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TEST FOR ENGLISHMAJORS (2005)
-GRADE EIGHT-
TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN
In this section you will hear amini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take noteson the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need themto complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture isover, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another tenminutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blanksheet for note taking.
Writing a ResearchPaper
【答案与解析】
(1) basic steps
（细节题。录音开始提到写论文与写普通文章时涉及到的许多基本步骤是一样的（Both kinds of writing involvemany of the same basic steps），所以可直接从讲座中得出答案basic steps。）
(2) raw material
（细节题。录音中提到论文的不同之处在于许多原始材料并不是来自你自己的头脑之中，而是来自一些出版材料，因此主要不同在于raw material的来源不同，故答案为raw material。）
(3) head
（细节题。根据录音，论文的不同之处在于许多原始材料并不是来自你自己的头脑之中，言外之意即普通文章的原始材料源于“head”。）
(4) facts and opinions
（细节题。文中提到，对于调查性论文而言，你得收集大量的关于一个话题的事实和观点，In a survey-type research paper,you gather facts and a variety of opinions on a given topic.，故可知答案为factsand opinions。）
(5) explain
（细节题。从讲座中可知，“survey-typepaper”写作有三个要求，分别是“gather facts”“throughquotation”和“you explain”。前两个题干中已提到，故本题答案为关于“survey-type paper”的第三个方面“explain”。）
(6) objective
（细节题。文中提到“youtry to provide a representative sampling of facts and opinions to give anobjective report on your topic”。因此作者对论文的报道要客观objective。）
(7) Purpose
（细节题。文中提到“yourpurpose may vary with your topic”，因此作者的目的应随话题的变化而变化，故答案为purpose，注意大写。）
(8)ask some questions
（细节题。讲座的第二部分论述的是写报告的其中一个步骤——选题，本题针对选题时的一些准备提问。文中提到“As you think about your topic,ask yourself these questions”，因此决定一篇论文时应自问一些问题，演讲者并在下文具体讲述了这些问题究竟是什么。很容易得出答案ask yourself thesequestions，但是题目限制最多填入三个单词，故可填入ask some questions。）
(9) a manageable size
（细节题。演讲者在论述选题时要怎么做时，提出要问自己的四个问题，本题针对第三个问题——将话题缩小到一个自己可以控制的范围(cutthe topic down to a manageable size) ——设题。直接提取答案 a manageable size。）
(10)the topic itself
（细节题。本题针对第四个问题设题。第四个问题开始演讲者就指出其主要内容“What questions can you ask aboutthe topic itself?”，就论文本身写作者可提出什么问题，故可直接得出答案the topic itself。）
【录音原文】
Writing a ResearchPaper
I think as seniors, you are oftenrequired by your instructors to do some library research on this topic or that.And, in the end, you have to write a research paper, right? Then what iswriting a research paper like? How are we going to write one? What are thesteps in producing a research paper and what are the points we need to takecare of? In today’s lecture, I’ll try to answer these questions.
First of all, what is writing aresearch paper like? We may start by comparing it to an ordinary essay, a formof writing you are very familiar with. Writing a research paper is much likewriting an essay. [1] Both kinds of writing involve many of the same basic steps . That is, choosing a topic, askingquestions to define and develop the topic, identifying the audience, gettingraw material to work with, outlining the paper, writing it, and, finally,revising it. These are the steps shared between research paper writing andessay writing.
Is there any difference,you may ask. Yes. [2][3] What makes a research paper different isthat much of your raw material comes notfrom your own head , but from printedsources: mainly books and periodicals in the library. Collecting raw material,that is reading books and taking notes, is very much like the process ofbrainstorming at the prewriting stage of an ordinary essay.
Generally speaking, there are twobasic types of research papers, and a paper may belong to either type. It maybe a survey of facts and opinions available on a given topic or an analyticalargument that uses those facts and opinions to prove a point. Your instructormay tell you which kind of paper you are expected to write. If not, youyourself should eventually choose between surveying and arguing. You will thenhave a definite way of managing your sources.
