I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentenceswith the appropriate words derived from the words given in parentheses at theend of the sentences. (20ps.)

1．There is much _____ that Dickens was acknowledged among the lowerclasses as a friend of the poor man. (evident)

【答案】 evidence

【解析】 句意：有证据表明，狄更斯受到下层阶级的认可，被视为穷人的朋友。there is后面接名词，所以用evidence。

2．The frequent tavern scenes in Thackeray assume their significance_____ in relation to the question of gender and the gentleman. (precision)

【答案】 precisely

【解析】 句意：萨克雷作品中时常出现的小酒馆场景恰到好处地反映了关于性别和绅士的问题。precisely副词修饰动词assume。

3．The redefined category of the gentleman in the nineteenth-centuryinfused class with virtue, providing for _____ and difference a moral argumentthat was nevertheless finally elusive. (distinctive)

【答案】 distinction

【解析】 句意：19世纪对绅士的重新定义将阶级与品德结合在一起，其中体现的道德观点和之前相比是不同的，但令人难以捉摸。and连接前后两词，形式应保持一致。所以用distinctive的名词形式distinction。

4．He _____ himself by his knowledge, his ability to apply it, andhis willingness to act on it. (differ)

【答案】 differentiates

【解析】 句意：他因自己的知识、应用知识的能力和将知识付诸实践的意愿而与众不同。differ是不及物动词，表示不同，后面不能跟宾语himself。differentiate使……区别于别人。

5．The feelings the figures allow him to experience _____ theirnarrative and moral justification. (constituent)

【答案】 constitute

【解析】 句意：书中人物带给他的感受构成了他们叙事及道义上的理由。本句缺动词，所以用constitute，表示组成，构成。

6．In the most famous of the _____ tales, for instance, “The Tale ofthe Spaniard” Alonzo de Monçada tells the story of his own incarceration at thehands of the Inquisition. (interpolate)

【答案】 interpolated

【解析】 句意：在最著名的插入故事，如在《西班牙传说》中，莫宁蒙卡讲述了自己被关在宗教裁判所里的故事。interpolate（在文章中）插入，添加内容。它与tale是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。

7．Not only can the British no longer preserve the order they takeas a_____ for their rule; they are themselves responsible for its destruction.(justifiable)

【答案】 justification

【解析】 句意：英国再也无法维护被他们视为统治国家的正当理由的社会秩序。他们自己应该为国家的消亡负责。justifiable是形容词，意为“有理由的，正当的”。而不定冠词a后面跟名词，所以填justifiable的名词形式justification。

8．With regard to literary history, Smollett was the first of themajor eighteenth-century British novelists to descant freely on the _____between metropolitan arid provincial values. (dialectical)

【答案】 dialect

【解析】 句意：说到文学史，斯莫利特是第一位自由穿插使用城市和乡村方言的18世纪英国小说家。这里需要填名词dialect，表示“城市和乡村方言”。

9．I would like to see if we can, by _____ these comments, restoretheir roughness of surface and make them useful again. (highlight)

【答案】 highlighting

【解析】 句意：我想试一下，通过强调这些评论，能否恢复它们的本来面目，让它们再次变得有用。by是介词，表示“以……方式”，后面接v-ing形式。

10．The novel—either because of its formal freedom, or because of the kind ofaudience it attracted, or because the era was increasingly shaped by amercantile cast of mind, or because of the fortuitous combination of all thesefactors—allowed forwhat we might call the _____ of personality. (commodify)

【答案】 commodification

【解析】 句意：无论是因为形式上的自由、它吸引的读者，还是因为这个被商业洗脑的时代，或是这些因素的偶然结合——小说允许我们的所谓人格商业化。这里意思是“人格的商业化”，of前应该用名词形式。

11．When he goes to America to fight in the war against the colonies,he is immediately captured and—in a _____ of the popular racist and sexistAmerican captivity narratives—cared by a noble Indian chief. (subversive)

【答案】 subversion

【解析】 句意：他去美国参加对抗殖民地的战争，随即被捕并由一名高贵的印第安酋长照顾，这是对流行的带有种族主义、性别偏见的美国战俘文学的颠覆。不定冠词a一般修饰名词，所以应该填名词形式subversion。

12．The voice reminds the reader that Chartist disturbances _____ disprovethe idea that some lasting good has come out of past actions. (constancy)

【答案】 constantly

【解析】 句意：这个声音提醒读者们，宪章派一直不赞同“过去的行为带来了一些好结果”，并由此引发骚乱。constantly副词形式修饰动词disprove。

13．The questions they _____ ask haunt the history of the novel,urging us to remember how uneasy English fiction has been with what does notexist. (repeat)

【答案】 repeatedly

【解析】 句意：他们反复提出的问题贯穿小说史，督促我们牢记英国小说的出现是多么不易。副词repeatedly（反复地）修饰动词ask。

14．_____ unusually for a novelist, Bennett was interested in theway people remain in ignorance of themselves, and in the way such ignorancecreates an identity. (much)

【答案】 Most

【解析】 句意：班涅特对人们的自我忽视和这种忽视产生的自我认同很感兴趣，这对一个小说家来说很不寻常。这里用最高级表示不寻常的程度，更有强调效果。

15．Realism is not primarily a matter of confining a story to therealm of the possible or even the probable; rather, it involves a particular_____ position. (philosopher)

