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Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)
By 1830 theformer Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. Theroughly 20 million (1) _____ of these nations looked (2) _____ to the future.Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of theleaders of independence (3) _____ the ideas of representative government,careers (4) _____ to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the (5) _____ toprivate property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. (6)_____ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign andindependent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a (7)_____ set of laws.
On the issue of (8)_____ of religion and the position of the Church, (9) _____, there was lessagreement (10) _____ the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the statereligion and the only one (11) _____ by the Spanish crown. (12) _____ mostleaders sought to maintain Catholicism (13) _____ the official religion of thenew states, some sought to end the (14) _____ of other faiths. The defense ofthe Church became a rallying (15) _____ for the conservative forces.
The ideals ofthe early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality ofeverything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had (16) _____ in return toabolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolishedeverywhere except Spain’s (17) _____ colonies. Early promises to end Indiantribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much (18) _____ because thenew nations still needed the revenue such policies (19) _____. Egalitariansentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was (20)_____ self-rule and democracy.
1. [A] natives
[B] inhabitants
[C] peoples
[D] individuals
2. [A] confusedly
[B] cheerfully
[C] worriedly
[D] hopefully
3. [A] shared
[B] forgot
[C] attained
[D] rejected
4. [A] related
[B] close
[C] open
[D] devoted
5. [A] access
[B] succession
[C] right
[D] return
6. [A] Presumably
[B] Incidentally
[C] Obviously
[D] Generally
7. [A] unique
[B] common
[C] particular
[D] typical
8. [A] freedom
[B] origin
[C] impact
[D] reform
9. [A] therefore
[B] however
[C] indeed
[D] moreover
10. [A] with
[B] about
[C] among
[D] by
11. [A] allowed
[B] preached
[C] granted
[D] funded
12. [A] Since
[B] If
[C] Unless
[D] While
13. [A] as
[B] for
[C] under
[D] against
14. [A] spread
[B]interference
[C] exclusion
[D] influence
15. [A] support
[B] cry
[C] plea
[D] wish
16. [A] urged
[B] intended
[C] expected
[D] promised
17. [A] controlling
[B] former
[C] remaining
[D] original
18. [A] slower
[B] faster
[C] easier
[D] tougher
19. [A] created
[B] produced
[C] contributed
[D] preferred
20. [A] puzzledby
[B] hostileto
[C]pessimisticabout
[D]unpreparedfor
【文章导读】
本文主要介绍了西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地在独立后在政治、宗教、经济，以及信念等方面的情况。他们的领导人拥有建立一个独立自主的国家的共同信念，并且在经济上能够养活自己的国民，但在宗教自由以及教会的地位问题上存在不同的意见。
【答案与解析】
1. B 考查名词词义辨析。native主要是指本地人，或土著居民。inhabitant居民，住户。people人们，强调不同的民族的人。individual个人，强调个体差别。该处是指“居住在西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地的大约2千万居民”，因此B项inhabitant为最佳选项。
2. D 考查上下文逻辑和副词词义辨析。根据上文可知，这些原本为西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地的国家现在变成了独立国，所以从逻辑上讲，当地人民应该是对未来充满了希望。confusedly慌乱地；混乱地。cheerfully欢乐地；愉快地。worriedly担忧地。hopefully抱有希望地；有前途地。因此，D项hopefully符合文意。
3. A 考查动词辨析和上下文逻辑。share分享，共同拥有。forget忘记。attain获得，经过努力得到。reject拒绝；抛弃。根据下文对idea 的具体说明可知独立运动的领导人在管理国家方面应该是拥有共同的理念，应选A项。
4. C 考查固定搭配。relate to涉及，与……有关。close to 与……邻近。be open to对……开放。devoted to 专心于；忠于。原文中，该处是指岗位对人才开放，让人尽其才。C项符合语境。
5. C 考查固定搭配。access to sth.表示“进入；有权使用……”。succession to sth.表示“继承……，继任……”。the right to sth.表示“……的权利”。return to表示“回到某地；回复某种状况”。该处的意思是指对私有财产的所有权。因此，C项符合文意。
6. D 考查副词词义辨析。presumably大概；可能。incidentally顺便；偶然地。obviously明显地。generally普遍的；通常。该句句意为“他们普遍认为这些新国家应该是独立的主权国家”，只有D项符合题意。
7. B 考查形容词词义辨析和上下文逻辑。句中空格前的动词是integrate，意为“一体化；成整体。”既然是成整体，各国应该遵循的就应该是共同的法律。B项common，普遍的；共同的，此处指拥有共同的法律体系，符合文意。unique唯一的；仅有的。particular特别的；独有的。typical典型的；代表性的。
8. A 考查上下文逻辑和名词词义辨析。该处的后文主要是陈述当时国内领导人对宗教信仰所持的不同态度，有的领导人认为要将罗马天主教定为国教，而另外一些领导人则认为要废除对其他宗教的排斥。因此可以推测此处是说“在宗教信仰自由和教会地位上，领导集团没有达成一致”。freedom of religion即宗教自由。origin起源；根源。impact影响；冲击。reform改革；改造。
9. B 考查上下文逻辑。该处后面的“less agreement”与上文“拥有共同的理念”形成对比，故此处应选表示转折的副词however。therefore因此，所以。indeed的确；确实。moreover再者；此外。
10. C 考查介词的用法。among“在……之间”，表示范围，和leadership搭配，意为“在领导人中间”。其他几个介词与后面的内容搭配，都不表示范围。with表示具有某种性质。about关于。by通过……，表示做某事的方式。
11. A 考查上下文逻辑和固定搭配。该处的上一句说到“罗马天主教是西班牙的国教”，该处空格前面的only也表示了罗马天主教是西班牙王室唯一准许（人们信仰）的宗教。因此该处是说罗马天主教是唯一被允许的宗教。allow允许。grant准予；承认。preach说教；布道。fund为……提供资金；积存。
12. D 考查让步状语从句。while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”，表示两种现象同时发生，进行对比。该处是指领导者对罗马天主教和其他宗教地位的不同看法。since自从；因为。if如果，表示假设，常引导条件状语从句。unless除非。
13. A 考查固定搭配。maintain ... as ...意为“继续作为……”。as当，把……作为。该处句意为“大多数领导人想把天主教仍然作为新国家的官方宗教。”
14. C 考查上下文逻辑和名词词义辨析。句首的while在句意上使得整个句子的前后内容形成对比，句子的上半句说“有的领导人想把天主教仍然当作新国家的国教”，因而可以推测句子的下半句表达的意思应该与这种观点不同或相反。选项中符合语境的只有C项exclusion即“排除，除外”。句意为“有的领导人则认为应该废除对其他信仰的排斥”。spread传播。interference冲突，干涉。influence影响。
15. B 考查固定搭配。rallying cry的意思是“战斗口号”。该句句意为”保卫教会成立保守势力的战斗口号”。support支持。plea恳求。wish祝愿。
16. D 考查上下文逻辑和名词词义辨析。该处的上一句提到独立国家早期的领导人重视一切平等，本句是对上一句的进一步说明。根据下文“早期的承诺实现得比较晚”，可推测此处指的是玻利瓦尔承诺海地废除奴隶制度，以此回报海地的帮助。D项promise许诺；允诺。符合文意。urge催促；力劝。intend计划，打算。expect预料；期望。
17. C 考查形容词词义辨析。上文已经提到独立后的新国家承诺废除奴隶制度，那么到1854年还没有废除奴隶制度的就应该是残留的西班牙殖民地。remaining剩余的，残留的。controling控制的；管理的。former之前的。original最初的，原始的。故选C项。
18. A 考查上下文逻辑。该句中because引导的原因状语从句是对空格部分的解释，原因状语部分所表达的意思是“因为新国家仍然需要这项政策带来的税收”，由此可知废除印第安人的纳贡和混血人种的税收承诺实现得更慢。A项正确。
19. B 考查动词词义辨析。produce产生，经济学里特指产生利益。create创造，尤指独具特色的创作。contribute捐助，贡献。prefer更喜欢，宁愿。此处表达的意思是“这些政策带来的税收”。故B项符合题意。
20. D 考查形容词短语含义辨析。puzzled by对……感到迷惑。hostile to与……敌对。pessimistic about对……感到悲观。unprepared for对……没做好准备。该处句意为多数人还没做好民主和自治的准备。D项正确。
【全文翻译】
截止到1830年，西班牙和葡萄牙之前的殖民地都获得了独立。这些国家2000万左右的居民对未来充满希望。很多生于旧政体和伊比利亚殖民主义统治危机下的独立运动领袖都有着同样的理想：（建立）代表民意的政府、向人才敞开职业（的大门）、商贸自由、私有财产（归属）所有者以及（树立）个人是社会基础的观念。他们普遍认为新的国家应该是独立的主权国家，要有足够的规模发展经济，同时由一套共同的法律将各个国家整合在一起。
然而在宗教信仰自由和教会地位的问题上，领导层内部却有不同的意见。以前，罗马天主教是国教也是西班牙王室唯一允许（信仰）的宗教。尽管大多数领袖想要继续把天主教当作新国家的国教，但有些领袖不想排斥对其他（宗教的）信仰。护教成了保守派力量的口号。