Now,let’s take a look at how you are going to write a survey-type research paper oran argumentative research paper. [4] In a survey-type research paper,you gather facts and a variety of opinions on a given topic. You make littleattempt to interpret or evaluate what your sources say or to prove a particularpoint. Instead, through quotation, summary, and paraphrase, you try to providea representative sampling of facts and opinions [6] to give an objective report on your topic. [5] You explain the pros and cons of variousattitudes or opinions, but you don’t side definitely with any one of them.
While in an argumentativeresearch paper, you do considerably more. You do not simply quote, paraphrase,and summarize as you do in a survey-type paper. You interpret, question,compare, and judge the statements you cite. You explain why one opinion issound and another is not; why one fact is relevant and another is not; why onewriter is correct and another is mistaken. [7] What’s more, yourpurpose may vary with your topic. You may try to explain a situation torecommend a course of action, to reveal the solution to a problem, or topresent and defend a particular interpretation of a historical event or a workof art. But whether the topic is space travel or trends in contemporaryAmerican literature, an argumentative research paper deals actively – I say itagain, actively – with the statements it cites. It makes these statements worktogether in an argument that you create, that is, to an argument leading to aconclusion of your own.
[8] In the next part of the lecture,I’d like to talk about one of the basic steps in writing I mentioned earlier inthe lecture. That is how to choose a topic. Choosing a topic for a researchpaper is in some ways like choosing a topic for an ordinary essay, but there aresome differences. As you think about your topic, askyourself these questions :
Question number one: Do youreally want to know more about this topic? This is the initial question youhave to ask yourself, because research on any subject will keep you busy forweeks. You certainly do not wish to waste your time on something you havelittle interest in. You do it well only if you expect to learn somethinginteresting or important in the process.
Question number two: Are youlikely to find many sources of information on this topic? You cannot write aresearch paper without consulting a variety of sources. If only one source ornone at all is readily available, you should rethink your topic or chooseanother.
Question number three: [9] Canyou cut the topic down to a manageable size ?Be reasonable and realistic about what you can do in a short period, say, twoto four weeks. If your topic is “The American Revolution”, you’ll scarcely havetime to make a list of books on your subject, let alone read and analyze them.So try to find something specific, such as “The Role of Thomas Jefferson in theAmerican Revolution” or “The Franco-American Alliance”
Question number four: [10] Whatquestions can you ask about the topic itself ?Questions help you get the topic down to a manageable size, discover itspossibilities, and find the goal of your research, that is, the specificproblem you want to investigate. Suppose you want to write about the issue offinancing a college education – A topic not only current, but also directlylinked to the lives of most college students and their families. You could askat least two or three pointed questions: How much does educational opportunitydepend on financial status? Is financial aid going to the students who need itmost? How much should universities and colleges charge their students? You canask yourself these questions or more as you start work on the research paper.
Okay. To sum up, in today’slecture, we’ve looked at some of the issues in research paper writing, like thebasic steps, types of research paper, and how to choose a topic. In our nextlecture, we’ll concentrate on how to identify the audience, how to work out anoutline, and how to edit the draft.
In this section you will hear everythingONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark thecorrect answer to each question on your colored answer sheet.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on aninterview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answereach of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
1.What is the purpose of Professor McKay’s report?
A. To look into the mental healthof old people.
B. To explain why people havenegative views on old age.
C. To help correct some falsebeliefs about old age.
D. To identify the variousproblems of old age.
2.Which of the following is NOT Professor McKay’s view?
A. People change in old age a lotmore than at the age of 21.
B. There are as many sick peoplein old age as in middle age.
C. We should not expect morephysical illness among old people.
D. We should not expect to findold people unattractive as a group.
3.According to Professor McKay’s report, _____.
A. family love is graduallydisappearing
B. it is hard to comment on familyfeeling
C. more children are indifferentto their parents
D. family love remains as strongas ever
4.Professor McKay is _____ towards the tendency of more parents living apart fromtheir children.
A. negative
B. positive
C. ambiguous
D. neutral
5.The only popular belief that Professor McKay is unable to provide evidenceagainst is _____.