【答案】 philosophical

【解析】 句意：现实主义的首要特征不是将一个故事锁定到现实范围里，而是包含了特定的哲学定位。position为名词，应该用形容词修饰，所以填philosophical（哲学的）。

16．The demand that art serve the cause of social reform orrevolution has at times seemed undeniable in this century of unprecedented_____ brutality. (institutionalize)

【答案】 institutional

【解析】 句意：在这个制度上的暴行已经是司空见惯的世纪，有时似乎无法否认一种需求——艺术是为社会改革或革命服务的。brutality（暴行）为名词，所以要用形容词形式institutional来修饰。

17．Joseph Conrad is not only one of the greatest _____ who haswritten in English, but he is particularly important for understandingtwentieth-century British culture. (novel)

【答案】 novelist

【解析】 句意：约瑟夫·康拉德不仅是最伟大的英语小说家之一，对人们了解20世纪英国文化也有重要意义。由who引导的定语从句可知先行词是人，所以填novelist。

18．Today the novels of D. H. Lawrence occupy a _____ tenuousposition in the canon of English literature than they did a generation ago.(much)

【答案】 more

【解析】 句意：与之前一代人比起来，如今D·H·劳伦斯小说的地位已经没有那么重要了。more…than固定搭配，表示两者间的比较。

19．_____ the most significant and demanding novels in the 1930s,James Joyce’s Finnegan’s Wake and Virginia Woolf’s The Waves,in different ways, seek to extend the linguistic and formal possibilities offiction.(argue)

【答案】 Arguing

【解析】 句意：谈起20世纪30年代最重要、最著名的小说，詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《芬尼根守灵夜》和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《海浪》通过不同的方式，试图扩展小说的语言和形式。现在分词形式做伴随状语。

20．Words do not imply what they mean, events are distorted byfaulty recall, and appearances become reality with _____ speed. (frighten)

【答案】 frightening

【解析】 句意：文字没有隐含它们的意义，事件被带有偏差的回忆扭曲，表象以惊人的速度变成了现实。speed（速度）表示物，应该用frightening修饰，意为“惊人的”。

II. Vocabulary (l0ps)

Directions: Thereare 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes thesentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

1．I think that I committed a _____in asking her because she seemed very upset by my question.

A. blunder

B. revenge

C. reproach

D. scandal

【答案】 A

【解析】 句意：我犯了大错，因为我的问题看起来让她心烦意乱。blunder（因为无知、疏忽犯下的）愚蠢的错误。revenge报复。reproach责备。scandal丑闻。故选A。

2．Even when textbooks are _____ through a school system, methods ofteaching may vary greatly.

A. commonplace

B. standardized

C. competitive

D. generalized

【答案】 B

【解析】 句意：尽管学校的课本是统一标准化的，但教学方式可能大相径庭。standardized统一的；标准化的。commonplace普通的；平庸的。competitive竞争的。generalized全面的；广泛的。故选B。

3．They have regarded a man of _____ andfairness as a reliable friend.

A. robustness

B. temperament

C. integrity

D. compactness

【答案】 C

【解析】 句意：人们认为一个正直公平的人是可靠的朋友。integrity正直；诚实。robustness稳健性；健壮性。temperament气质，性情。compactness简洁；紧密。integrity与fairness表达相应概念。故选C。

4．All individuals are required to _____ tothe laws made by their governments.

A. obey

B. conform

C. concede

D. observe

【答案】 B

【解析】 句意：每个人都必须遵守政府制定的法律。conform to遵循；遵守。obey也表示“遵循；遵守”，但后面不需要接介词to。concede出让，容许；承认。observe遵守（法规）；及物动词，后面直接加名词。故选B。

5．The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions thatmay lead to cancer have been _____.

A. identified

B. guaranteed

C. notified

D. conveyed

【答案】 A

【解析】 句意：尽管已经发现部分导致癌症的原因，但根本原因尚不明确。identify识别出；发现。guarantee保证；担保。notify通知；公布。convey表达。故选A。

6．It is very strange but I had an _____ thatthe plane would crash.

A. inspiration

B. intuition

C. imagination

D. incentive

【答案】 B

【解析】 句意：尽管听起来很奇异，但我确实觉得飞机会撞毁。intuition直觉。inspiration灵感；鼓舞人心的（事物）。imagination想象力；幻想物。incentive刺激；诱因。故选B。

7．The changing image of the family on television provides _____ intochanging attitudes toward the family in society.

A. insights

B. presentations

C. revelations

D.specifications

【答案】 A

【解析】 句意：电视中家庭形象的转变使人们了解社会中家庭观的转变。insight了解；洞察力。provide an insight into固定搭配，意为“看透；充分了解”。presentation介绍；陈述。revelation显示；揭露。specification规格；说明书；详述。故选A。

8．The town planning commission said that their financial outlookfor the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax _____.

A. efficiency

B. revenues

C. privileges

D. validity

【答案】 B

【解析】 句意：这个镇的计划委员会说明年的经济前景相当乐观，预期税收会增加。tax revenue税收。efficiency效率。privilege特权。validity有效性；合法性。故选B。

9．Bill is an example of a severelydisabled person who has become _____ at many survival skills.

