1. According to these advertisements,with verylittle effort on the student’s part…按照这些广告的说法,学生不用下什么功夫……。
according to有以下几种用法:
①根据;依据。例:
They both played the gameaccording to the rules.他们俩都依章行事。
②据…所说;按…所载。例:
Philip stayed at the hotel,according to Mr. Hemming.据亨明先生所说,菲利普住在旅馆里。
③按照计划;如同料想的那样。例:
If all goes according toplan,the first concert will be Tuesday evening.如果一切都按计划进行的话,第一场音乐会将在星期二晚上举行。
on one’s part
①就某人而言。例:
There shall be no enmity onmy part.我没有什么可怨恨的。
②某人有责任的。例:
I consider this a grossoversight on your part.我认为这是你严重疏忽造成的。
2. There is often a reference to WilliamShakespeare or Charles Dickens to encourage him even more.广告中还常常提及威廉·莎士比亚和查尔斯·狄更斯等英语文学大师的名字来鼓励学生报名学英语。
reference作名词时,意为“参考;引语;推荐信”,句中referenceto意为“提及;谈到”。例:
He made no reference to anyagreement.他没有提到什么协议。
短语with reference to和in reference to意为“关于”,例:
I am writing with referenceto your job application.敬覆者,关于您申请工作一事。
3. If it were as easy tolearn English as they say,I would have to look for another job,because veryfew qualified teachers would be needed. 如果学英语真像这些广告所说的那么容易,我恐怕得另谋他就了,因为不需要那么多合格的英语教师了。
本句使用了虚拟语气,与现在事实相反,所以if条件句用过去式were,主句用would have done结构,because引导原因状语从句,且because从句中也同样使用了虚拟语气。very few表示否定,修饰qualifiedteachers。
4. …and it is no use pretending that anyone has discovered aperfect way of teaching English in every possible situation.……而且装模作样地声称某人已经找到了一个能适用于所有场合的教学法也是没用的。
句中使用it is no use doingsth.结构,其中use为名词,后接动名词,意为“做…是没用的、无益的”,例:
It’s no use crying overspilt milk.(谚)覆水难收。
5. No doubt this istrue to a certain extent,but it is not very helpful to students.这种说法无疑有一定的道理,但对学生来说并没有多少帮助。
no doubt有两个含义:①多半,很可能。例:
No doubt you are wrong.我想你是错的。
②无疑地,确实地。例:
The contract for this willno doubt be widely advertised.关于这个的合约无疑会受到广泛宣传。
与doubt相关的其他词组:①beyond/withoutdoubt无疑地,确实地。例:
She is right,beyond doubt.她无疑是对的。
②indoubt不能肯定的,可怀疑的。例:
His inclusion in the teamis in doubt.他是否能被选入这个队还未定案。
6. But it is wrong to assume that each wordin English has a precise equivalent in another language and vice versa.如果你认为英语中的每一个词在另一语言中都有完全对等的词(或反之亦然),那就错了。
句子的主干为:it is wrong toassume that…,assume后接that宾语从句;其中,it为形式主语,真正主语是不定式to assume that…。
assume that假设;以为。例:
Many daughters assume thattheir mothers are invulnerable.很多女儿都认为她们的母亲无比坚强。
vice versa为拉丁语,意为“反之亦然”。例:
A man of high birth may beof low worth and vice versa.出身高贵的人可能价值低,出身微贱的人可能价值高。
7.…let alone produce good pronunciation and intonation.……更不要说做到语音、语调地道了。
let alone意为“更别提”,相当于not to mention,常用于否定句中,后可接名词、动词原形或分词形式。例:
We can’t afford a bicycle,let alone a car.我们连自行车也买不起,更不用说汽车了。
8. Behavioristsare fond of making students repeat phrases and making them do exercises wherethey continually have to change one word in a sentence.行为主义者喜欢让学生复述短语,让他们不断做一些只需更换句中某个词汇的练习。
句中making studentsrepeat…and making them do…并列作介词of的宾语,where引导定语从句,修饰exercises。
make为使役动词,常用make sb. do sth.结构,意为“让某人做某事”。例:
You can’t make me doanything.你不能强迫我做任何事。
be fond of喜欢;喜爱。例:
She is fond of collectingrare carpets.她喜欢收集稀罕少见的地毯。
9. Humanbeings,unlike parrots and chimpanzees,do not like making noises unless theyunderstand what the noises mean and can relate them to their own lives.人类与鹦鹉或黑猩猩不同,不会无缘无故地发出噪音,除非他们明白这些声音的意思,并能将其与自己的生活联系起来。
句子的主干为:Human beings…do not like making noises…;unlikeparrots and chimpanzees为插入语;unless引导让步状语从句,they为主语,指代human beings;understand…and can relate…作they的并列谓语。
relate…to…把…与…联系起来。例:
It is difficult to relatehis argument to the facts.很难把他的论证同事实联系起来。