A. old-age sickness
B. loose family ties
C. poor mental abilities
D. difficulties in maths
【答案与解析】
1. C 细节题。录音中，女士提到，报告的目的是：look into the various beliefsthat people hold about old age并试图证实他们，随后，女士又指出，希望该报告能够帮助人们改变对变老的一些感受（change their feelingsabout old age），综合可得出报告的目的是让人们改变对年老的错误观念。
2. A 细节题。采访中女士用反问的语气提出“为什么要觉得人们在60或65岁时会突然改变（suddenlychange），而不是在21岁时突然改变？”，表明女士不赞同这一观点，A项符合。
3. D 细节题。录音中女士提到“we have found nothing that suggests family feelingis either drying or dead”，由此可见这位女士认为家庭情感仍旧和以前一样强烈，故选D项。
4. B 细节题。谈到对年轻人与老人分居的看法时，professor McKay指出“it’san excellent arrangement”，可判断，她对此举持积极态度。
5. D 细节题。录音结尾部分，professor McKay谈到“无疑，随年龄的增长人们发现数学会越来越难”，她还指出，具体原因是什么，她自己也不清楚。所以D项正确。
【录音原文】
M: Today, we’ve ProfessorMcKay on our morning talk show. Good morning, Professor McKay.
W: Good morning.
M: I’ve heard that youand your team have just completed a report on old age.
W: That’s right.
M: Could you tell me whatyour report is about?
W: Well, the reportbasically looks into the various beliefs that people hold about old age andtries to verify them.
M: And what do you thinkyour report can achieve?
W: [1] We hope that it willsomehow help people to change their feelings about old age. The problem is thatfar too many of us believe that most old people are poor, lonely, and unhappy.As a result, we tend to find old people, as a group, unattractive. And this isvery dangerous for our society.
M: But surely we cannotescape the fact that many old people are lonely and many are sick.
W: No, we can’t. But wemust also remember that the proportion of such people is no greater among the60-70 age group than among the 50-60 age group.
M: In other words, thereis no more mental illness, for example, among the 60s-70s than among the50s-60s.
W: Right! And why shouldthere be? [2] Why should we expect people to suddenly change whenthey reach their 60th or 60th birthday any more than they did when they reachedtheir 21st?
M: But one would expectthere to be more physical illness among old people, surely.
W: Why should one expectthis? After all, those people who reach the age of 65 or 70 are the strongamong us. The weak die mainly in childhood, then in their 40s and 50s.Furthermore, by the time people reach 60 or 65, they have learned how to lookafter themselves. They keep warm, sleep regular hours, and eat sensibly. Ofcourse, some old people do suffer from physical illnesses, but these do notsuddenly develop on their 65th birthday. People who are healthy in middle agetend to be healthy in old age, just as one would expect.
M: Do you find that youngpeople these days are not as concerned about their parents as their parentswere about theirs?
W: [3] We have found nothingthat suggests that family feeling is either dying or dead. There do not appearto be large numbers of young people who are trying, for example, to have theirdear old mother locked up in a mental hospital.
M: Don’t many moreparents live apart from their married children then used to be the case?
W: True, but this isbecause many more young families can afford to own their own homes these daysthan ever before. In other words, parents and their married children usuallylive in separate households because they prefer it that way, not because thechildren refuse to have mum and dad living with them.
M: Is this a good thing,do you think?
W: [4] I think that it’s anexcellent arrangement. We all like to keep part of our lives private, even fromthose we love dearly. [4] I certainly don’t think that it’s a sign ofthe increased loneliness of old age.
M: Are people’s mentalabilities affected by old age?
W: Certain changes dotake place as we grow older, but this happens throughout life. These changesare very gradual and happen at different times with different people, but, ingeneral, if you know a person well in his middle age and have seen how he dealswith events and problems, you will easily recognize him in old age.
M: So that someone whoenjoys new experiences, travel, education, and so on in his middle years willusually continue to do so into old age?