A. proficient

B. persistent

C. consistent

D. sufficient

【答案】 A

【解析】 句意：在精通多种求生技能的残疾人当中，比尔是个典范。proficient精通的；常与skill搭配使用，表示娴熟的技术。persistent固执的；坚持的。consistent一致的；坚持的。sufficient足够的；充分的。故选A。

10．The ties that bind us together in common activity are so _____ thatthey can disappear at any moment.

A. trivial

B. fatal

C. tentative

D. feeble

【答案】 D

【解析】 句意：连接我们的纽带是如此脆弱，随时都有可能断裂。feeble脆弱的；易损的。trivial琐细的；微不足道的。fatal致命的。tentative试验性的；试探的。故选D。

11．During the construction of skyscrapers, cranes are used to _____building materials to the upper floors.

A. toss

B. tow

C. hoist

D. hurl

【答案】 C

【解析】 句意：在建设摩天大楼期间，人们用起重机将建筑材料吊起到高层。hoist吊起；举起；提升。toss突然抬起；使……上下摇动。tow拖；牵引；拽。hurl猛投；猛掷。故选C。

12．Diamonds have little _____ value andtheir price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.

A. extinct

B. permanent

C. surplus

D. intrinsic

【答案】 D

【解析】 句意：钻石本身没有什么价值，它们价格昂贵几乎完全是因为物以稀为贵。intrinsic本质的；固有的。extinct灭绝的。permanent永久的。surplus过剩的。故选D。

13．The kitchen was small and _____ so that the disabled could reacheverything without difficulty.

A. conventional

B. compact

C. compatible

D. concise

【答案】 B

【解析】 句意：这间厨房小巧紧凑，残疾人可以方便取物。compact小巧的；紧凑的。conventional传统的。compatible合拍的；协调的。concise简洁的。故选B。

14．He will _____ resign in view of thecomplete failure of the research project.

A. doubtfully

B. adequately

C. presumably

D. reasonably

【答案】 C

【解析】 句意：鉴于此次调研项目完全失败了，他很有可能会辞职。presumably据推测；大概；可能。doubtfully怀疑地。adequately充足地；合适地。reasonably合理地；理性地。故选C。

15．The goal is to make higher education available to everyone whois willing and capable _____ his financial situation.

A. with respectto

B. in accordwith

C. regardlessof

D. in terms of

【答案】 C

【解析】 句意：我们的目标是让每个愿意学习、有学习能力的人接受高等教育，无论其家境如何。regardless of无论；不管。with respect to关于；至于。in accord with同……相符合；与……一致。in terms of依据；按照；在……方面。故选C。

16．The original elections were declared_____ by the former military ruler.

A. void

B. vulgar

C. surplus

D. extravagant

【答案】 A

【解析】 句意：前军事独裁者宣布原先的选举无效。void无效的。vulgar粗俗的。surplus过剩的。extravagant奢侈的；挥霍的。故选A。

17．They stood gazing at the happy _____ ofchildren playing in the park.

A. perspective

B. view

C. landscape

D. scene

【答案】 D

【解析】 句意：他们站在那凝视着孩子们在公园里玩耍这一幸福场景。scene场景；情景；现场。perspective看法；想法。view风景；观点；想法。landscape风景。B、C和D三个选项都有“景色；风景”的意思，但只有scene还表达“场景；情景”的含义。故选D。

18．An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women’s statusin society will _____ through the current law system in Japan.

A. permeate

B. probe

C. violate

D. grope

【答案】 A

【解析】 句意：上层社会对妇女社会地位的态度发生了明显的变化，这种变化将会渗透到对日本现行的法律体系。permeate渗透进；穿透；常与介词through搭配使用。probe调查；探测。violate违反；侵犯。grope摸索；探索。故选A。

19．When he realized he had been _____ to sign the contract byintrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.

A. elicited

B. excited

C. deduced

D. induced

【答案】 D

【解析】 句意：当他意识到他在诡计诱骗下签署了这份合同，他扬言要付诸法律取消这一合约。induce诱骗；哄骗。elicit抽出；引出；引起。excite激起；刺激……，使……兴奋。deduce 推论；推断；演绎出。故选D。

20．These areas rely on agriculture almost _____, having few mineralresources and a minimum of industrial development.

A. respectively

B.extraordinarily

C. incredibly

D. exclusively

【答案】 D

【解析】 句意：这些地区矿产资源贫乏，工业发展滞后，几乎完全依赖农业发展。exclusively排外的；专有的。respectively分别地；各自地。extraordinary非凡的；特别的。incredibly难以置信地；非常地。故选D。

III. ReadingComprehension (40ps)

Reading Passage 1

You should spend about20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

LET’S GO BATS

A. Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark.They hunt at night and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles.You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they couldavoid simply by changing their habits and hunting by day. But the daytimeeconomy is already heavily exploited by other creatures such as birds. Giventhat there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytimetrades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favored bats that make ago of the night-hunting trade. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go wayback in the ancestry of all mammals. In the time when the dinosaurs dominatedthe daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only managed tosurvive-at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. Onlyafter the mysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million yearsago were our ancestors able to emerge into the daytime in any substantialnumbers.