早期独立运动领袖的理想是平均主义，强调一切事物的平等。玻利瓦尔曾向海地承诺废除解放区内的奴隶制度，以此回报海地对它的援助。截止到1854年，除了西班牙残存的殖民地以外，奴隶制在其他地区已经全部被废除。早前做出的废除印度的纳贡和对混血人种的税收的承诺就实现得慢得多，因为新的国家需要这些政策所带来的收入。因为某些担忧多数人还没有对自治和民主做好准备，平等的观念被削弱了。
【词汇装备】
colony [ 5kClEni ] n. 殖民地；（侨民）聚居地
roughly [ 5rQflI ] adv. 概略地，粗糙地
regime [ reI5Vi:m ] n. 政体，政权，政权制度
commerce [ 5kCmE(:)s ] n. 商业
sovereign [ 5sCvrin ] n. 君主，统治
viable [ 5vaiEbl ] adj. 能养活的，能生育的
Catholicism [ kE5WClisizm ] n. 天主教（教义）
conservative [ kEn5sE:vEtiv ] adj. 保守的，守旧的
egalitarian [ I^AlI5teErIEn ] adj. 平等主义的
tribute [ 5tribju:t ] n. 贡品，礼物
Part A
Directions:
Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
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If you were toexamine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cuptournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer playersare more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in thelater months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feedthe World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon tobe even more pronounced.
What mightaccount for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certainastrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend tohave higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-madparents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peakof soccer mania; d) none of the above.
Anders Ericsson,a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says hebelieves strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, andstudied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity toconduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment,nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeata random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours oftraining, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He keptimproving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80numbers.”
This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not geneticallydetermined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of acognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborndifferences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, thosedifferences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. Andthe best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericssondetermined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practiceentails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specificgoals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique ason outcome.
Ericsson and hiscolleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range ofpursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not justperformance statistics and biographical details but also the results of theirown laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a ratherstartling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or,put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet orcomputer programming—are nearly always made, not born.
21. The birthday phenomenon found amongsoccer players is mentioned to ______.
[A] stress theimportance of professional training
[B] spotlightthe soccer superstars in the World Cup
[C] introducethe topic of what makes expert performance
[D] explain whysome soccer teams play better than others
22. The word “mania” (Paragraph 2) mostprobably means ______.
[A] fun
[B] craze
[C] hysteria
[D] excitement
23. According to Ericsson, good memory______.
[A] depends onmeaningful processing of information
[B] resultsfrom intuitive rather than cognitive exercises
[C] isdetermined by genetic rather than psychological factors
[D] requiresimmediate feedback and a high degree of concentration
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believethat ______.
[A] talent is adominating factor for professional success
[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance
[C] the role oftalent tends to be overlooked
[D] highachievers owe their success mostly to nurture
25. Which of the following proverbs isclosest to the message the text tries to convey?
[A] “Faith willmove mountains.”
[B] “One reapswhat one sows.”
[C] “Practicemakes perfect.”
[D] “Likefather, like son.”
【文章导读】
本文选自2006年5月7日的《纽约时报》（TheNew York Times）。标题为“明星是制造的”。文章主要陈述了佛罗里达州一位大学教授对天才才能的研究，结果得出天才不是天生的，而是后天通过大量的训练才成为天才的。
【答案与解析】
21. C 推理判断题。本题考查学生对第一段内容的理解。第一段提出了足球运动员生日月份的现象：出色的足球运动员都出生在一年内的头几个月而不是后几个月。第二段又提出了关于这一现象的几个猜测。接着引出第三段，对心理学家的研究进行阐述，并在第四段对其研究结论进行总结。由此可推知第一段提出的“出生时间现象”是用来引入主题的，故选C。A项属于无中生有，文中并未有提及。B项本末倒置，不符合文章内容。出生月份并不是有的运动员比其他运动员优秀的原因，故D项不符合文意。
22. B 词义理解题。考查学生对第二段的理解。mania是对第一段提出的怪现象的其中一个解释，文章第二段首先指出，什么可以解释这种奇怪的现象呢？紧接着提到“soccer-mad parentsare more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak ofsoccer mania”。由此可推断，该词可能与“soccer mad”的意思相近。故选B。mania癫狂，狂热。craze狂热。
23. A 事实细节题。本题考查考生对文章第四段内容的理解。第四段第二句提到“Inother words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in theirabilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person‘encodes’the information.”，由此可知埃里克松认为能够很好的输入信息就能培养好的记忆力，故A项正确。 B、C项明显不符合原文内容，D项内容对应的是原文第四段的“deliberate practice”，是对它的解释和进一步说明，而不是直接解释说明“memory”的。
24. D 事实细节题。考查考生对最后一段内容的理解。从文章结尾Ericsson与同事得出的研究结论“expertperformers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computerprogramming—are nearly alwaysmade, not born”，可知各领域的优秀人员的成功都是努力得出来的，而不是天生的。因此，D项符合题意，A项明显与文章内容不符。B项与原文最后一段第二句话不符。文中对天赋是“估计过高”，而不是“容易被忽略”。C项错误。
25. C 全文主旨题。文章通过足球运动员的出生日期引出了话题，随后解释了这种现象，最后得出的结论是，成功的优秀者几乎都是后天培养的，而不是天生的。因此，本文的主要观点是“优异成就是后天习得的，不是天生的”。C项强调练习的重要性，与文章主旨最接近。A项强调的是诚意，与原文中的后天努力有很大区别。B、D项强调的是基因或天赋的重要性，与原文的“后天的努力”矛盾。
【全文翻译】
如果你去查看一下2006年世界杯锦标赛上每一位球员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个显著的怪现象：优秀球员更可能出生在上半年而不是下半年。如果你再看看给世界杯和职业球坛输送人才的欧洲国家青年队的球员的出生证，你会发现这种现象更加明显。
为什么会有这么奇怪的现象呢？这里有一些猜测：1）某些星座（的人）蕴含着优秀的足球技能；2）冬季出生的婴儿肺活量更大，可以增强他们足球运动中所需的耐力；3）痴迷足球的父母更可能在春季怀孕，那时正是每年足球狂热的高峰期；4）以上原因都不是。
佛罗里达州立大学58岁的心理学教授安德斯·埃里克松说，他坚信以上答案都不是这一现象的原因。埃里克松在瑞典长大，一直从事核工程学研究，直到有一天他意识到如果他转向心理学研究将有更多的机会进行自己的研究。约30年前，他进行的第一次试验涉及到记忆力，即训练一个人去听一系列数字，然后把这一系列随机的数字复述出来。他回忆道，“第一个试验者在经过20个小时的训练之后，他能记住的数字从7个上升至了20个。而且还在增加，经过200个小时的训练后他可以记忆的数字超过80个。”