W: Exactly. We havecarried out some very interesting experiments in which a group of people aged60-70 and a group aged 30-40 had to learn the same things. The first thing wediscovered was that the young group tends to be quicker at learning than theold group. However, although the old group took longer to learn, eventually,they performed as well as the young group. And when we tested the two groupsseveral weeks later, there was again no difference between the two groups.
M: That’s veryinteresting indeed. What else did your experiments show?
W: Well, one group of oldpeople agreed to attend evening classes for a year to study English andmathematics. In fact, most of this group became so interested in their studiesthat they continued them for another year. Anyway, we discovered that they didbest in the English classes and that most of them steadily improved theirability to communicate in both the written and the spoken language.
M: What about the groupwho studied mathematics?
W: Well, that’s adifferent story. [5] There seems to be no doubt that people findmaths more difficult as they grow older. Though, why this is so, I cannot say.
M: Perhaps pocketcalculators will solve this problem.
W: I think you’re right.In fact, I’m sure that you are.
M: Okay. Time for acommercial. Stay tuned; we’ll be right back.
In this section you will heareverything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions thatfollow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your colored answer sheet.
Question 6 is based on thefollowing news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds toanswer the question.
Now listen to the news.
6.Scientists in Brazil have used frog skin to _____.
A. eliminate bacteria
B. treat burns
C. Speed up recovery
D. reduce treatment cost
【答案】 B
【解析】 细节题。录音首句就提到“巴西科学家声称，找到了对付烧伤的新方法”，随后提出该新方法是“利用青蛙皮”，故选B项“巴西科学家利用青蛙皮治疗烧伤”。
【录音原文】
[6] Scientists in Brazil claimthey’ve come up with a new way of treating burns. That is, with frog skin.Researchers say it is cheap and effective. The frog skin has components thatdiminish the growth of bacteria, making the wound heal faster and reducing theamount of time that patient has to stay in hospital. Researchers said themethod had already been successfully used in some hospitals in Brazil.
Question 7 is based on thefollowing news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds toanswer the question.
Now listen to the news.
7.What is NOT a feature of the new karaoke machine?
A. It is featured by hightechnology.
B. It allows you to imitatefamous singers.
C. It can automatically alter thetempo and tone of a song.
D. It can be placed in speciallydesigned theme rooms.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节题。录音中提到新卡拉ok的特点有：采用了高新技术（high-tech），使年轻人能“singlike famous singers”（如著名歌唱家一样歌唱），并能“automatically adjustthe speed and tone of any song”（自动调整任何歌曲的速度和声调），D项的内容在文中未提到。
【录音原文】
Once a source of high-pitchedbusiness activity, Japan’s karaoke industry has slowed down. Japanese have lessto sing about amid sustained economic problems. Karaoke firms are now strivingto develop new ideas to attract cost-conscious karaoke singers. [7] Theseinclude a new, high-tech machine that allows people to sing like famous singersand theme rooms on some of the Asian cartoon figures targeted at youngercrowds. The new karaoke machine is being developed by a professor from the USMassachusetts Institute of Technology. [7] The machine uses atechnology called C-Sound that automatically adjusts the speed and tone of anysong being played to match the tempo and key the singer is using. The tempo canbe adjusted manually on conventional karaoke machines, but the new product isthe first machine to do it automatically.
Question 8 is based on thefollowing news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds toanswer the question.
Now listen to the news.
8.China’s Internet users had reached _____ by the end of June.
A. 68 million
B. 8.9 million
C. 10 million
D. 1.5 million
【答案】 A
【解析】 细节题。录音中明确指出“China’s internetpopulation hit 68 million by the end of June”，A项正确。
【录音原文】
The China Internet Network Information Center saidthis week that the nation’s online community is expanding at a rapid pace, with8.9 million users added in the first half of the year, from January to June. [8] China’s Internetpopulation hit 68 million by the end of June, the world’s second-largest figureafter the United States. The figure was 10 million at the end of 2000 and 1.5million in 1997. “Cyberspace is a force to be reckoned with in China,” saidChen Hualin, a senior Internet analyst at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Netizens between the ages of 18 and 30 are the driving force. They spend 13hours every week surfing the Internet, on average. Their major purpose isobtaining information or having fun. At the same time, only 0.2 percent listed onlineshopping, e-business, and online learning as their main activity. As the numberof China’s Internet users grows, so does the junk mail. 8.3 e-mails out of 16are junk mails on average.