B. Bats have an engineering problem: how to find their way and findtheir prey in the absence of light. Bats are not the only creatures to facethis difficulty today. Obviously the night-flying insects that they prey onmust find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have little or nolight by day or by night. Fish and dolphins that live in extremely muddy watercannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and scattered bythe dirt in the water. Plenty of other modern animals make their living in theconditions where seeing is difficult or impossible.

C. Given the questions of how to maneuver in the dark, whatsolutions might an engineer consider? The first one that might occur to him isto manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and somefish (usually with the help of bacteria) have the power to manufacture theirown light, but the process seems to consume a large amount of energy. Firefliesuse their light for attracting mates. This doesn’t require a prohibitive amountof energy: a male’s tiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female from somedistance on a dark night, since her eyes are exposed directly to the lightsource itself. However, using light to find one’s own way around requiresvastly more energy, since the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of thelight that bounces off each pail of the scene. The light source must thereforebe immensely brighter if it is to be used as a headlight to illuminate thepath, than if it is to be used as a signal to others. In any event, whether ornot the reason is the energy expense, it seems to be the case that, with thepossible exception of some weird deep-sea fish, no animal apart from man usesmanufactured light to find its way about.

D. What else might the engineer think of? Well, blind humanssometimes seem to have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path. It has beengiven the name ‘facial vision’, because blind people have reported that itfeels a bit like the sense of touch, on the face. One report tells of a totallyblind boy who could ride his tricycle at good speed round the block near hishome, using facial vision. Experiments showed that, in fact, facial vision isnothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation maybe referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb.The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes in through the ears.Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoesof their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles.Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploitthe principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship. Afterthis technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weaponsdesigners adapted it for the detection of submarines. Both sides in the SecondWorld War relied heavily on these devices, under such codenames as Asdic(British) and Sonar (American), as well as Radar (American) or RDF (British),which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes.

E. The Sonar and Radar pioneers didn’t know it then, but allthe world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, hadperfected the system lens of millions of years earlier, and their ‘radar’achieves feats of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumbwith admiration. It is technically incorrect to talk about bat ‘radar’, sincethey do not use radio waves. It is sonar. But the underlying mathematicaltheories of radar and sonar are very similar, and much of our scientificunderstanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applyingradar theory to them. The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largelyresponsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation’to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 hasfive paragraphs, A-E. Which paragraph contains the following information? Writethe correct letter, A-E, on your answer sheet. (NB. You may use anyletter more than once.)

1．examples of wildlife other than batswhich do not rely on vision to navigate by

2．how early mammals avoided dying out

3．why bats hunt in the dark

4．how a particular discovery has helpedour understanding of bats

5．early military uses of echolocation

【答案与解析】

1．B 根据B段可知，生活在海洋深处的鱼和鲸鱼白天和晚上几乎见不到光，生活在浑水中的鱼和海豚由于水中污泥的阻碍也看不到东西。没有光，所以这些动物一定不是通过视觉确定猎物位置的。所以题干信息对应的是B段。

2．A 根据A段后半部分，过去恐龙主导白天的时候，我们的哺乳动物祖先只能晚上出现，通过一些方法谋生。只有在6500万年前恐龙神秘地大规模灭绝之后，我们的祖先才得以出现在白天。所以这一部分内容讲的是早期哺乳动物如何逃脱了灭绝的命运。所以题干信息对应的是A段。

3．A 根据A段前半部分，蝙蝠黑夜才出来捕食的原因是白日被其他生物（如鸟类）所主导，自然选择使得蝙蝠只能在晚上出来捕食以求生存。所以题干信息对应的是A段。

4．E E段中“But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are verysimilar, and much of our scientific understanding of the details of what batsare doing has come from applying radar theory to them”明确提出我们如今对蝙蝠的理解是来自于雷达技术的发现。所以题干信息对应的是E段。

5．D 根据D段最后一句可知，echolocation指的是用声呐和雷达技术来确定事物位置。D段最后一句说到，二战中两方都在很大程度上依赖声呐和雷达设备。所以题干信息对应的是D段。

Questions 6-9

Complete the summarybelow. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer Write your answerson your answer sheet.

FAC1ALVISION

Blind peoplereport that so-called ‘facial vision’ is comparable to the sensation of touchon the face. In fact, the sensation is more similar to the way in which painfrom a 6. ______ arm or leg might be felt. The ability actually comes fromperceiving 7. _____ through the ears. However, even before this was understood,the principle had been applied in the design of instruments which calculatedthe 8. _____ of the sea bed. This was followed by a wartime application in devicesfor finding 9. _____.

【答案与解析】

6．phantom

（D段中“Experiments showed that, in fact, facial visionis nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensationmay be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantomlimb”表明：“面感视觉”就像幻肢一样。phantom limb幻肢。limb意思是“肢；臂”，也就是空格后的arm和leg。）

7．obstacles

（D段中“Blind people, without even being aware of thefact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, tosense the presence of obstacles”，表明盲人实际上是通过听脚步声和其他声音来判断障碍物的存在的。）

8．depth

（D段中“Before this was discovered, engineers hadalready built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure thedepth of the sea under a ship”指出，这一原理可以用来测量船下海水的深度。）

9．submarines

（D段倒数第二句提到之前武器设计者曾利用（通过声音感知的）原理才探测潜艇。）

Question 10-13

Complete the sentencesbelow. Choose ONE MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Writeyour answers on your answer sheet.

