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1. In the future we are going to follow thepractice—until it becomes a habit—of classifying propositionsaccording to their grounds：本句正常语句为In the future we aregoing to follow the practice of classifying propositions according to theirgrounds until it becomes a habit。Until it become a habit 作为插入语，其强调作用，强调“只有…才…”。ground一词在此可理解为“观点或主张的依据”。
2. They rest upon mere tradition, or on somebody’sbare assertion unsupported by even a shadow of proof…：rest upon近似于based on / upon 根据，依据。a shadow of 表示“一点；少许”，例：After term oftraining, he didn’t grasp a shadow of the basic skill. 经过了一学期的培训，他还没有掌握一点基本技巧。
3. But if the staunchest Roman Catholic and thestaunchest Presbyterian had been exchanged when infants, and if they had beenbrought up with home and all other influences reversed, we can have very littledoubt what the result would have been：本句是一个长句，应该仔细分析各小句之间的关系。if引导一个对过去情况的虚拟句。When infants 后省略了when they were infants。此处注意比较近义词staunch表示“坚强的，坚定的，忠实可靠的”，loyal表示“效忠（的臣民）；忠实（信徒）”。两者忠贞的对象差不多，但是前者比后者语气更强。faithful常指在婚姻、友谊等方面的忠贞。
4. But as we leave childhood, we tend to acceptonly such new ideas as fit in with the ideas we already hold; and all conflictingideas seem to us “obviously” absurd：本句中第一个as引导时间状语从句，第二个as引导定语从句。tend to趋于。例：People today tend to readwith computers. fit in with表示“适应；符合；与…一致”，例：Most people who come from other countries seem to fit in with theway of life here. 来自其他国家的大部分人似乎都适应这里的生活。
5. But we should fully face the fact that beliefswhich are merely inherited from the past must have originated at a time whenmen knew much less than they know today. So the fact that a belief is “old” isno argument in its favor. 本句句子结构比较复杂，首先the fact后面的that引导了一个同位语从句。Which和when引导的定语从句分别修饰beliefs和time. 最后一句中that同样引导了一个同位语从句。in one’s favor表示“对某人有利”，例如：The wholecompetition is in favor of the host country. 整场竞争对主办方国家有利。
6. When we are tempted to say that any generaltruth is so “obvious” that it would be absurd even to question it, we shouldremember that the whole history of the development of human thought has beenfull of cases of such "obvious truths" breaking down when examined inthe light of increasing knowledge and reason：第一句是一个有when引导的时间状语从句，其后是一个由that引导的宾语从句，最后一句是有when引导的时间状语。In the light of其意思相当于according to鉴于，考虑到。例：We decide to cancel the plan in the light of the bad weather. 鉴于恶劣的天气，我们决定取消计划。
7. The lazy and bungling person can adopt a setof opinions which prove to his satisfaction that “the grapes are sour”—the “grapes”being the rewards that more energetic and competent men can win：“thegrapes are sour”—he “grapes” being the rewards 这一句为独立结构。That more energetic and competent men can win.是由that引导的定语从句，修饰rewards. bungling 表示“笨拙的”。
8. What keen satisfaction we find in belittlingthe opinions, or attacking the opinions, of somebody of whom we are jealous, orof somebody against whom we bear a grudge：Belittle“轻视，贬低”。例：Don’t belittle her piano playing just because you’rejealous. 不要仅仅因为你忌妒而贬低她的钢琴弹奏。grudge意为“怨恨；恶意；妒忌”，例如：bear grudge in mind 怀恨在心。
9. Put them on to the “record” about the good olddays; or about prohibition; or about the wicked capitalist; or about the lazyand improvident workers：prohibition表示“禁令，禁止”，例： Prohibitions cover things that you may not do with a work. 禁例涵盖了您不能对作品所做的事情。improvident表示“浪费的；无远见的；无先见之明的”，例如：Herimprovident speech at the meeting has set a stone rolling. 她在会上的发言缺乏远见，已产生严重后果。
1. I had a friend whose society was very dear tome because I was forbidden by my mother to partake of it：society 指“陪同交往”，例：The nature of human is thesociability so we could not live without the society of other people. 人类天性就喜欢社交，因此没有跟他人的交往关系人类无法生存。partake指“分享；参与；分担（尤其指吃的、玩的东西）”，例：Wouldyou like to partake of our delicious dinner？你想跟我们一起分享美味吗？
2. Our prose standard, three quarters of a centuryago, was ornate and diffuse：ornate表示“辞藻华丽的”，例：DuringTang Dynasty, the poets prefer to write in an ornate style.唐朝时期，诗人偏爱于使用华丽辞藻。diffuse作形容词表示“冗长的，散开的”，常和ornate连用。
3. Whether for right andhonor, or through blood and dirt and a mush of mutilated morals：
a mush of 意为“弄糟”。mutilated表示“残缺的，破坏的”，例：Harvest golems have since spread to other territories,leaving fear and mutilated corpses in their wake. 收割傀儡已经蔓延到其他地区，在他们的觉醒中制造恐慌，肢解尸体。