这一研究的成功，再加上随后的研究——一些表明记忆力本身并不是由基因决定的研究——令埃里克松做出如下结论：记忆行为与其说是直觉练习还不如说是认知练习。换句话说，不管两个人天生的记忆力有怎样的差异，这些差异都可以被每一个人进行信息编码的好坏程度所掩盖。埃里克松断定，学习有意义地将信息进行编码的最佳方法是刻意训练。刻意训练不仅仅是指重复同一任务，而是涉及具体目标的设定，反馈的及时获得，以及对技巧和结果的同等重视。
埃里克松和他的同事开始广泛研究各领域中的专家，包括足球运动员。他们收集了一切可能的资料，不仅是成绩数据和生平细节，还包括他们在实验室里对高成就者进行试验的结果。他们得出了一个非常惊人的论断：我们其实高估了被人们通常称作“天赋”的东西。或者，换个说法，专家——无论是记忆力方面的还是做外科手术方面的，无论是跳芭蕾的还是进行计算机编程的——都是后天训练出来的，并不是天生的。
【词汇装备】
birth certificate出生证明
tournament [ 5tuEnEmEnt ] n. 比赛，锦标赛
quirk [ kwE:k ] n. 急转，遁词，怪癖
stamina [ 5stAminE ] n. 毅力，持久力
mania [ 5meinjE ] n. 狂躁，癖好，狂热
conceive [ kEn5si:v ] v. 怀孕，考虑，设想
switch [ switF ] v. 转换，转变
random [ 5rAndEm ] adj. 任意的，随便的
genetical [ dVi5netikEl ] adj. 遗传的，起源的
intuitive [ in5tju(:)itiv ] adj. 直觉的
swamp [ swCmp ] v. 陷入沼泽,淹没,
biographical [ baiEu5^rAfikEl ] adj. 传记的
startle [ 5stB:tl ] v. 震惊
assertion [ E5sE:FEn ] n. 主张，断言，声明
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For the pastseveral years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured acolumn called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; thatgave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you tocomplete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has beenfolded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the averageJoe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Orwhat is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacityto visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answerquestions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly,intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean tobe smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learnabout it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?
The definingterm of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQtests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily intwo forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler IntelligenceScales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing severalhundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, althoughvariations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scoreslike vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on astatistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simplydividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Otherstandardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and theGraduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects ofIQ tests.
Suchstandardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary tosucceed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “HowIntelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional testsbest assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity andpractical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and lifesuccess. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populationsor situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skillswhen the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stressconditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predictedthe opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-takingskill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions toskip.
26. Which of the following may be requiredin an intelligence test?
[A] Answeringphilosophical questions.
[B] Folding orcutting paper into different shapes.
[C] Telling thedifferences between certain concepts.
[D] Choosingwords or graphs similar to the given ones.
27. What can be inferred about intelligencetesting from Paragraph 3?
[A] People nolonger use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B] Moreversions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
[C] The testcontents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientistshave defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28. People nowadays can no longer achieveIQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because ______.
[A] the scoresare obtained through different computational procedures
[B] creativityrather than analytical skills is emphasized now
[C] vosSavant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat
[D] thedefining characteristic of IQ tests has changed
29. We can conclude from the last paragraphthat ______.
[A] test scoresmay not be reliable indicators of one’s ability
[B] IQ scoresand SAT results are highly correlated
[C] testinginvolves a lot of guesswork
[D] traditionaltests are out of date
30. What is the author’s attitude towardsIQ tests?
[A] Supportive.
[B] Skeptical.
[C] Impartial.
[D] Biased.
【文章导读】
本文节选自2007年的《科学美国人》杂志（Scientific American）。原文标题为“Intelligence Considered”（“探索智商”）。文章主要介绍了智商测试的定义，有效性以及测试方法等。
【答案与解析】
26. D 事实细节题。考查考生对第一段内容的理解。根据第一段介绍了IQ测试的不同内容，提到了智商测试需要让你完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸张在折叠和裁剪之后的样子，推论数字顺序以及其他类似的任务。因此可知A、B、C三项与原文不符，不属于智商测试的内容。而该句原文“to complete verbal andvisual analogies”中的verbal与visual分别与题干中的words和graphs对应。因此D正确。
27. C 推断推理题。考查考生对三段内容的理解。第三段提到智商测试主要表现为两种形式，也就是斯坦福-比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表，这两种都有成人和儿童测试类型。因此可以推出成人与儿童的测试很可能在内容和形式是不同的，C项正确。第三段第一句提到虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但对定义人类智商（大小）的仍然是IQ分数，由此可知A与原文矛盾。第三段第三句已经提到“这两种测试的改编版在书店和互联网上很流行”，因此B项不是推测的内容，而是原文已经给出的。D项文中找不到依据。
28. A 事实细节题。考查考生对第三段内容的理解。文章第三段中提到“Superhigh scoreslike vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on astatistical population distribution among age peers”，由此可知再也不会有像沃斯·萨文特获得的那样的高分了，因为现在的分数依据的是同龄者的统计学群体分布状况，而不是简单地通过把思维年龄除以生理年龄乘以100来划分智能年龄。因此A项正确。虽然第四段第二句提到传统的智商测试能较好的评估分析技能，不能评估创造力，但不能因此推测对创造力的重视超过了分析技能，故B项推断过度。C与D项文中却有提及，但却不是人们拿不到IQ高分的原因。
29. A 归纳总结题。本题考查考生对文章最后一段内容的理解。最后一段第二句阐述了Sternberg的观点，表明标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素，并指出传统的测试只是评估了分析能力和语言表达能力。但是不能测试出创造力和实践知识；第四句又提到在压力大的环境下，根据智商分数预测出的领导能力与实际情况相反，由此可知A项正确。原文并未说IQ分数与SAT结果联系密切，B项不正确。C项中的“a lot of”夸大其词了。D项说IQ测试过时了，原文只是有人提出反对意见，并没有明确说它过时。
30. B 作者态度题。考查考生对全文的理解。本文主要介绍了IQ测试存在的问题，指出存在的大量不合理之处。第一段通过玛丽莲的例子表明智商测试分数不能体现智力的高低。最后一段第二句中又指出了传统智商测试存在的问题。因此作者对智商测试的态度是“怀疑的”，而不是A项“支持的”，故B项正确。文中不能看出作者的态度是否公正或偏见，C和D项不正确。
【全文翻译】