10．Long before the invention of radar, _____ had resulted in a sophisticatedradar-like system in bats.

11．Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because _____are not used in their navigation system.

12．Radar and sonar are based on similar_____ .

13．The word ‘echolocation’ was first usedby someone working as a _____ .

【答案与解析】

10．natural selection

（E段第一句“bats, or rather natural selection working onbats, had perfected the system lens of millions of years earlier”表明，是自然选择使得蝙蝠拥有了像雷达一样的、复杂的系统。）

11．radio waves

（E段中“It is technically incorrect to talk about bat ‘radar’,since they do not use radio waves”说到，从技术角度来看，蝙蝠“雷达”是不正确的说法，因为蝙蝠并不使用无线电波。）

12．mathematical theories

（E段中“the underlying mathematical theories of radarand sonar are very similar”表明，雷达和声呐技术基于相同的数学理论。）

13．American zoologist

（E段最后一句指出，echolocation这个词是由美国动物学家Donald Griffin创造出来的。）

Reading Passage 2

You should spend about20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on thefollowing pages.

Questions 14-26

Reading Passage2 hasseven paragraphs, A-H. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-H fromthe list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-xi, on your answersheet.

14．Paragraph A

15．Paragraph C

16．Paragraph D

17．Paragraph E

18．Paragraph F

19．Paragraph G

20．Paragraph H

MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT

A. The history of human civilization is entwined with the history ofthe ways we have learned to manipulate water resources. As towns graduallyexpanded, water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading tosophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts. At the height of theRoman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes andwell-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per personas is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.

B. During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the19th and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedentedconstruction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designedto control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water forirrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions ofpeople. Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly becauseof the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growthof 40% of the world’s food. Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generatedworldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water.

C. Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress,half of the world’s population still suffers, with water services inferior tothose available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations reporton access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion peoplelack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not haveadequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill anestimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggeststhat we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems.

D. The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizinghuman health. Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from theirhomes—often with little warning or compensation—to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. Morethan 20% of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangeredbecause dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing riverecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil qualityand reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers are being pumpeddown faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, theUSA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led toviolence and continue to raise local, national and even international tensions.

E. At the outset of the new millennium, however, the way resourceplanners think about water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shiftingback to the provision of basic human and environmental needs as top priority—ensuringsome for all, instead of more for some. Some water experts are now demandingthat existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building newfacilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first,resort. This shift in philosophy has not been universally accepted, and itcomes with strong opposition from some established water organizations.Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address successfully the pressingproblems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate water togrow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.

F. Fortunately—and unexpectedly—the demand for water is not risingas rapidly as some predicted. As a result, the pressure to build new waterinfrastructures has diminished over the past two decades. Although population,industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developednations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers andlakes has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen.

G. What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: peoplehave figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities arerethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quartersof the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled onaverage; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the populationquadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person hasactually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conservewater in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13million gallons of water to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation)—almosta quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallenby more than 20 % from their peak in 1980.

H. On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds ofinfrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developingcountries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must bebuilt to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people andtheir environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seemwarranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respectingecological criteria and to a smaller budget.

【答案与解析】

15．Paragraph C→vii

（段落C的主要内容是：在快速发展的同时，世界上有一半的地区饱受污染困扰，部分地区缺少干净的饮用水及卫生设施，并且因水污染疾病导致的死亡人数数量巨大，这些问题急需解决。疾病对应选项vii中的health（健康），故选vii。）

16．Paragraph D→v

（段落D的主要内容是：修建水库、大坝等政策导致了一系列的问题，如：鱼类受威胁、生态系统和土壤被破坏、农业产量减少等，这些都是水资源短缺对环境的影响，故选v。）

17．Paragraph E→i

（段落的E主要内容是：水资源规划者们认为水资源的利用方式正在发生改变，要更有效地使用现有的基础设施，这将有助于解决干净饮用水短缺、农业用水短缺、水污染疾病等问题。水资源规划者、改变用水方式等与选项i中的revisionof policy（调整政策）相对应，故选i。）

18．Paragraph F→ix

（段落F的主要内容是：幸运的是，人们对水的需求并没有像一些人预测的那样迅速上升。在过去二十年里，建造新的水基础设施的压力减少。虽然人口、工业产出和经济生产力在发达国家继续飙升，但人们从含水层、河流和湖泊抽水的速度减缓。在世界的一些地区，需求实际上已经下降。选项ix符合段意，故选ix。）

19．Paragraph G→ii

（段落G的主要内容是：人们对水的需求量下降，其中有两大原因，一个原因是人们已经知道如何更有效地使用水，另一个原因是大众正在重新思考他们用水的优先次序。后文便是对这两个原因的解释，只有选项ii有原因、解释的含义，故选ii。）

20．Paragraph H→x

（段落H的主要内容是：在部分地区，特别是在没有满足人们基本需要的发展中国家必须建造水坝、引水渠和其他类型的基础设施。但是，这些项目必须建立在更高规格的基础上，并对当地人民及其环境承担起比以往更多的责任。即使在看来需要新项目的地区，我们必须找到办法，用更少的资源、尊重生态的标准和更小的预算来满足要求。由此可见，本段重点强调了基础设施的建设要有高的标准，承担起社会责任，故选x（提高标准的需要）。）

Questions 21-26

Do the followingstatements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? On youranswer sheet, write:

21．Water use per person is higher in theindustrial world than it was in Ancient Rome.