Question 9 and 10 are based onthe following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 secondsto answer the question.
Now listen to the news.
9.According to the WTO, Chinese exports rose _____ last year.
A. 21%
B. 10%
C. 22%
D. 4.73%
10.According to the news, which trading nation in the top 10 has reported a 5 percent fall in exports?
A. The UK.
B. The US.
C. Japan.
D. Germany.
【答案与解析】
9. C 细节题。文中提到“China’s exports jumped 22 percent last year”（中国的出口去年猛增了22%），故选C项。
10. B 细节题。录音中在谈论位居世界前10名的国家贸易状况时，指出“the United States, sawits exports fall 5 percent”，故选A项。
【录音原文】
China has established itself asone of the world’s great trading nations, moving past the U.K. into the 5thplace. New figures from the World Trade Organization (WTO) show [9] Chineseexports jumping 22% last year to 325.6 billion US dollars’ worth, and imports rising21% to 295.2 billion US dollars’ worth. No other trading nation in the top tencame close to that level of growth. [10] The world leader, the UnitedStates, saw exports fall 5% in 2002 from the previous year. Exports bythird-ranked Japan rose 3% while second-ranked Germany reported a 7% rise. Inthe area of total trade flows of just over 13.1 trillion US dollars, the topten traders accounted for 7.4 trillion US dollars, or 56%. The US share is 13.78%,while China has 4.73%.
In this section there are fourreading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages andthen mark your answers on your Coloured Answer Sheet.
TEXT A
I remember meeting him oneevening with his pushcart. I had managed to sell all my papers and was cominghome in the snow. It was that strange hour in downtown New York when theworkers were pouring homeward in the twilight. I marched among thousands of tiredmen and women whom the factory whistles had unyoked. They flowed inrivers through the clothing factory districts, then down along the avenues tothe East Side.
I met my father near CooperUnion. I recognized him, a hunched, frozen figure in an old overcoat standingby a banana cart. He looked so lonely; the tears came to my eyes. Then he sawme, and his face lit with his sad, beautiful smile—Charlie Chaplin’s smile.
“Arch, it’s Mikey,” he said. “Soyou have sold your papers! Come and eat a banana.”
He offered me one. I refused it.I felt it crucial that my father sell his bananas, not give them away.He thought I was shy, and coaxed and joked with me, and made me eat the banana.It smelled of wet straw and snow.
“You haven’t sold many bananastoday, pop,” I said anxiously.
He shrugged his shoulders.
“What can I do? No one seems towant them.”
It was true. The work crowdspushed home morosely over the pavements. The rusty sky darkened over New Yorkbuilding, the tall street lamps were lit, innumerable trucks, street cars andelevated trains clattered by. Nobody and nothing in the great city stopped formy father’s bananas.
“I ought to yell,” said my fatherdolefully. “I ought to make a big noise like other peddlers, but it makes mythroat sore. Anyway, I’m ashamed of yelling, it makes me feel like a fool.”
I had eaten one of his bananas.My sick conscience told me that I ought to pay for it somehow. I must remainhere and help my father.
“I’ll yell for you, pop,” Ivolunteered.
“Arch, no,” he said, “go home;you have worked enough today. Just tell momma I’ll be late.”
But I yelled and yelled. Myfather, standing by, spoke occasional words of praise, and said I was awonderful yeller. Nobody else paid attention. The workers drifted past uswearily, endlessly; a defeated army wrapped in dreams of home. Elevated trainscrashed; the Cooper Union clock burned above us; the sky grew black, the windpoured, the slush burned through our shoes. There were thousands of strange,silent figures pouring over the sidewalks in snow. None of them stopped to buybananas. I yelled and yelled, nobody listened.