过去几年中，《星期日》报纸的副刊《行进》打造了一个叫作“问问玛丽莲”的专栏。邀请人们去向玛丽莲提问。玛丽莲·沃斯·莎凡特在10岁的时候被测出思维水平等同于23岁的成年人水平，智商为228——历史上最高的纪录。智商测试包括要求测试者完成语言和视觉内容的类比、想象被折叠和剪裁的纸张之前的形状、对数列进行推理等一系列类似问题。因此，当一个普通人乔伊（IQ为100）问玛丽莲诸如“爱和喜欢之间有什么区别”或者“幸运和巧合的本质是什么”这类问题时，玛丽莲显得有些迷惑。想象图像和找出数列规律的能力如何帮助（测试者）回答那些曾难倒了某些伟大诗人和哲学家的问题，这就不清楚了。
很明显，智商所涵盖的内容远不止一项测试中的分数那么简单。到底智商的含义是什么？有多少智商可以被确定？我们从神经学、基因学、计算机科学和其他领域中又能获得多少对智商的了解？
尽管现在IQ测试不像以前那么频繁了，但是对人类智商的定义似乎仍然依赖于IQ分数。这种测试主要有两种形式：斯坦福-比奈智商测试和韦氏智商测试（两种测试均有成人版和儿童版）。虽然这些IQ测试的改编版在书店和网络上随处可见，但这些测试一般要几百美元的费用，而且通常只由心理学家进行。像玛丽莲这样超高智商的情况不太可能再出现，因为是以同龄者的统计学群体分布状况为基础的，而不是仅仅把思维年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100。其他的标准化测试，如SAT（学术能力测试）和GRE（研究生水平测试）都体现了智商测试的主要内容。
罗伯特·斯特恩伯格认为，这些标准化测试并不能评估（测试者）在学校和生活中获得成功所需要的所有重要要素。在他的名为“智商测试的智商水平是多少？”一文中，斯特恩伯格强调传统的测试能很好地评估分析技能和语言能力，但不能测出（测试者的）创造力和实践知识，而这些要素对解决问题和获得成功都非常重要。而且，一旦人口或环境发生变化，IQ测试也不能进行很好的预测。研究表明，在低压力状况下进行的IQ测试有助于预测领导能力，但是在压力较大的情况下，IQ测试和领导能力呈现反比关系——即它的预测值与实际相反。任何经历过SAT折磨的人都会证实知道适时猜题或跳过某些问题这类的应试技能也很重要。
【词汇装备】
supplement [ 5sQplimEnt ] n. 补遗，附录
column [ 5kRlEm ] n. 柱壮物，专栏
analogy [ E5nAlEdVi ] n. 类似，类推
envision [ in5viVEn ] v. 想象，预想
deduce [ di5dju:s ] v. 推论，演绎出
encompass [ in5kQmpEs ] v. 包围，环绕
neurology [ njuE5rClEdVi ] n. 神经学
populate [ 5pCpjuleit ] v. 使人民居住
variation [ 7vZEri5eiFEn ] n. 变更，变化，变异
chronological [ 7krCnE5lCdVikEl ] adj. 按年代顺序
multiply [ 5mQltiplai ] v. 繁殖，乘，增加
component [ kEm5pEunEnt ] n. 成分
verbal [ 5vE:bEl ] adj. 口头的
negatively [ 5ne^Etivli ] adv. 否定地，消极地
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During the pastgeneration, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard workand fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed byeconomic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or adisappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poorin a few months.
In just onegeneration, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic familyeconomics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated thesocial implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits oftheir new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute theyonce had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner (usually Mom) who couldgo into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This“added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemploymentinsurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. Buttoday, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extraincome from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the sameperiod, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirementincome. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry arejoining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock marketfluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirementmoney. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move SocialSecurity to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of theirguaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For youngerfamilies, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcareand the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionablehealth-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers,with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk forfamilies’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middleclass family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendantneed for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just onegeneration.
From themiddle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far lesslike an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good dealmore like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial riskonto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, andthe political fallout may not be far behind.
31. Today’s double-income families are atgreater financial risk in that ______.
[A] the safetynet they used to enjoy has disappeared
[B] theirchances of being laid off have greatly increased
[C] they aremore vulnerable to changes in family economics
[D] they aredeprived of unemployment or disability insurance
32. As a result of President Bush’s reform,retired people may have ______.
[A] a highersense of security
[B] lesssecured payments
[C] less chanceto invest
[D] aguaranteed future
33. According to the author, health-savingsplans will ______.
[A] help reducethe cost of healthcare
[B] popularizeamong the middle class
[C] compensatefor the reduced pensions
[D] increasethe families’ investment risk
34. It can be inferred from the lastparagraph that ______.
[A] financialrisks tend to outweigh political risks
[B] the middleclass may face greater political challenges
[C] financialproblems may bring about political problems
[D] financialresponsibility is an indicator of political status
35. Which of the following is the besttitle for this text?
[A] The MiddleClass on the Alert
[B] The MiddleClass on the Cliff
[C] The MiddleClass in Conflict
[D] The MiddleClass in Ruins
【文章导读】
本文节选自2006年2月份的《哈佛杂志》（Harvard Magazine）。原文标题为“The Middle Class on the Precipice”（“悬崖边的中产阶级”），主要讲述了美国新一代双职工中产阶级所面临的各种经济风险。
【答案与解析】
31. C 事实细节题。考查考生对第一、二段内容的理解。第一段中最后一句说到现在的家庭很容易产生财政危机。而且第二段中提到以前的家庭只有一方在外工作挣钱，在家庭出现经济上的困难时，另一方（妈妈）就会出去工作，以补贴家用。但现在的家庭一般双方都在工作，而且开支预算达到了他们收入的极限。这样的情况下，家庭的经济风险就大大增加了，在出现意外时，就没有了“a back-up earner”。因此C项正确。原文只是说中产阶级的保障方式发生了变化，并未说以前的保障消失了，也未说他们的下岗风险增大。故A、B项不正确。由“This ‘added-workereffect’... offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance”可知D项错误。
32. B 事实细节题。考查考生对第三段内容的理解。第三段第三句提到“PresidentBush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, withretirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for paymentsdepending on investment returns”，由此可知布什的改革将社保改为储蓄模式，以前人们的有保障的社保金现在都要根据投资回报而定。可以看出他们的收入安全系数降低了，享有的安全保障减少了。故选B。因为改为依靠投资回报，可以推测人们的投资机会变多，C错误。新的社保模式增加了人们的风险，可以推测人们的安全感降低，未来更没有保障，因此A、D项明显与文意矛盾。
33. D 事实细节题。考查考生对第三段内容的理解。第三段倒数第二句提到：“newly fashionablehealth-savings plans ... with much higher deductibles and a large new dose ofinvestment risk for families’ future healthcare”，这里可以看出health-savings带来的结果是“a large new dose of investment risk”即“增加了投资风险”，因此D项正确，原文并未说健康储蓄计划会减少医疗保健费用，A项错误。作者没有提到中产阶级对健康储蓄计划的态度以及该计划退休金的影响，排除B、C项。