22．Feeding increasing populations ispossible due primarily to improved irrigation systems.

23．Modern water systems imitate those ofthe ancient Greeks and Romans.

24．Industrial growth is increasing theoverall demand for water.

25．Modern technologies have led to areduction in domestic water consumption.

26．In the future, governments shouldmaintain ownership of water infrastructures.

【答案与解析】

21．NO

（根据段落A的最后一句话“At the height of theRoman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-builtsewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as isprovided in many parts of the industrial world today”，即：在罗马帝国的鼎盛时期，九条主干系统，加上新型管道布局以及内置下水道，使其人均供水量和今天的工业化国家一样多。题目里所给的higher（高于）和as much as（和……一样多）不符，因此本句话与作者的意思相矛盾，填No。）

22．YES

（根据段落B可知，“Food production has keptpace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificialirrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food”，即：食物产量跟上了暴增的人口，主要是因为人工灌溉系统的推广使全球食物总量增长40%成为可能。该句话与文段内容相吻合，故填YES。）

23．NOT GIVEN

（根据段落C可发现原词重现。原文为“Yet there is a darkside to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s population stillsuffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeksand Romans”，其含义如下：“然而，这一现象也有其阴暗的一面：尽管我们取得了一定的进步，然而，世界上半数的人口仍然忍受着还不如当初古希腊和古罗马的供水服务。”imitate指模仿，在原文中没有对应点，既不一致，也不矛盾。故填NOT GIVEN（未给出）。）

24．NO

（根据段落F可知，“Although population,industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developednations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers andlakes has slowed”，即：虽然在发达国家，人口、工业产出和经济产量持续地大幅上升，但是人们从水库、河流和湖泊中抽取水的速度却在下降。而该句话的含义是：工业增长增加了对水的整体需求，显然与段落大意不符，故填NO。）

25．YES

（根据段落G可知，“But since 1980, the amountof water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of newtechnologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry”，即：但是自从1980年以来，人均水消费量事实上下降了。这主要是因为采用了一系列有助于节约民用和工业用水的新科技。因此，新科技的确导致了家庭用水量的下降，题目表述与原文相符，故填YES。）

26．NOT GIVEN

（根据段落H可知，“On the other hand, dams,aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built,particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met”，即：另一方面，水坝、引水渠以及其他基础设施仍将被建造，尤其是在一些连基本的人民需求都没有得到满足的发展中国家。政府是否对基础设施保持所有权，找不到相关对应点，既不一致，也不矛盾。故填NOT GIVEN。）

Reading Passage 3

You should spend about20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

EDUCATING PSYCHE

EducatingPsyche by Bernie Neville is a book which looks atradical new approaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion,imagination and the unconscious on learning. One theory discussed in the bookis that proposed by George Lozanov, which focuses on the power of suggestion.

Lozanov’sinstructional technique is based on the evidence that the connections made inthe brain through unconscious processing (which he calls non-specific mentalreactivity) are more durable than those made through conscious processing.Besides the laboratory evidence for this, we know from our experience that weoften remember what we have perceived peripherally, long after we haveforgotten what we set out to learn.

If we think of abook we studied months or years ago, we will find it easier to recallperipheral details—the color, the binding, the typeface, the table at thelibrary where we sat while studying it—than the content on which we wereconcentrating. If we think of a lecture we listened to with greatconcentration, we will recall the lecturer’s appearance and mannerisms, ourplace in the auditorium, the failure of the air-conditioning, much more easilythan the ideas we went to learn. Even if these peripheral details are a bitelusive, they come back readily in hypnosis or when we relive the eventimaginatively, as in psychodrama. The details of the content of the lecture, onthe other hand, seem to have gone forever.

This phenomenoncan be partly attributed to the common counterproductive approach to study(making extreme efforts to memorize, tensing muscles, inducing fatigue), but italso simply reflects the way the brain functions. Lozanov therefore madeindirect instruction (suggestion) central to his teaching system. Insuggestopedia, as he called his method, consciousness is shifted away from thecurriculum to focus on something peripheral. The curriculum then becomesperipheral and is dealt with by the reserve capacity of the brain.

The suggestopedicapproach to foreign language learning provides a good illustration. In its mostrecent variant (1980), it consists of the reading of vocabulary and text whilethe class is listening to music. The first session is in two parts. In thefirst part, the music is classical (Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms) and the teacherreads the text slowly and solemnly, with attention to the dynamics of themusic. The students follow the text in their books. This is followed by severalminutes of silence. In the second part, they listen to baroque music (Bach,Corelli, Handel) while the teacher reads the text in a normal speaking voice.During this time they have their books closed. During the whole of thissession, their attention is passive; they listen to the music but make noattempt to learn the material.