10. Itis worth remembering that language is a means of communication.值得牢记的是:语言是一种交际手段。
be worth(doing)sth.值得(做)某事的。例:
It’s an idea that may beworth revisiting at a later date.这个观点值得以后进一步探讨。
注意:表示“值得…的”还可以用worthy和worthwhile,但是worthy常用于be worthy of sth. /to do sth结构中,例:
This book is worthy ofbeing read /to be read.这本书值得一读。
而worthwhile常用语It is worthwhile doing /to do sth.结构中,例:
It is worthwhile to notethat both suffered persecution.值得注意的是,双方都受到过迫害。
1. Inone of my classes were many children who had had great trouble with schoolwork,particularly reading:我曾经任教的一个班上有许多孩子做功课很吃力,尤其是阅读。
句中have trouble with意为“做…有困难”,此外,该词组还有“有病痛”之意。例:
She is having trouble withher teeth.她牙齿痛。
其他与trouble相关的词组:
①in trouble处于困境;惹麻烦;将受惩罚。例:
The old lady often comfortsthose who are in trouble.这位老妇人经常安慰处于困境的人。
②take the trouble todo sth.费力、费神做某事。例:
It’s very kind of you totake the trouble to help me.你真好,不嫌麻烦地来帮助我。
2. I decided to try at all costs to rid them oftheir fear and dislike of books,and to get them to read oftener and moreadventurously.我决定不惜任何代价帮助他们摆脱对书本的恐惧和厌恶,让他们读更多的书,更勇于尝试。
句子的主干为I decided totry…,后接两个不定式短语作try的宾语。
at all costs意为“不惜任何代价”,相当于by all means。例:
We are determined to defendour motherland at all costs.我们决心不惜任何代价保卫祖国。
表示“以…为代价”用at the costof,例:
He rescued the boy fromdrowning at the cost of his own life.他救这小孩免于淹死却牺牲了自己的生命。
句中rid为动词,意为“摆脱;消除”,rid sb. of...表示“使摆脱…”,例:
You must learn to ridyourself of such troublesome thoughts.你必须学会使自己摆脱如此令人烦恼的想法。
rid还可作形容词,意为“得到解脱的”,常用于短语get rid of,表示“丢弃,扔掉;摆脱,除去”。例:
It is difficult to get ridof deep-rooted habits.积习难除。
3. Onegirl,who had just come to us from a school where she had had a very hard time,and who proved to be one of the most interesting,lively,and intelligentchildren I have ever known,looked at me steadily for a long time after I hadfinished. 其中一个女孩,因功课不好刚从外校转学进来,我后来发现她是个非常有趣、活泼、聪明的孩子,在我接触的孩子当中算是很不错的了。在我讲完之后,她盯着我看了很久。
本句主干为One girl…lookedat me steadily for a long time…;其中who had just…,and who proved to…为两个并列的定语从句,修饰先行词onegirl;由who引导的定语从句中又包含有定语从句,where引导的定语从句修饰先行词a school;I have ever known修饰children;句末的after I had finished为时间状语从句。
prove to be证明是…;显示是…。例:
We have been accused ofexaggerating before,but unfortunately all our reports proved to be true.以前一直有人指责我们夸大事实,但遗憾的是,我们所有的报道都证明是真实的。
4. Perhapsshe was clearing up some confusion about reading that her teachers,in theirhurry to get her up to“grade level,”had never given her enough time to clearup.可能她在消除对阅读的一些困惑,而以前她的老师总是催着她读她这个年级该读的书,没有给她足够的时间去消除这些困惑。
句子的主干为:she wasclearing up some confusion about reading…;that引导当语从句,修饰some confusionabout reading。
句中clear up意为“解决(问题);消除(困惑、谜团)”,除此之外,clear up还有以下几种含义:
①整理;收拾。例:
I cleared up my room.我把我的房间整理了一下。
②治愈(疾病);解决(医学难题)。例:
This herbal medicine willsoon clear up your cold.这种草药能很快治好你的感冒。
③(天气)放晴;变晴朗。例:
The weather won’t clear upuntil the rainy season is over.雨季不结束天不会放晴。
5. Imade my sell as soft as possible,saying only that it was about a girl wholoved and rode horses,and that if she didn’t like it,she could put it back.我尽可能说得委婉,只告诉她那是一本关于一个爱马并喜欢骑马的女孩的故事;如果她不喜欢,把书放回去不看就是了。
句子的主干为:I made my sellas soft as possible…;saying only that…为现在分词结构充当伴随状语;say后跟两个由that引导的宾语从句,第一个宾语从句中,由who引导的定语从句修饰先行词a girl,第二个宾语从句中含if条件句。
句中sell为名词,使用了比喻的手法,指“向学生推荐书,向学生提建议”。
6. Don’tyou find parts of it rather heavy going?你不觉得书中有些地方很难懂吗?
句中find后接形容词的复合结构,构成“find+名词+形容词”结构。例:
I like John but I don’tfind him attractive physically.我喜欢约翰,不过我认为他长得并不英俊。
句中heavy going表示“阅读理解过程艰难”。