1. The students at the top of the classattain academic excellence by mastering a few basic principles that others caneasily learn.全优生之所以成绩优异,是因为他们掌握了几个基本原则,而这些原则其他学生也可以轻松地掌握。
句子的主干为:The students…attainacademic excellence…;后置定语at the top of the class修饰Thestudents;that引导定语从句,修饰先行词basicprinciples。
attain意为“达到,获得”,常用搭配attain one’s goal表示“达到目标”。例:
We have to make sustainingefforts to attain our goal.为了达到目标,我们必须做出不懈的努力。
动词acquire,attain,get均有“获得”之意,区别:
acquire表示通过努力或经过积累“获得”才智、经验、荣誉、知识等,后可接表示抽象事物和具体事物的名词。
attain多用于庄重的场合。着重指雄心勃勃地设定目标并有意识地实现这一不寻常的目标,一般后接表示抽象事物的名词,如ambition,goal,success等。
get表示“得到”的最普通用词,指以任何方式得到某物,不一定要经过努力。例:
If you want to acquireprofound knowledge,you must start from the ABC.要想造就高深的学问,就得从字母学起。
The day is not far off whenChina will attain prosperity.中国的兴盛是可以计日程功的。
Somehow we have to get theinformation out of him.我们必须用某种方法从他那儿得到情报。
principle原理;原则。相关短语:
①inprinciple大体上。例:
They are agreed inprinciple but not in detail.他们的看法在大体上是一致的,但是在细节上有所不同。
②on principle 根据信念;根据原则。例:
He dealt with the problemon principle.他根据既定原则处理那问题。
2. In addition,top students make a point of studying anywhere or everywhere.另外,全优生重视随时随地学习。
in addition意为“另外;除此之外;并且”,相当于besides,what’s more,其后通常用逗号与后面的句子隔开。例:
You need money and time,inaddition,you need diligence.你需要金钱和时间,此外你还需要努力。
make a point of doing sth.特意做某事;总是要做某事。例:
They make a point of goingon a picnic every two weeks.他们总是每两个星期去野餐一次。
3. Atop student who is also a top athlete memorizes biology terms as he works outevery day.一名全优生,同时也是一名优秀运动员,他每天利用户外训练的时间背生物学术语。
句子的主干为:A topstudent…memorizes biology terms…;who引导定语从句,修饰先行词student;as引导时间状语从句。
句中work out指“户外训练”。例:
These athletes work out atthe gym for two hours every day.这些运动员每天都要在体育馆锻炼两个小时。
work out的其他用法:
①表示“想出;得到;计算出”,例:
When you began to work,youmight work out a practical scheme.当你开始工作之前,你可以先制定出一个可行的计划。
②表示“解决;完成;进展(顺利)”,例:
I could work out thatproblem standing on my head.我解决那个问题易如反掌。
4. Thisincludes speed-reading,improving one’s memory orretention ability,and actively asking questions that will lead to a fullunderstanding of the author’s message.其中包括快速阅读、提高记忆力及主动提出问题以充分理解作者的意思。
句中that引导定语从句,修饰先行词asking questions。
lead to有以下含义:①把…带到,例:
The bell-boy led us to ourrooms.旅馆服务员把我们带到了我们的房间。
②(道路)通向。例:
All roads lead to Rome.条条道路通罗马。
③表示“导致”,此时同义的表达有cause,result in,give rise to,bring about。例:
Business success does notautomatically lead to financial success.经商成功不一定赚钱。
5. Theymust know how to pace each assignment or project according to their daily timetableand work ability so that they might not be overwhelmed by the tasks at hand.他们必须懂得如何根据每日的时间表及学习能力来确定每项作业和任务的速度,以免被手头的学习任务压得喘不过气来。
句子的主干为:They must knowhow to pace each assignment or project…,其中从句how to…workability是know的宾语;so that 引导目的状语从句。
pace在句中为动词,意为“协调;使与步调一致”,常见pace作名词,意为“速度;节奏”,相关词组:
keep pace with与…步调一致;与…齐头并进(或并驾齐驱)。例:
But,if output does notkeep pace with demand,prices increase.但如果生产跟不上需求,物价就上涨。
pace out步测。例:
I marked the ground andthen paced it out to be sure.我在地面上作了标记,然后为了确保起见步测了一下。
according to根据,按照;据…所说;取决于。例:
According to observers,theplane exploded shortly after take-off.据目击者说,飞机起飞后不久就爆炸了。
固定短语at hand的含义如下:
①在手边,例:
When she reads,she alwayskeeps a dictionary at hand.她阅读时总放一本字典在手边。
②在附近,例:
The bus station is close athand.公共汽车站就在附近。
③即将到来,例:
The examinations are closeat hand.考试即将来临。
6. Accordingto one professor,the student who turns in neat work is already on the way toscoring an A.据一位教授说,学生交上整洁的作业就已经向高分迈进了一步。
句子的主干为:…the student…isalready on the way to scoring all A,who引导定语从句,修饰先行词为the student。
turn in在句中表示“上交”,例:
Now we wait for them toturn in their essays.现在我们等着他们交上作文。
turn in的其他含义:
①上床睡觉。例:
Would you like some teabefore you turn in?你睡前想喝杯茶吗?
