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Study questions
1. How is the word “discourse”usually defined?
Key: The word “discourse” is usuallydefined as “language beyond the sentence”.
2. What is the basicdifference between cohesion and coherence?
Key: Cohesion is a feature of atext, specifically the ties and connections that exist within a text；
Coherence is afeature of a person’s interpretation of a text in which things fit togetherwell.
3. How do speakers markcompletion points at the end of a turn?
Key: Speakers can mark completionpoints by asking a question or by pausing at the end of a completed syntacticstructure such as a phrase or sentence.
4. What are hedges indiscourse?
Key: Hedges are words or phrasesused to indicate that we’re not really sure that what we’re saying issufficiently correct or complete.
5. Which maxim does thisspeaker seem to be particularly careful about?
I may bemistaken, but I thought I saw a wedding ring on his finger.
Key:Quality. Because the speaker indicates that he or she‘may be mistaken’.
6. In the study ofdiscourse understanding, what are scripts?
Key: Scripts are like dynamicschemas (or knowledge structures) in which a series of conventional actionstakes place.
Tasks
A. In the analysis of discourse, what is ‘intertextuality’?
Key: Intertextuality suggests thatdiscourse exists beyond the level of any particular discursive event and allowsa focus on the social and historical context in which the discourse isembedded.
B. In conversation analysis, what is thedifference between a “preferred” response and a “dispreferred” response? Howwould you characterize the responses by Shein these two examples?
(i ) HE: Howabout going for some coffee?
SHE: Oh … eh… I’d love to … but you see … I … I’m supposed to get this thing finished … youknow.
(ii) HE: Ithink she’s really sexy.
SHE: Well … er … I’m not sure … you may be right … but you see …other people probably don’t go for all that … you know … all that make-up … soem sorry but I don’t think so.
Key: In this example both responsesare ‘dispreferred’ responses. The first is a non-acceptance of an invitationand the second is a non-agreement with an assessment.)