Beforehand, thestudents have been carefully prepared for the language learning experience.Through meeting with the staff and satisfied students they develop theexpectation that learning will be easy and pleasant and that they willsuccessfully learn several hundred words of the foreign language during theclass. In a preliminary talk, the teacher introduces them to the material to becovered, but does not ‘teach’ it. Likewise, the students are instructed not totry to learn it during this introduction.

Some hours afterthe two-part session, there is a follow-up class at which the students arestimulated to recall the material presented. Once again the approach isindirect. The students do not focus their attention on trying to remember thevocabulary, but focus on using the language to communicate (e.g. through gamesor improvised dramatizations). Such methods are not unusual in languageteaching. What is distinctive in the suggestopedic method is that they aredevoted entirely to assisting recall. The ‘learning’ of the material is assumedto be automatic and effortless, accomplished while listening to music. Theteacher’s task is to assist the students to apply what they have learnedpara-consciously, and in doing so to make it easily accessible toconsciousness. Another difference from conventional leaching is the evidencethat students can regularly learn 1000 new words of a foreign language during asuggestopedic session, as well as grammar and idiom.

Lozanovexperimented with teaching by direct suggestion during sleep, hypnosis andtrance states, but found such procedures unnecessary. Hypnosis, yoga, Silvamind-control, religious ceremonies and faith healing are all associated withsuccessful suggestion, but none of their techniques seem to be essential to it.Such rituals may be seen as placebos. Lozanov acknowledges that the ritualsurrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but maintains thatwithout such a placebo people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacityof their brains. Like any placebo, it must be dispensed with authority to beeffective. Just as a doctor calls on the full power of autocratic suggestion byinsisting that the patient take precisely this white capsule precisely threetimes a day before meals, Lozanov is categorical in insisting that thesuggestopedic session be conducted exactly in the manner designated, by trainedand accredited suggestopedic teachers.

Whilesuggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modernlanguages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanovand his associates. We can, perhaps, attribute mediocre results to aninadequate placebo effect. The students have not developed the appropriate mindset. They are often not motivated to learn through this method. They do nothave enough ‘faith’. They do not see it as ‘real teaching’, especially as itdoes not seem to involve the ‘work’ they have learned to believe is essentialto learning.

Questions 27-30

Choose the correct, A,B, C or D. Write the correct letter on your answer sheet.

27．The book Educating Psyche ismainly concerned with _____.

A. the power ofsuggestion in learning

B. a particulartechnique for learning based on emotions

C. the effectsof emotion on the imagination and the unconscious

D. way oflearning which are not traditional

28．Lozanov’s theory claims that, when wetry to remember things, _____.

A. unimportantdetails are the easiest to recall

B.concentrating hard produces the best results

C. the mostsignificant facts are most easily recalled

D. peripheralvision is not important

29．In this passage, the author uses theexamples of a book and a lecture to illustrate that _____.

A. both ofthese are important for developing concentration

B. his theory’about methods of learning is valid

C. reading is abetter technique for learning than listening

D. we canremember things more easily under hypnosis

30．Lozanov claims that teachers shouldtrain students to _____.

A. memorizedetails of the curriculum

B. developtheir own sets of indirect instructions

C. think aboutsomething other than the curriculum content

D. avoidoverloading the capacity of the brain

【答案与解析】

27．D 根据文章第一段可知“Educating psyche by Bernie Neville is abook which looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing the effectsof emotion, imagination and the unconscious on learning”，这本书主要是关于激进的新型教学法的，radical和new等词汇等同于选项D中的not traditional，因此正确答案选D。

28．A 根据文章二、三段可知，“we often remember what we have perceive peripherally, long after wehave forgotten what we set out to learn”，即：我们常常记得我们所感知到的周边环境，很久以后我们已经忘记了我们要学习的东西。之后，作者举出两个例子：读书和听演讲，我们没有记住书的内容，也没记住演讲的主题，却能够轻易回忆起书的颜色、装订、字体以及演讲者的容貌举止，甚至是礼堂里坏掉的空调，这些小细节与主题相比微不足道。说明了“当我们努力要记起什么的时候，我们记住的往往是些无关紧要的细节”，所以正确答案是A。

29．B 由上题可知，本文中作者引用了一本书和一次演讲的例子来说明：当我们记忆的时候，记住的往往是无关紧要的细节，由此可排除A选项。C选项本文并未涉及，也排除。D选项重点强调了催眠术的作用，而文中是指：我们在学习时记住的往往是无关紧要的细节，即使这些周围的细节有些难以捉摸，回到催眠状态人们就可以想起来，可见催眠并不是文章重点要探讨的学习方法，也排除。第三段中指出以上现象（例子）简单反映了大脑的工作原理，因此，Lozanov对其教学体系提出了间接指导（建议），这也说明了他关于教学方法的理论是有充分根据的。

30．C 根据文章第四段可知，“In suggestopedia, as he called his method, consciousness is shiftedaway from the curriculum to focus on something peripheral”，即：在暗示教学法中，他这样称呼他的方法，意识从课程转向对周围事物的关注。也可以说，Lozanov认为教师应当引导学生关注课程以外的事物，选项C符合题意，故选C。

Questions 31-36

Do the followingstatements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? On youranswer sheet, write:

31．In the example of suggestopedic teaching in the fourthparagraph, the only variable that changes is the music.

