据在很多方面低估了劳动力市场方面的困难程度，最后总结指出现有有关贫困、就业和收入的数据并不足以反映劳动力市场上的问题。由此可见D项最能反映文章主题。
47.D 文章第一段首句提出“到底有多少人遭受labor market problems”，接着指出如今unemployment的影响不像20世纪30年代那么严重，并分析了缓解joblessness后果的因素，最后该段提到大多数每小时收入低于最低工资水平者家里都有不止一个挣钱者，并且家庭相对富裕。因此可推测“labor market problems”指的是D项中“提供让人满意工资的工作的缺乏”。
48.C 文中前两段从两方面描述了social statistics的不准确性，并且第三段最后一句指出“There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existingpoverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one theirprimary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems”，可知应对作者所提出问题的最佳措施为开发新的统计指数来检测失业和薪资过低所产生的影响。因此选C项。
49.A 文章第二段最后一句提到income transfers的内容，该句指出“…incometransfers in our country have always focused on the elderly…neglecting theneeds of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kindtransfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market areadequately protected”，可知那些有工作的贫困者并没有感受到mitigating effect所产生的影响。
50.B 文中与之题干相对应的第一段倒数第三句“Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensionsof hardship. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship”，该段下一句指出“Among the millions with hourly earnings at or belowthe minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner,relatively affluent families”，可知导致失业和收入方面的数据过大预测经济困难程度的原因之一就是有些家庭挣钱者可能不止一人。因此B项正确。
【题海拾贝】
contentious adj. 引起争论的；诉讼的
dire adj. 可怕的；悲惨的；极端的
subsistence n. 生活；生存；存在
countervailing adj. 抵消的；对抗性的
mitigate v. 使缓和，使减轻
overstate v. 夸张；夸大的叙述
PaperTwo
Part Ⅲ Cloze (10%)
Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks withONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on AnswerSheet Ⅱ.
As children we start 51._____a natural curiosity about everything around us, and during the maturationprocess this curiosity can be stimulated, buffered or severely attenuated byour environment and experience. The future success of research in science andengineering depends 52._____ our society recognizing the crucial role played bystimulation of mental processes early in life. Pattern recognition, analyticalthinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward. Todestroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is thegreatest disservice we 53._____ to the developing person.
For those who reach maturitywith their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education, the joy ofdiscovery is a strong driver of success. But why are so 54._____ of our capablestudents pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it 55._____ we have dampened their curiosity? Have we failed to let themexperience the joy of discovery? Is it because too many of us currentlyinvolved 56._____ the research enterprise have become disenchanted 57._____ ourcircumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scientists andengineers? Perhaps entirely different factors are 58._____ play in the decisionto not become scientists and engineers. We have too frequently portrayedscience and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing. We haveportrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in thelaboratory to achieve success. We have 59._____ to promote the excitement andexhilaration of discovery. We have not promoted the fact that it is not onlyvery common 60._____ very reasonable to have a successful research career andan exciting and normal personal life.
【答案与解析】
51. with 根据语境可知，此处指“作为孩子，我们刚开始会对周围的一切事物有着天生的好奇心……”，可知该空应填入可表示“拥有某种特征”的介词with。
52. on depend on为固定搭配，意为“依靠；依附；凭借”。
53. do 该空所在句disservice之后为省略that的定语从句修饰先行词disservice，可知空缺处缺少谓语动词。由于谓语动词的宾语为disservice（伤害，危害），因此该空可填入动词do。
54. few 前文提到对于长大后天生的好奇心仍保存完整并通过教育得到加强的人，发现的喜悦是获得成功的强大动力。通过下文提到的dampened their curiosity和failed to let them experience the joy of discovery等，可推测此处问“为何有才华的学生中很少有人会追求成功的研究事业所需的教育”，因此该空填few。
55. because 该空所在句是对上句所提问题产生原因的分析“是因为我们挫伤了他们的好奇心吗”，因此because。
56. in be involved in为固定搭配，指“涉及；参与；卷入”。
57. with be disenchanted with为固定搭配，意为“不再着迷……，对……醒悟”。
58. at 该句指：或许完全不同的因素在起作用使他们决定不成为科学家和工程师。at play为固定词组，意为“在起作用；在玩耍；在游戏”。
59. failed 本句与前几句都是在描述使学生不想成为原因，该句指出“我们没有做到提升发现所带来的喜悦和兴奋”。fail to do为惯用搭配，指“未能（做）……，没能（做）……”。
60. but not only…but(also)为固定搭配，指“不仅……而且”。
Part Ⅳ Translation (20%)
Directions: Put the following passage into English.Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.