34. C 判断推理题。考查考生对最后一段的理解。该段最后一句说“The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may notbe far behind（财政问题出现了，离政治问题的出现也不远了）”，可知C项为正确答案。文章只提到了经济与政治的关联，并未比较哪种风险更大，A项错误。原文只是说“政治问题不远了”，但并未说中产阶级会面临政治挑战，B项错误。D原文未提及，可排除。
35. B 全文主旨题。文章第一段说到家境殷实的中产阶级可能几个月内就会沦为贫困户。第二三段也主要在论述中产阶级可能遭遇的经济风险。最后一段也提到很多经济风险被转移到了中产阶级身上，因此全文的主旨在于强调中产阶级面临的风险。B项很好的传达了文章的主旨。作者并未说明中产阶级面对风险做了哪些准备或斗争，所以A、C项不符合原文主旨。D项的说法太过严重，中产阶级只是面临风险，并未到毁灭的程度。
【全文翻译】
美国的中产阶级家庭以前可以凭借努力工作和公平竞争来维持经济稳定，但在上一代他们却经历了经济风险和新的现实问题。现在，一封解雇书、一份疾病诊断书或者配偶的丧生都可以让一个家境殷实的中产阶级在几个月之内沦为新的贫困户。
只是在一代人的时间里，成百万的母亲已经开始上班，这改变了家庭的基本经济状况。各方面的学者、政策制定者和批评家都在讨论这些变化的社会含义，但是很少有人关注其副作用：家庭风险也在增加。现在的家庭预算开支已经达到两份薪水支付能力的极限。因此，在经济困难时期他们就失去了以前的保险伞——如果家庭主要劳动力下岗或生病，另外一个人还可以出去工作（通常是母亲）。过去，这种“增加的劳动者效应”可以与失业保险或残疾保险提供的保障系统帮助家庭渡过难关。但现在，家庭收入的中断再也不能由以前待在家里的配偶来弥补了。
同一时期，家庭也不得不在退休收入中承担更多的风险。钢铁行业工人、航空公司职员以及现在汽车行业的职员也开始和成千上万的家庭一样，必须担心银行利率、股市波动以及一个残酷的现实——养老金到期的时候，他们可能仍然健在。去年的大半年里，布什总统努力把社会保障转为储蓄账户模式，让退休者把他们的大部分或全部保障收入换成依赖于投资回报的收入。对于年轻家庭来说，情况也好不到哪去。医疗的绝对成本和家庭所承担的医疗成本比例都在上升——而且时下流行的健康储蓄计划正从立法大厅推广到沃尔玛工人当中，给家庭未来的医疗保障带来更多需扣除的费用和更大的投资风险。甚至连人口统计数据都对中产阶级家庭不利，有一位年迈体弱的父母的几率——以及对父母的身体和经济方面进行照顾的需要——在过去的一代中上升了8倍。
可以理解的是，从中产阶级家庭的角度看，这些大多远远不像是承担更多经济责任的机会，而更像是大大地加速把经济风险全部转移到他们本已不堪重负的肩膀上来。经济问题已经开始，政治问题可能就不远了。
【词汇装备】
transform [ trAns5fC:m ] v. 转换，改变
diagnosis [ 7daiE^5nEusis ] n. 诊断
side effect n. 副作用
parachute [ 5pArEFu:t ] n. 降落伞
back-up v. & n. 备份 adj. 作支援的
lay off v. 解雇，停止工作
disruption [ dis5rQpFEn ] n. 中断，分裂
retirement [ ri5taiEmEnt ] n. 退休，引退
fluctuation [ 7flQktju5eiFEn ] n. 波动，起伏
outlive [ aut5liv ] v. 比……长命，比……耐久
campaign [ kAm5pein ] v. 作战；参加竞选
legislative [ 5ledVis7leitiv ] adj. 立法的，有立法权的
deductible [ di5dQktEbl ] adj. 可扣除的
demographic [ demE5^rAfIk ] adj. 人口统计学的
acceleration [ Ak7selE5reiFEn ] n. 加速，促进
fallout [ 5fC:l7aut ] n. 原子尘，附带结果
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It never rainsbut it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worstaccounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporationgovernance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sortof nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executivesuite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to putright, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking,telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’sagenda in businesses of every variety.
Several massiveleakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverseas Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science ApplicationsInternational Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managershurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes insearch of potential vulnerabilities.
“Data isbecoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” saysHaim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guardcustomer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for onbehalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of GenerallyAccepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, GenerallyAccepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia BusinessSchool. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, andrecovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.
The mystery isthat this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious tothe dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, iseasily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are morelikely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get intothe wrong hands.
The currentstate of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack oflegal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until Californiarecently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even thevictim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposeddata-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C.Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accountsin America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision aday earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporateAmerica on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequatedata security.
36. The statement “It never rains but itpours” is used to introduce ______.
[A] the fiercebusiness competition
[B] the feebleboss-board relations
[C] the threatfrom news reports
[D] theseverity of data leakage
37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizationscheck their systems to find out ______.
[A] whetherthere is any weak point
[B] what sortof data has been stolen
[C] who isresponsible for the leakage
[D] how thepotential spies can be located
38. In bringing up the concept of GASP theauthor is making the point that ______.
[A]shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to
[B] informationprotection should be given due attention
[C] businessesshould enhance their level of accounting security
[D] the marketvalue of customer data should be emphasized
39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzlesthe author is that some bosses fail to ______.
[A] see thelink between trust and data protection
[B] perceivethe sensitivity of personal data
[C] realize thehigh cost of data restoration
[D] appreciatethe economic value of trust
40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5that ______.
[A] dataleakage is more severe in Europe
[B] FTC’sdecision is essential to data security
[C] Californiatakes the lead in security legislation
[D] legalpenalty is a major solution to data leakage
【文章导读】
本文节选自2005年6月23日的《经济学人》（The Economist）。原文标题是“The Leaky Corporation”（“泄密公司”）。文章主要介绍了大量公司数据遭泄露的案例，论述了各类公司都面临的一个重大问题——信息或数据安全问题。
【答案与解析】
36. D 事实细节题。该句出现在第一段的句首。通常情况下，这会是作引出文章话题之用。紧接着第一段的第二句提到“a newproblem threatens to earn them—especially in America— the sort of nastyheadlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: datainsecurity”，由此可知公司高管们正面临数据安全问题的威胁，后文也是在围绕这一问题展开论述，因此“倾盆大雨”指的是各公司在数据安全问题上遇到的问题。故应选D项。作者在文中没有提到商业竞争的问题，A项可排除。B、C两项在文中虽有涉及，但这些问题都是由“数据泄露”问题引起的，不是文章主要讨论的问题。
37. A 事实细节题。第二段最后一句提到各公司都“have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systemsand business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities”由此可知公司检查系统是为了“in search ofpotential vulnerabilities”即“查找系统潜在的弱点”，A项正确，原文中的“vulnerabilities”与A项中的“weakpoints”相对应。
