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Study questions
1. What are thefunctional morphemes in the following sentence?
When hearrived in the morning, the old man had an umbrella and a large plastic bagfull of books.
Key: When, he, the, an, and, a, of
2. (a) List the boundmorphemes in these words: fearlessly, misleads, previewer, shortened,unhappier
(b) Which of these words has a bound stem: construct,deceive, introduce, repeat?
(c) Which of these words contains an allomorph of themorpheme “past tense”: are, have, must, sitting, waits?
Key: (a) -less, -ly, mis-, -s, pre-, -er,-en, -ed, un-, -er
(b) repeat
(c) must
3. What are theinflectional morphemes in these expressions?
(a) Have youeaten yet?
(b) Do youknow how long I’ve been waiting?
(c) She’syounger than me and always dresses in the latest style.
(d) Welooked through my grandmother’s old photo albums.
Key:(a) –en (b) –ing (c) –er (d) -ed
4. What are the allomorphs of the morpheme“plural” in this set of English words: criteria, dogs, oxen, deer, judges,stimuli?
Key: -a (OR -on→-a), -s, -en, ө-Ø,-es, -i (OR -us→-i)
5. What isreduplication?
Key: Reduplication means repeatingall or part of a form, as a way of indicating, for example, that a noun isplural or a verb is in the future.
6. Provide equivalentforms, in the languages listed, for the English translations shown on the rightbelow.
Key:
Tasks
A. What is “suppletion”?Was there an example of an English suppletive form described in this chapter?
Key: Suppletion is traditionallyunderstood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word whenthe two words are not cognate. For those learning a language, suppletive formswill be seen as "irregular" or even "highly irregular". Theterm "suppletion" implies that a gap in the paradigm was filled by aform "supplied" by a different paradigm. Instances of suppletion areoverwhelmingly restricted to the most commonly used lexical items in alanguage.
Most of the examples below are from Indo-European languages, butsuppletion is hardly restricted to these languages. For example, In English,the past tense of the verb go is went, which comes from the past tense of theverb wend, archaic in this sense.
C. What are enclitics and proclitics? DoesEnglish have both? What are some typical English examples? Why aren’t they justcalled affixes?
Key: (1)Proclitics are one-syllablewords that lack their own accent and so they attach themselves to the followingword. For examples: æj (as)
(2) Enclitics lack their own accent, but they attach themselves tothe previous word. The most important of the enclitics to learn is the presentindicative forms of the verb “to be”. Enclitics can affect the accent of theprevious word
(3) In morphology and syntax, a clitic is a morpheme that has syntacticcharacteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word orphrase. It is pronounced like an affix, but works at the phrase level. Forexample, the word an is a clitic in the phrase: an apple.
D. Using what you learned about Swahili andinformation provided in the set of examples below, create appropriate forms astranslations of the English expressions (1–6) that follow.
Key: Swahili
1. alikupenda
2. nitawapika
3. utapita
4. tulimlipa
5. atanipiga
6. waliondoka
F. Using what you learned about Tagalog, plusinformation from the set of examples here, create appropriate forms of theseverbs for (1–10) below.
Key: Tagalog
1. bumili
2. binili
3. binasag
4. hinanap
5. humahanap
6. kumakain
7. bumabasag
8. binabasag
9. hinahanap
10. kinakain