②把(犯罪嫌疑人)交给警方;告发;自首。例:
He has been given untilnoon today to turn himself in to authorities.他被要求在今天中午前向当局投案自首。
③归还;返还。例:
The official showed up totell her to turn in her library books.那名管理人员出面让她返还所借图书馆的书。
句中on the way to表示“正在做,正在变成”。例:
A closed economy will notput a country on the way to prosperity.闭关自守的经济不会使一个国家富起来。
7. Lastbut not least,all experts and top students agree that the most important“secret”of super-achievers lies in the crucial contribution by parents.最后一点也同样重要,所有专家和全优生都认为,全优生成功最重要的原因在于父母的贡献。
句子的主干为all experts and top students agree that…,that引导从句,做agree的宾语。
last but not least最后但并非最不重要的(一点)。常用语陈述观点等时。例:
Last but not least,themarket share of the individual firm should be evaluated.最后,但并非最不重要的一点是,应该估计个别企业在市场上的份额情况。
句中lie in意为“在于”,此时常用于指问题、错误等出在什么地方。例:
The real value of the booklies in its wonderful characterization.这本书真正的价值在于精彩的人物塑造。
lie in 还可表示“位于;坐落于”,例:
The Rocky Mountains lie inthe west part of America.落基山脉位于美国西部。
crucial指“重要的;决定性的”,相关搭配:be crucial to/for对…至关重要的。例:
The success of thisexperiment is crucial to the project as a whole.这次试验的成功是整个工程的关键所在。
注意:在it is crucial that…句型中,that从句的谓语动词要用should的虚拟语气,即“(should)+动词原形”。例:
It is crucial that weachieve the goal effectively and efficiently.我们必须有效且高效地达成目标。
8. Instead of pressuring their children,these parents were always loving,gentle and took pains to explain andmotivate.他们不给孩子施加压力,而是给以关爱、不厌其烦地讲解和激励。
take pains to do sth.煞费苦心,为…费尽心机。例:
Can you make it pay to takesuch pains to do this job?你这么费心做这事,值得吗?
与pain相关的其他词组:
a pain in the neck讨厌的家伙、东西,可恶的家伙。例:
As a friend he is not bad,but as an employer,he is a pain in the neck.作为朋友他不坏,但作为雇主,他是个讨厌的人。
be at pains todo sth.(尤指为避免困境而)急切想做,迫切想要做。例:
Mobil is at pains to pointout that the chances of an explosion at the site are remote.美孚公司急于说明那个地点发生爆炸的可能性微乎其微。
on/under thepain of承受…的痛苦;如违反则以……处罚。例:
We were forbidden,underpain of imprisonment,to use our native language.我们被禁止使用母语,违者将被关进监狱。
1. It is easy to look around forvillains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money,the professors forassigning too much work,the parents for pushing their children too far,thestudents for driving themselves too hard.要找到“罪魁祸首”也很容易:学校收费太高、老师布置太多作业、家长逼迫孩子太紧、学生对自己要求太严格。
句中blame后接了四个相似的结构作宾语。
blame sb./sth. for…将…归罪于某人、事;责怪某人、事。例:
She doesn’t blame anyonefor her father’s death.她没把她父亲的死归罪于任何人。
其他与blame相关的搭配:
①be to blame for对(过错,罪行)负责。例:
The policy is partly toblame for causing the worst unemployment in Europe.欧洲出现了最严重的失业情况,这应当部分归咎于这项政策。
②have only oneself toblame(对不好的事情)负全部责任。例:
My life is ruined and Isuppose I only have myself to blame.我的一生都毁了,我想这只能怪我自己。
2. Theygo off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist.他们去实验室就如同去看牙医一般痛苦。
这句话使用了虚拟语气,根据主从句的时态:主句谓语动词用现在时,从句用过去时,可知是对现在事实的虚拟,表示他们很不情愿去实验室。
go off to去某地。例:
Once a month,we go off tothe woods for a picnic.我们每个月到林子里去野餐一次。
go off有多重含义:
①(枪)开火;(爆炸装置)爆炸。例:
A few minutes later thebomb went off,destroying the vehicle.炸弹几分钟后爆炸,炸毁了那辆车。
②进行;进展。例:
The voting went off withoutany undue irregularities.这次投票顺利进行,未发生任何违规行为。
③(食物或饮料)变质,腐败。例:
Don’t eat that! It’s moldy.It’s gone off!别吃!那东西已经发霉变质了!