38. B 事实细节题。考查考生对第三段内容的理解。“GASP”的概念是Eli Noam提出来的，在提出这一概念时，Eli Noam说“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, andrecovery is a management issue, not a technical one”，即他认为对数据安全进行合适的投资不是技术上的问题，而是管理上的问题，因此可以推断他认为公司管理人员应该重视对数据安全的管理，B项符合原文内容。文中只是提到老板要代替股东对客户数据负责，并未提到股东利益，因此A项错误。作者虽然提到了会计安全和客户数据的市场价值，但这不是提出“GASP”的目的。
39. A 推理判断题。第四段中作者提到最愚钝的管理者都知道信任是最重要的商业资产，容易被破坏却很难被修复。紧接着作者说到没有什么比“letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands”更破坏诚信了，由此可知，有些老板宁可失去“data”也要保护诚信，所以让作者迷惑的是有的老板看不到信任和数据保护之间的联系。因此A项正确。B项在文中缺乏相关说明。C、D项的内容都是老板们能够意识到的。
40. D 推理判断题。第五段第一句提到如果信息泄露不受到法律制裁，那么事态将会继续恶化。第二三句都提到政府正在对信息泄露问题采取立法措施。由此可以推知法律惩罚是解决数据泄露问题的主要方案。因此D项正确。原文只是提到“在欧洲泄露信息是要受到惩罚的”并未表示欧洲数据泄露更严重，排除A项。B项中“essential”，太绝对了。原文只是提及这一判决，并没有对这一判决做出评论。C项与原文不符。原文只是说加利福利亚最近通过了一项法律，但并没有说它的安全立法就处于领先地位。而且“security legislation”的范围与原文不一致。
【全文翻译】
俗话说：福无双至，祸不单行。当老板和董事们终于理清了他们的财务和制度问题，改善了脆弱的公司管理时，一个新的问题又可能会使他们——尤其是在美国——成为可怕的头条新闻，这必定让高管们大伤脑筋。这个问题就是数据安全问题。以前，信息保护由低层IT人员来做，而且仅仅是诸如银行、通信、航空等信息产业的关注点，但现在信息保护已经成为各行老板的头等任务。
今年出现的几次重大客户和员工信息泄漏事件——从时代华纳公司到美国国防承包商科技应用国际公司，甚至是加州大学伯克莱分校——让管理者们急忙审视复杂的IT系统和商业流程以找出潜在的漏洞。
斯坦福大学商学院的海姆·门德尔松说：“数据正在成为一种资产，需要像其他资产一样受到保护。保护客户数据是（实现）市场价值的关键，董事会要代表股东对此负责。”纽约哥伦比亚商学院的艾利·诺姆建议道，实际上，就像已经存在的通用会计准则（GAAP）一样，也许是时候出台一个通用安全行为准则了。他说，“为数据安全、备份和恢复进行恰当的投资是一个管理问题，不是一个技术问题。”
难以理解的是这一点竟然会令老板们感到惊讶。即便是最迟钝的管理者都应该知道，信任作为最具价值的经济资产很容易被破坏，而恢复信任的成本很高——而且最容易摧毁信任的莫过于公司使敏感的个人资料落入不当之人的手中。
美国对信息泄露缺乏法律制裁（但欧洲并非如此），尽管没有到使信息泄露合理化的地步，但是却可能使事态恶化。加州直到最近才通过了一项法律，在此之前美国公司没有义务把数据信息在何时被泄露告知任何人，包括受害人。不过这可能很快就会改变：目前华盛顿正在讨论很多关于数据安全的立法提案。同时，6月17日揭露的4000万美国信用卡账户信息被盗事件给美国联邦贸易委员会前一天的重要决定蒙上了阴影，该决定提醒美国的公司：如果公司不能提供足够的数据安全保障，主管机构将采取行动。
【词汇装备】
governance [ 5^QvEnEns ] n. 统治，管理
nasty [ 5nAsti ] adj. 污秽的，肮脏的
insecurity [ 7insi5kjuEriti ] n. 不安全，不安全感
leakage [ 5li:kidV ] n. 漏，泄漏
contractor [ kEn5trAktE ] n. 订约人，承包人
peer [ piE ] v. 凝视，窥视
intricate [ 5intrikit ] adj. 复杂的，错综的
vulnerability [ 7vQlnErE5bIlEtI ] n. 弱点，攻击
redundancy [ rI5dQndEnsI ] n. 冗余
astray [ Es5trei ] adv. 迷途地，入歧途地
legislation [ 7ledVis5leiFEn ] n. 立法；法律
overshadow [ 7EuvE5FAdEu ] v. 遮蔽，使……失色
Part B
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Directions:
You are going to read alist of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guidetheir children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that bestfits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and lastparagraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that youdo not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Mothers andfathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for theirkids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emergingadult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be lessof a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a fewmeasures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parentscan take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness”:
(41) ______
You can startthis process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emergingstrengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, likedifficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds ofinterests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers thatwill fit them best.
(42) ______
Kids need arange of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop starsand vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people thefamily knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides ofyour own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their ownfuture. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying“I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only afoggy view of the future is of little good.
(43) ______
Teachers areresponsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible forteaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and makesure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job.Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effectiveorganizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.
(44) ______
Playing videogames encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with cannedlaughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the sametime, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for longstretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing otherendeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of importantcommunication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop thekind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.
(45) ______
They should knowhow to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They shouldalso learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm andthink critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these thingsand help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.
What about theson or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlesslythrough early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it ismore delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed intheir child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatevercurrently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill-conceived as it mayseem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all,these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a familythat appreciates them.
[A] Set a Good Examplefor Your Kids
[B] Build Your Kids’Work Skills
[C] Place Time Limitson Leisure Activities
[D] Talk about theFuture on a Regular Basis
[E] Help Kids DevelopCoping Strategies
[F] Help Your KidsFigure Out Who They Are
[G] Build Your Kids’Sense of Responsibility
【文章导读】
本文选自英国《泰晤士报》（Times）。文章标题为“How Can a Parent Help?”（“家长如何帮助孩子？”）。文中，作者从其所著Ready or Not, Here Life Comes（《不管是否准备好，生活已经走来》）一书中挑出了五点建议，帮助家长更好的引导孩子。
【答案与解析】
41. F 该段主要讲的是父母应该在孩子十一二岁时经常与他们一起讨论他们表现出来的优缺点，和他们的兴趣所在，为他们的职业发展提供线索。因此，该段的中心是父母应该帮助孩子认识自我，即F项的“helpyour kids figure out who they are”。段中的strenghts，weakness，interests与F项中的whothey are 相对应，而identify与选项中的figure out相呼应。
42. D 该段前面三句主要是给家长提出建议，建议家长让孩子找到真正的榜样，并且经常与他们谈谈都认识的人以及这些人的经历，并以自己在工作中的体会来鼓励孩子设想未来。该段的最后两句是指出孩子设想未来的重要性。所以本段的主题应该是D项“Talkabout the Future on a Regular Basis”。该项中的future与文段的中心相符。该段第二句中的regular也与D项中的on aregular basis 相呼应，第三句中的discuss与D项中的talk about相呼应。D项正确。