My father tried to stop me atlast. “Nu,” he said smiling to console me, “that was wonderful yelling. Mikey.But it’s plain we are unlucky today! Let’s go home.”
I was frantic, and almost intears. I insisted on keeping up my desperate yells. But at last my fatherpersuaded me to leave with him.
11.“Unyoked” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.
A. sent out
B. released
C. dispatched
D. removed
12.Which of the following in the first paragraph does NOT indicated crowds ofpeople?
A. Thousands of.
B. Flowed.
C. Pouring.
D. Unyoked.
13.Which of the following is intended to be a pair of contrast in the passage?
A. Huge crowds and lonelyindividuals.
B. Weather conditions and streetlamps.
C. Clattering trains andpeddlers’ yells.
D. Moving crowds and streettraffic.
14.Which of the following words is NOT suitable to describe the character of theson?
A. Compassionate.
B. Responsible.
C. Shy.
D. Determined.
15.What is the theme of the story?
A. The misery of the factoryworkers.
B. How to survive in a harshenvironment.
C. Generation gap between thefather and the son.
D. Love between the father andthe son.
16.What is the author’s attitude towards the father and the son?
A. Indifferent.
B. Sympathetic.
C. Appreciative.
D. Difficult to tell.
【文章大意】
文章以第一人称描写了风雪天气中纽约街头一对父子卖香蕉的情景，起初父亲因为觉得尴尬不好意思叫卖，儿子为了帮助父亲，主动卖力的叫卖，虽然如此，但是最后还是一个香蕉也没卖出去。作者用一系列表现手法突出了父子之间的相互关爱，他们虽然处境艰难但是却互相扶持，作者对这对父子充满了同情。
【答案与解析】
11. B 词义理解题。前文提到的“夜幕降临，大批工人往家赶”可知他们已从工厂下班了，由此可推断“whom the factorywhistles had unyoked”指的是工人们可以从工厂的哨声中解放出来了。release “解放，释放”，与unyoke意思接近。
12. D 词义理解题。根据上题可知，unyoked是“解除束缚”的意思，并不表示人多。flowed 和pouring都有“人流如潮”的意思，thousandsof也突显出“人潮拥挤”之意。故选D项。
13. A 推理题。文中第一段提到“the workers were pouring homeward in the twilight”“thousandsof tired men and women”，夜幕降临，数以千计的工人匆忙往家赶。第二段中“I recognized him, ahunched, frozen figure in an old overcoat standing by a banana cart. He lookedso lonely...”由此可见穿着破旧外套的父亲独自站在香蕉摊旁，很是孤单。汹涌的人潮与形单影只的父亲形成鲜明对比，故选A。其他选项“天气状况”和“街灯”；“咔嗒的火车”和“小贩的叫卖”；“移动的人流”和“街道上的交通”都无法构成对比。
14. C 细节题。文中倒数第三段提到“I yelled and yelled”，儿子在街头帮父亲叫卖，表明并不是一个腼腆的人，故C项不合文意。倒数第六段提到“My sick conscience told me that I ought to pay forit somehow. I must remain here and help my father.”，年迈的父亲在街头卖香蕉，现在又免费吃了父亲的香蕉，良心因此不安，于是决定帮助父亲，可看出儿子富于同情心和责任感；文中最后一段提到“I insisted on keepingup my desperate yells.”，虽然到最后一直无人问津他们的香蕉，但他仍然坚持叫卖，可看出儿子十分有决心。
15. D 主旨题。文中提到当儿子看到身着破旧大衣的父亲独自一人站在大街上卖香蕉，“the tears came to myeyes”不禁泪眼盈眶。儿子没有回家，帮父亲在街头叫卖。另一方面，父亲看到儿子时“his face lit with hissad, beautiful smile -Charlie Chaplin’s smile”露出微笑，我叫卖时父亲“spokeoccasional words of praise”不时得表扬一下儿子，最后父亲说服儿子回家。通过一系列的细节描写可见父子之间的深情。
16. B 观点态度题。纵览全文，作者描写了父亲破旧的穿着，卖不出香蕉时难过的表情，独自站在街头的孤单；另外又描述儿子看到父亲时的心理活动，良心受谴责帮父亲卖香蕉，但是这样的叫卖却是徒劳的，根本没有路人驻足看一下他们的香蕉，由此可见父子两人的遭遇很是悲惨，也透露出了作者对父子俩的深切同情。故选B项。
【题海拾贝】
①unyoke vt. 卸下，解开
②coax vi. 哄骗，劝诱
③morosely adv. 愁眉苦脸地；忧郁地
④innumerable adj. 无数的，数不清的
⑤hunched adj. 缩成一团的，驼背的
⑥dolefully adv. 悲哀地，寂寞地
⑦frantic adj. 狂乱的，疯狂的
TEXT B
When former President Ronald Reaganfell and broke his hip at the age of 89, he joined a group of more than 350,000elderly Americans who fracture their hips each year. Suffering from advancedAlzheimer’s disease, Reagan was in one of the highest-risk groups for this typeof accident. The incidence of hip fractures not only increases after age 50,but doubles every five to six years as the risk of falling increases. Slippingand tumbling are not the only causes of hip fractures; weakened bones sometimesbreak spontaneously. But falling is the major cause, representing 90% of allhip fractures.
