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Study questions
1. In the study ofnon-verbal behavior, what are emblems?
Key: Emblems are signals such as“thumbs up” (= things are good) that function like fixed phrases and do notdepend on speech.
2. What is thedifference between “iconics” and “deictics” in the study of gestures?
Key: Iconics are gestures that insome way look like the meaning of (part of) what is said, as in tracing asquare with the hands while talking about a small box.
Deictics are gestures used to point to things or people whiletalking.
3. What is an alternatesign language?
Key: An alternate sign language is asystem of hand signals for limited communication in a context where speechcannot be used.
4. What is the majordifference between ASL and Signed English?
Key: Signed English is essentiallyEnglish sentences, sometimes abbreviated, using signs as vocabulary. ASL is aseparate language, with many structures that are different from English.
5. Which articulatoryparameters of ASL have “flat hand” and “palm up” as primes?
Key: The parameter of shape has“flat hand” as a prime and orientation has “palm up” as a prime.
6. What would be themost likely English translation of:
Key: (a) Did it happen last night?
(b) The boy isn’t/wasn’t walking with pleasure/enjoyment.
Tasks
C. What is theconnection between deaf education and the invention of the telephone?
Key: Alexander Graham Bell trainedteachers in how to teach the deaf mutes how to speak and he performed researchwith speech and electricity. The first bi-directional transmission of speechwas made by Bell to his assistant, which was followed by the first longdistance phone call which was made by Bell to his assistant. This telephonetransmitted weak sounds and one needed to place one’s ear close to the earphoneto be able to hear. Bell went on to produce commercial telephones, made manyimprovements to them, and laid the ground work for the development of thetelephone industry. The telephone was a very important invention of thenineteenth century which helped improve communications between people at adistance. The first telephone exchange that linked many people who hadtelephones together so that they could communicate by telephone was implementedin Hartford.
From a teaching perspective the telephone is a two-way synchronouscommunication technology that provided equal opportunities for all students toparticipate in learning. The telephone is “good for clarification, diagnosis oflearning difficulties, student feedback, discussion, and argument”. Thetelephone necessitates that students attend class at the same time, whichfosters a “sense of community”. The use of the telephone was applied toeducation in the 1980s at many universities in the United States. Theseuniversities offered remote classroom teaching whereby a teacher at one campustaught in real-time to other campuses in other parts of the state. Themotivation behind this initiative was to offer the same educationalopportunities to all students in the state regardless of where they werelocated
D. What made people havesuch a strong commitment to oralism despite its lack of success?
Key: Bell’sendorsement of oralism was one factor that made the assimilation strategy oforalist educators palatable to important groups of hearing people, includingparents of deaf children. The promise of a more homogenous society allowedoralism to emerge as the most attractive option to educate deaf people. Suchstrategies paralleled the general assimilation movement through the supposeduplifting of the deaf community by halting sign language use, reducing theimportance of residential schools, and decreasing intermarriage among deafpartners. Bell and other oralists further strengthened their argument bydeclaring sign language backwards, using Darwinian terminology to insist thatit had lost to spoken language in the struggle of the fittest, and pointing outthat American Sign Language was to a great extent based on a sign language thatoriginated in France. Thus, oralism came to be viewed as a model of socialprogress in deaf education, contributing to a homogenous society.
E. What is the basis ofthe distinction between “prelinguistic” and “postlinguistic” hearingimpairment?
Key: Hearing loss can be either prelinguistic—thatis, it precedes a child’s language development—or postlinguistic,occurring after a child has acquired some degree of speech and language skill.