43. B 该段第一句提出了段落大意，即父母应该教导孩子如何工作。接着作者提出自己的建议：父母应该给孩子布置家务，并鼓励孩子兼职打工，通过实践来让孩子学会延迟满足感获得工作方面的技能。因此B项“培养孩子的工作技能”为正确选项。虽然第一句中也出现了G项中的responsible一词，但文章后面并未对其作出其他阐述。
44. C 该段主要列举了一些诸如玩电子游戏，长时间看搞笑电视节目以及用耳机听单调的节奏这类的娱乐活动给孩子带来的负面影响。指出这几项活动都不利于培养孩子的交流和思考能力，以及注意力的培养。因此C项更符合，即“限定休闲娱乐时间”。段中的playing video games, watching TV shows，以及listening through earphones都与C项中的leisure activities相呼应。
45. E 该段前两句作者列举了一些孩子应该学会的技能，包括应对挫折、压力和不能胜任工作等技能。段中第三句提出家人应该帮助孩子获得这些技能。所以本段的中心就是父母应该帮助孩子培养处理各种问题的能力，即E项“helpkids develop coping strategies”。该段中所提到的技能属于应对技能，不属于B项提到的工作技能。
【全文翻译】
为确保孩子安全过渡到成年，父母能做的事有很多。即使开始工作时工资很低，刚步入成年的年轻人得不到满足感，但如果这些刚起步的成年人做好了准备，那么从学校到工作这一转变中的挫折感会少一些。以下是从我的作品《不管是否准备好，生活已经走来》中摘出的几种应对措施，父母可以用它们来预防我所说的“工作-生活的未准备好状态”。
（41） [F] 帮助孩子认识自己
在孩子十一二岁的时候就可以开始使用这一方法。定期与孩子回顾他们表现出的优缺点，共同努力克服诸如难以与人交流或合作这类的缺点。同时，明确孩子反复感兴趣的事物，因为这些都是可以告诉我们孩子以后最适合做什么的线索。
（42） [D] 定期与孩子谈论未来
孩子需要一大批真正的榜样，这种榜样与他们的死党、他们崇拜的明星或爱吹嘘的运动员截然不同。平时在餐桌上可与他们边吃边谈，谈谈全家人都认识的人以及他们是如何走到今天的。说说自己事业的快乐和不满，鼓励孩子思考自己的未来。问他们想做什么的时候，不能让他们说“我不知道”。当然，他们可以改变自己的想法，改变两百次都没关系，但对自己的未来认识模糊则毫无益处。
（43） [B] 培养孩子的工作能力
老师负责教孩子们怎样学习，家长应负责教他们如何工作。布置一些家务给孩子并要求他们按时完成。鼓励十几岁的孩子做兼职工作。孩子需要大量实践来延迟满足感和学习有效的组织技能。比如管理时间的能力和分清事情轻重缓急的能力。
（44） [C] 限定休闲娱乐的时间
玩视频游戏只能得到一时的快乐，观看数小时搞笑的电视节目只会教他们用消极的方式处理信息。同时，长时间用耳机听单调的节奏会使孩子沉浸在自己的幻想中，而不去努力从事其他活动。所有这些活动都会阻碍对孩子很重要的交际能力和思维能力的发展，也会导致孩子很难持续集中注意力，而这恰恰是大多数工作所必需的。
（45） [E] 帮助孩子培养应对策略
孩子应该知道如何应对挫折、压力和不能胜任工作的感觉。他们还应学会怎样解决问题，化解冲突，想办法，以及批判性思维。家庭成员之间的讨论有助于孩子锻炼这些技能，并将这些技巧运用到日常生活中。
那么，对那些已经长大但似乎仍如成年初期那样漫无目标地挣扎、徘徊着的子女该怎么办呢？家长仍然起着很大的作用，但是如今这个作用比较微妙。他们要小心，不能对自己的孩子流露丝毫的失望。在成为孩子的伙伴，一起探索未来的选择时，他们应该对已经成年的子女目前感兴趣的东西（尽管这些东西可能看起来幼稚或欠缺考虑）表现出浓厚的兴趣和极大的尊重。最重要的是要让这些刚成年的人感觉到，他们是被家人欣赏、尊重和支持的。
【词汇装备】
cope [ kEup ] v. （善于）应付，（善于）处理
adulthood [ 5AdQlt7hud ] n. 成人期
emerge [ i5mE:dV ] v. 显现，浮现，暴露,
setback [ 5setbAk ] n. 顿挫，挫折，退步
periodically [ 7pIErI5CdIkLlI ] adv. 周期性地
authentic [ C:5Wentik ] adj. 真实的；可信的
vaunt [ 5vB:nt ] n. 吹嘘，自夸
downside [ 5daun7said ] n. 下降趋势；底侧
foggy [ 5fC^i ] adj. 雾深的，模糊的
deadline [ 5dedlain ] n. 截止期限，最后期限
gratification [ 7^rAtifi5keiFEn ] n. 满意
immediate [ i5mi:djEt ] adj. 直接的，紧接的
monotonous [ mE5nCtEnEs ] adj. 单调的
endeavor [ in5devE ] v. 尽力，努力
sustained [ sEs5teind ] adj. 持续不变的
brainstorm [ brein7stC:m ] n. 头脑风暴
Part C
视频教学网址：
http://videofms.100xuexi.com/kaoyangonggongkeyingyu/kaoyanyingyuyizhentijiexiban/9013nian/VideoC/90131219_111803/982bebf9-a525-09ff-d0f8-fc7a185.mp4
Directions:
Read the following textcarefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The study of lawhas been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline inEuropean university. However, only in recent years has it become a feature ofundergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legallearning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve oflawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of aneducated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legaleducation is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and somehave even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study oflaw is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is adiscipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it providesopportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) Onthe other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which isparallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover andcomment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basicrights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgmentand production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing andreflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectualpreparation for his or her career.
(48) But theidea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than anordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions andspecial responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, thefunctioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The betterinformed they are about the way the state works, the better their reportingwill be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do nothave a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do acompetent job on political stories.
Furthermore, thelegal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects forjournalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is anundue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them bylawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significanceand make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-groundedunderstanding of the legal system.
46.
【答案】 传统上，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们专属的，而不是一个受教育者必要的知识素养。
【解析】
①结构分析：本句的主语为legal learning，谓语部分为has been viwed，as后面为主语补足语。所以本句的主体结构为legal learning has been viewed as。
②内容要点分析：traditionally意为“传统上的”。legal learning在句中做主语，应译为名词或名词性结构，“法律学习”或“法律知识”。be viewed as“被看做”。 special preserves指“专有权利，专属”。intellectual equipment即“知识才能，知识素养”。
47.
【答案】 另一方面，这门学科把这些概念（公正、民主和自由）与日常生活相结合，这与新闻记者每天报道并评论新闻时联系实际的做法是一样的。
【解析】
①结构分析：该句结构比较复杂，句中包含了两个定语从句和一个状语从句。主句的主谓结构为It links these concepts to everyday realities。in a manner为主句的状语部分。第一个定语从句由which引导，先行词是“manner”，该定语从句还包含了另外一个省略了引导词that的定语从句，先行词为links，该句中又包含了一个as引导的状语从句。
②内容要点分析：该句中的it指代前文中的law，these concepts指代justice，democracy and freedom即“公正、民主和自由”。realities指“现实，实际”。parallel to原意为“与……平行”，但在该处应该根据句意引申为“相同，一样”。句中由于修饰manner的定语从句内容太多，如果按照一般习惯在翻译时将定语前置，则表达困难，因此将句子拆分为两句来表达。
48.
【答案】 新闻记者应该比普通公民更加深刻地了解法律，这种看法是建立在他们对新闻媒体业的既定规范和特殊责任的理解之上的。
【解析】
①结构分析：该句的主句结构为the idea rests onan understanding。idea后面跟了一个that引导的同位语从句，说明idea的内容。understanding of后面的内容为“理解”的具体内容。
②内容要点分析：profoundly意为“深刻地，透彻地”。rest on基本意思为“依赖，依靠”，但该处这样翻译显然不妥，可引申为“建立在……之上”或者“以……为基础”。conventions指“业已形成的规范，既定规范”。由于该句含有同位语从句，所以可以将从句部分先译出来，将整个句子拆分为两句，第二句中增译主语“这种看法”。
49.
【答案】 事实上，很难理解那些对加拿大宪法的基本特征把握不清的新闻记者是如何能够胜任政治新闻的报道的。
【解析】
①结构分析：本句的主干结构是it is difficult tosee，真正的主语是不定式后面的所有内容。句中who引导的定语从句修饰的是journalists。
②内容要点分析：it is difficutl to see通常理解为“很难理解……，很难明白……”。have a clear grasp of 意为“对……有清晰的把握”。can do a competent job 在翻译时可按照中文习惯，将competent译为动词“能够胜任”。
50.