3.But the sons and daughters want to major in history or classics orphilosophy—subjects with no“practical”value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities?然而孩子们却想学历史、古典文学或哲学等毫无“实用”价值的专业。人文学科的专业会有什么回报呢?
major在句中为动词,作名词时,还可表示“主修科目、专业”。
major in(在大学)主修。例:
I think I’ll major ineconomics.我想我会主修经济。
payoff为名词,意为“报酬;结果”,而pay off为动词短语,意为:
①付清,还清(债务)。例:
I need to pay off all mydebts before I leave the country.我得在离开该国前偿清所有债务。
②(计划等)取得成功。例:
Sandra was determined tobecome a doctor and her persistence paid off.桑德拉决心成为医生,她的坚持取得了成功。
句中humanities表示“(历史、哲学、文学等)人文学科”,并非humanity的复数形式。例:
I prefer science to thehumanities.我喜爱自然科学,不喜欢人文科学。
4.But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn.但是,学生感到压力太大了,他们无所适从。
pressure在句中为名词,表示“压力”,常与动词put搭配使用,构成put pressure on sb.或put sb. under pressure,意为“给某人施加压力”。例:
The bank put pressure onthe company to reduce its borrowings.银行界向这家公司施加压力,迫使其减少借款。
Now a recent court rulinghas put companies under pressure to change their ways.最近法院的法规迫使各个企业改变自己的用工方式。
severe严重的;严格的;严峻的。rigid,severe,strict均有“严厉的,严格的”之意,区别:
rigid常用于修饰人的性格或观点,表示对自己或他人规定的条件僵化死板地严格服从,没有调和的余地。
severe表示对人对事都很认真,不轻易让步,修饰的多为公正的道德或可以接受的严格的标准,常用be severe with sb.结构。
strict指对规则、制度、标准或要求等严格遵守,对人严格要求,常用于be strict with sb.或be strict in sth.例:
This world is ruled by arigid social hierarchy.这个世界有着严格的社会等级制度。
Don’t be too severe withyour children nor should you spoil them.不要对孩子要求过于严厉也不要宠坏他们。
She admits to being strictwith her children.她承认对自己的孩子很严厉。
5. Justlike economic pressure and parental pressure,peer pressure and self-inducedpressure are also closely intertwined,and they begin almost at the beginningof freshman year.正如经济压力与来自家长的压力交织在一起,来自同龄人的压力和自我施加的压力也同样交织在一起,而且这种压力几乎从大学刚入学时就开始了。
主干为…peer pressure andself-induced pressure ale intertwined,and they begin…;they指代peerpressure and self-induced pressure。self-induced表示“自找的”,是指学生想得过多而产生的压力,这些压力本不存在。
intertwine缠绕在一起;(使)密切联系。例:
He intertwines personalreminiscences with the story of British television.他把个人回忆录与英国电视的故事紧密结合在一起。
at the beginning of起初,在…之初。例:
This huge triumphal archwas erected at the beginning of this century.这座巨大的凯旋门是本世纪初建造的。
6. It’ssymptomatic of all the pressures put together.这表明所有的压力都汇集在一起了。
这里的it指前文提到Linda和Barbara两位学生找校长诉说压力一事。puttogether是过去分词短语作定语,修饰all the pressures。
be symptomatic of表明…的某种症状;作为征候的;表明…的。例:
These disagreements aresymptomatic of the tensions within the party.出现意见分歧表明该党内部的关系紧张。
put together组合;汇总;制订(协议、计划或产品)。例:
This toy can be taken apartand put together with ease.这个玩具可容易地拆开再装起来。
We wouldn’t have time toput together an agreement.我们没有时间来制订出一个协议。
7.“Onceyou have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberatelyoverexerting,”one dean points out…一位院长说,“一旦班上百分之二十甚至百分之三十的学生刻意去超额学习……”
deliberate作形容词时,意为“故意的;深思熟虑的;从容的”。例:
His movements were gentleand deliberate.他举止文雅而从容。
作动词,表示“慎重考虑”,常用deliberateabout/on sth.表示“仔细考虑某事”,例:
We had no time todeliberate on the problem.我们没有时间仔细思考这个问题。
point out指出。例:
It is hoped that thereaders will kindly point out our errors.敬希读者指正。
8. Peoplearound,professors,parents,and friends can help,but ultimatelyit will be the student’s own business to break the circles in which they aretrapped.打破这一怪圈,周围的人,老师、家长及朋友都可以给予帮助,但终究还是要靠学生自己。
句子的主干为:people around can help,but ultimately it will be the student’s ownbusiness to break the circles。in which引导定语从句,修饰先行词circles。
ultimately最后;根本。ultimate,final,last均有“最后的;最终的”之意,区别:
ultimate是正式用词,多修饰需花费很大努力才能达到的最终目的,带有感情色彩,暗示欲达目的之决心。强调已到了极限。
final既可指最终结果或结局不可更改,也可客观地指某物位于其他事物之后。
last指一系列事物的最后一个,可表示次序、顺序或时间,多用于客观的描述。例:
The ultimate aim is toexpand the network further.最终目的是为了进一步拓展该网络。
Astronauts will make afinal attempt today to rescue a communications satellite from its uselessorbit.今天宇航员将会做最后一次尝试,力图把一颗通信卫星从无效的轨道上抢救下来。
I’ve finished apart fromthe last question.除了最后一道题,我全做完了。