32．Prior to the suggestopedia class, students are made aware thatthe language experience will be demanding.

33．In the follow-up class, the teachingactivities are similar to those used in conventional classes.

34．As an indirect benefit, students noticeimprovements in their memory.

35．Teachers say they prefer suggestopediato traditional approaches to language teaching.

36．Students in a suggestopedia classretain more new vocabulary than those in ordinary classes.

【答案与解析】

31．FALSE

（根据文章内容可知，文中提到的暗示教学法的实验方法是：音乐从第一阶段的古典音乐到了第二阶段的巴洛克式音乐，老师也从第一阶段的“用缓慢且庄严的语调朗读课文”变成了第二阶段的“用正常声调朗读课文”。这就证明改变的不仅仅是音乐，还有老师的朗读方法。因此“唯一的变量是音乐”这种说法是错误的。）

32．FALSE

（根据文章第六段可知：事先，学生们已经精心准备了语言学习经验。通过与老师以及对这种语言学习方式感到满意的学生的交流，他们形成了一种期待：那就是接下来的学习将是简单轻松的。而题中的demanding指的是“要求高的、难度大的”，显然和“简单轻松”相矛盾，因此这种说法与原文信息相矛盾，填FALSE。）

33．TRUE

（根据文章内容可知，“Some hours after thetwo-part session, there is a follow-up class at which the students arestimulated to recall the material presented. The students do not focus theirattention on trying to remember the vocabulary, but focus on using the languageto communicate. Such methods are not unusual in language teaching”。在后续课程中，学生通过使用语言进行交流来回忆之前所学的内容，而非集中注意力去记忆单词，这样的方法在语言教学中十分常见。言外之意，暗示教学法在普通教学中也被用到，即：跟进课程使用了与传统课堂相似的教学方法。因此，本题的表述与原文相一致，填TRUE。）

34．NOT GIVEN

（由文章内容可知，使用暗示教学法一方面是让学生完全通过回忆来学习知识，另一成果是学生可以通过应用该方法轻易学习1000个新单词、语法及习语。但至于学生的记忆力是否有所提高，这点根据实验推断不出来，因此填NOT GIVEN。）

35．NOT GIVEN

（根据文章内容可知，文中虽提到了suggestopedia及conventional teaching，但也只是主要讲了两者的区别与联系，并未表明教师对两者的偏好，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。）

36．TRUE

（根据之前的问题，我们知道：与传统教学模式的另外一点不同就是在间接暗示方法下，学生通常可以轻易记住1000个生词以及语法点和成语。普通课堂对应的是传统教学法，而实验课堂使用的是暗示教学法，显然暗示教学法比在传统教学方法下记忆的单词更多。因此答案是TRUE。）

Questions 37-40

Complete the summaryusing the list of words, A—K, below. Write the correct letter, A—K, from thebox below, on your answer sheet.

Suggestopediauses a less direct method of suggestion than other techniques such as hypnosis.However, Lozanov admits that a certain amount of 37. _____ is necessary in orderto convince students, even if this is just a 38. _____. Furthermore, if themethod is to succeed, teachers must follow a set procedure. Although Lozanov’smethod has become quite 39. _____, the results of most other teachers usingthis method have been 40. _____.

【答案与解析】

37．F 分析语法结构，可知该空应当填写名词，缩小范围到teaching教育；教学。authoritarian专制者；独裁者。ritual典礼；仪式；惯例。和placebo安慰剂；宽心话。根据题干：“与其他如催眠那样的方法相比，暗示教学法使用了一种不那么直接的暗示方法。然而，Lonazov承认，为了说服学生，一定量的……还是必要的”。显然，authoritarian用在这里不合适；暗示教学法也是一种教学方法，不是说教育的多少，因此teaching也不合适。比较后两个单词，暗示教学法主张将学生的注意力从课程转向周围的事物，但必要的课堂氛围还是要有的，需要有老师引导。可见，此处填ritual更为合适，取“惯例”的含义。

38．H 分析语法结构，可知该空应当填写名词。根据文章内容“Such rituals may be seen as placebos. Lozanov acknowledges that theritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, butmaintains that without such a placebo people are unable or afraid to tap thereserve capacity of their brains”。再结合上题可知，暗示教学法需要一定量的惯例来说服学生，即使这只是一种安慰剂罢了。

39．K 分析语法结构，可知该空应当填写形容词。题目中的句子翻译为：“再者，如果暗示教学法要取得成功，教师就必须遵循一套教学流程。尽管Lozanov的方法已经变得很……，然而，大多数其他教师的使用结果都是……”。回到文章最后一段，可知：“虽然暗示教学法在现代语言教学中获得了一些名气，但很少有教师能够模仿Lozanov和他同事的惊人的实验结果”。“有名气”对应的形容词只有well-known，故此处应填写well-known。

40．G 根据上述翻译，不难得出，最后一空应当填写与失败同义或与well-known含义相反的词汇，选项中只有unspectacular（不壮观的，不引人注意的）最为合适，故此处填unspectacular。 B6qYkDMU2ZRUHWfHrwag7pV6g2fKLtw5vlrN8o+VF57qaOUjRh30iw+ldyqKZ22P