【答案】 尽管律师的评论和反馈会丰富报道的内容，但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断。
【解析】
①结构分析：该句中while引导了一个让步状语从句，译为“尽管”,从句中主语是comment and reaction fromlawyers。主句逗号后面的itis preferable to ...，其中it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式后面的内容，即“to rely on ... and make ...”。
②内容要点分析：comment and reaction from lawyers应该译为“律师的评论和反馈”，这样比译为“来自律师的评论和反馈”更简洁。it ispreferable to意为“做……更好，最好做……”。make judgement做出判断。
【全文翻译】
几个世纪以来，法学一直被欧洲各大学视为一门基础学科。然而，只是在最近几年，法学才成为加拿大大学本科教育的一门特色专业。（46） 传统上，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们专属的，而不是一个受教育者必要的知识素养。
可喜的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立更传统、更具欧洲大陆特点的法律教育观念，有些大学甚至已经开始授予法律学士学位。
如果法学正在开始成为普通教育中一门不可或缺的学科的话，那么它的目的和方法应该会直接吸引新闻学教育家。法律是鼓励进行责任判断的一门学科。一方面，它提供机会分析像正义、民主和自由这样的概念。（47） 另一方面，这门学科把这些概念（公正、民主和自由）与日常生活相结合，这与新闻记者每天报道并评论新闻时联系实际的做法是一样的。
比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公共利益这样的概念在新闻判断和编写过程中起的作用就像在法庭上一样。通过学习和思考法律来提高判断是一名新闻记者为其事业所进行的重要的知识准备。
（48） 新闻记者应该比普通公民更加深刻地了解法律，这种看法是建立在他们对新闻媒体业的既定规范和特殊责任的理解之上的。 政治，或者广义上说的国家职能的行使，是新闻记者报道的一个主要方面。他们对国家运行的机制了解得越多，其报道就越好。（49） 事实上，很难理解那些对加拿大宪法的基本特征把握不清的新闻记者是如何能够胜任政治新闻的报道的。
此外，法律体系及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。虽然法律报道的质量不同，但许多新闻记者过分依赖律师提供给他们的诠释。（50） 尽管律师的评论和反馈会丰富报道的内容，但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断。 这些判断只可能来自对法律体系的充分理解。
Part A
51.
Directions:
Write a letter to your university library, makingsuggestions for improving its service.
You should writeabout 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign yourown name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write theaddress. (10 points)
视频教学网址：
http://videofms.100xuexi.com/kaoyangonggongkeyingyu/kaoyanyingyuyizhentijiexiban/9013nian/VideoC/90131219_111803/26b0b56a-aabf-c582-03d0-b30050c.mp4
【审题构思】
本题要求考生写一封建议信给学校图书馆管理员，以帮助他们改善图书馆的服务质量。话题比较贴近实际生活，可写的点很多，比如：开关门的时间，更新书库等。但总体来说应包括三部分内容：引出话题（表明写信目的）；提出建议；希望自己的建议能够有所帮助。行文的重点应当放在提建议上，从各个角度入手提出合理切实的意见，文章的另外两个部分则尽量简洁明了为好。
【范文】
【行文点评】
(1) 开篇点题，用I am writting to这种常用结构表明写信目的。
(2) 用it would be more thoughtful if提出第一条建议。
(3) 用readers will be veryappreciated if客气地提出第二点建议。
(4) 使用first，second，last but not the least让建议更具条理。
(5) 表达希望和感谢。
【闪光词汇】
frank [ frANk ] adj. 坦白的，直率的；老实的
thoughtful [ 5WC:tfl ] adj. 深思的；体贴的；关切的
seize [ si:z ] v. 抓住；夺取；
appreciate [ E5pri:Fieit ] v. 欣赏；感激
be beneficial to对……有益
【经典句型】
①I am writingto give you some frank suggestions.
②Itwould be more thoughtful if you ...
③Readerswill be very appreciated if you ...
④Itwould be beneficial to ...
Part B
视频教学网址：
http://videofms.100xuexi.com/kaoyangonggongkeyingyu/kaoyanyingyuyizhentijiexiban/9013nian/VideoC/90131219_111803/a22b2121-f58e-ee9a-09a5-5066878.mp4
52.
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the followingdrawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe thedrawing briefly,
2) explain itsintended meaning, and then
3) support yourview with an example/examples.
You should writeneatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
【审题构思】
图画中是一足球比赛的场面，面对球员，守门员想到的是球门如此之大，自身如此渺小，担心自己拦不住球；而球员想到的却是球门如此之小，守门员如此高大，忧心自己踢不进球。显然，面对挑战，双方想到的都是困难重重，缺乏自信。因此图片的中心可以定位在“自信”，或“客观认识自我”等方面。行文应该包括四大要素：图片描述、寓意、分析、评论。文章首段应是图画描述，图画描述至少两句，但不宜过多。第二段应该分析图片背后的问题，提出观点。第三段应适当举例论证，总结要点。
【范文】
(1) Thiscartoon presents a very sharp conflict between two rivals, the goalkeeperand the ball striker of a football game. The former worries that he is toosmall to block the ball, while the striker thinks the goalkeeper is so largeconstructed that he is incapable of kicking the ball in. (2) In fact, bothof them are just normally sized. They minimize themselves and exaggeratethe opponent just because they are lack of self-confidence.
(3) Obviously,the meaning of the picture is to highlight the significance of self-confidencein our daily life. (4) People have witnessed the increasing intensity ofcompetitions like job searching over the past few years . Nowadays, peopleare shouldering various pressures, mainly including the heavy financialburdento support old parents and kids. (5) We must keep self-confident andoptimistic when we are facing challenges. Only in this way, can we have thechance to survive and succeed. Imagine, what will happen if we alwaysexaggerate our rivals or challenges and underestimate our own ability? Yes, wewill become self-doubting and fail to fulfill even a simple task.
(6) A case inpoint is the Anti-Japanese War. In spite of being confronted with the mostferocious enemies, our party did not lose confidence, but made careful fightingstrategies and finally drove the enemies out of our country. Therefore, do notlose our confidence no matter how challenging the task is and (7) doremember the old saying: our only enemy is ourselves.
【行文点评】
(1) 开篇大体描述图片内容。This cartoon presents为图片描述经典句式。
(2) 点明图片中的问题。
(3) 使用句型themeaning of the picture is to点明图片体现的主旨。
(4) 用现在完成时态句型阐述现代人过去几年经历了许多的压力和挑战，为后文提出观点做铺垫。
(5) 提出观点：在面对挑战时要保持自信和乐观的心态。
(6) 举例论证观点。A case in point is举例经典句型。
(7) 引用俗语：our only enemy is ourselves.
【闪光词汇】
sharp conflict激烈的冲突
be incapable of doingsth.做某事无能
minimize [ 5minimaiz ] v. 极度轻视
exaggerate [ i^5zAdVEreit ] v. 使扩大；使增大
intensity [ in5tensEti ] n. 强度；强烈
underestimate [ 5QndEr5estimeit ] v. 低估；看轻
be confronted with面对；面临
【经典句型】
①Thiscartoon presents ...
②Obviously,the aim of the picture is to ...
③Onlyin this way, can we ...
④A casein point is ...