由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称易滋误解，好像过此以上即无学问可言。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只能算是粗涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还是在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确是有浓厚的趣味。
【参考译文】
Primary andsecondary school will impart to you only some rudiments of knowledge. Even whatyou learn during the four years of university will be something quitesuperficial too. A university has often been misleadingly referred to as “thehighest seat of learning”, which sounds as if there were no more learning tospeak of beyond it. The research institute of a university, however, is theplace for preliminary scholarship. But even there you get only the first tasteof learning and the emphasis is on research methodology and practice. Art islong, life is short. That is why some of our ancients continued to study evenwhen they were hoary-headed. They were, of course, motivated by an enormousinterest in their studies.
【解析】
本段主要围绕做学问展开，翻译时应注意主动和被动之间的转换，以增加流畅感，如对“世人常称大学为‘最高学府’”的翻译，译文就将其译成了主动的“A universityhas often been misleadingly referred to as “the highest seat of learning”。另外，应注意对原文意思的把握，不可简单地逐字照译，如“粗涉藩篱”在此处实际上指的是“做学问浅尝辄止”，因此翻译为“get only the first taste of learning”就比较准确。最后，翻译的简洁性也十分重要，对原文最后一句的翻译，应注意“皓首穷经”和“头发白了还是在继续研究”表达的是一个意思，因此翻译时可直接译为“continuedto study even when they were hoary-headed”。
【题海拾贝】
(1) 普通的基本知识 rudimentsof knowledge
(2) 粗浅的 superficial
(3) 最高学府 thehighest seat of learning
(4) 无……可言 nomore…to speak of
(5) 初步研究学问preliminary scholarship
(6) 研究学问的方法与实习 research methodology and practice
(7) 皓首 hoary-headed
Part V Writing (15%) 任选一题300字
Steve Jobs名言：
1. Stay hungry, stay foolish
2. We live to change theworld.
【参考范文】
At thecommencement of Stanford University in 2005, Steve Jobs, the chief executive ofApple, delivered a famous speech to the graduates. In the address, he advisedthe students not to be trapped by dogma and not let the noise of others’opinions drown out their own inner voice. “Stay hungry, stay foolish” is what he said when he signedoff.
Different peoplemay interpret this remark quite differently. As far as I am concerned, it is aself-motivation to keep hungry for knowledge and be modest.
“Stay hungry”means never be satisfied with what you have attained, always longing forknowledge and success. To put it simple, in this competitive world there is noroom for complacency. You should not be content with doing the same thing dayafter day. Rather, stay open to new ideas, new thoughts and keep learning ifyou do not wish to lag behind. At the same time, it is important to keep inmind that worrying about what others may think about you does not help whiletrying to live your own life.
By “stayfoolish”, I presume it suggests keeping modest and having a clear idea aboutoneself and understanding in terms of knowledge and life itself we all seemssomewhat ignorant and superficial. Therefore, no matter what stage one is at inthe journey of life, learning goes beyond classrooms and national boundaries.This is true for great scholars and fresh graduates alike.
In a word, bysaying “Stay hungry, stay foolish”, Steve Jobs probably intended to tell peoplenever be self-contented and keep moving forward.
【解析】
“Stay hungry, stay foolish”（求知若饥，虚心若愚）为乔布斯在2005年斯坦福大学毕业典礼上所作演讲中提到的一句激励性名言，本文主要解释了对该句话涵义的理解。其中首段解释了乔布斯说该句话的背景，接着文中分别解释了stay hungry和stay foolish所暗含的意思。最后进行总结，“Stay hungry, stay foolish”告诉人们不要自满，应不断向前发展。
【文海拾贝】
commencement n. 开始，发端；毕业典礼
dogma n. 教条，教理；武断的意见
sign off 停止活动；停止广播
self-motivation 自我鼓励
attain v. 达到；获得
complacency n. 自满；满足；自鸣得意
lag behind 落后；拖欠
self-contented 自满