These injuries are not to betaken lightly. According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, only25% of those who suffer hip fractures ever fully recover; as many as 20% willdie within 12 months. Even when patients do recover, nearly half will need a caneor a walker to get around.
When it comes to hip fractures,the most dangerous place for elderly Americans, it turns out, is their homes;nearly 60% of these dangerous spills will occur in or around the patient’sdomicile. This isn’t all bad news, however, because a few modifications could preventa lot of accidents.
The first thing to do is to getrid of those thrown rugs that line hallways and entrances. They often fold overor bunch up turning them into body traps for anyone shuffling down the hall.
Entering and leaving the house isa particularly high-risk activity, which is why some experts suggest removingany doorsills higher than 1/2 in. If the steps are bare wood, you can increase traction by applying non-slip treads.
Because many seniors suffer frompoor balance (whether from neurological deficits or from the inner-ear problemsthat increase naturally with aging), it also helps to install grab bars andhandrails in bathrooms and along hallways.
The bedroom is another majorhazard area that can be made much safer with a few adjustments. Avoid stainsheets and comforters, and opt for non-slip material like wool or cotton. Easyaccess to devices is important, so place a lamp, telephone and flashlight near thebed within arm’s reach. Make sure the pathway between the bedroom and bathroomis completely clear, and install a night-light along the route for thoseemergency late-night trips.
It’s a good idea to rearrange thefurniture throughout the house, so that the paths between rooms are free ofobstructions. Also, make sure telephone and appliance cords aren’t strungacross common walkways, where they can be tripped over.
In addition to these physicalprecautions, there are the health precautions every aging body should take.Physical and eye examinations, with special attention to cardiac and blood pressureproblems, should be performed annually to rule out serious medical conditions.Blood pressure that’s too low or an irregular heartbeat can put you at risk forfainting and falling. Don’t forget to take calcium and vitamin D, two criticalfactors in developing strong bones. Finally, enrolling in an exercise programmeat your local gym can improve agility, strength, balance and coordination—allimportant skills that can keep you on your feet and off the floor.
17.The following are all specific measures to guard against injuries with theEXCEPTION of _____.
A. removal of throw rugs
B. easy access to devices
C. installation of grab bars
D. re-arrangement of furniture
18.In which paragraph does the author state his purpose of writing?
A. The third paragraph.
B. The first paragraph.
C. The last paragraph.
D. The last but one paragraph.
19.The main purpose of the passage is to _____.
A. offer advice on how to preventhip fractures
B. emphasize the importance ofhealth precautions
C. discuss the seriousness of hipfractures.
D. identify the causes of hipfractures.
【文章大意】
文章通过美国前总统罗纳德·里根摔断髋骨这件事，引出了对老年人髋骨骨折的论述，首先分析了老年人髋骨骨折的原因，然后重点分析了防止此类事故的发生的措施。
【答案与解析】
17. D 细节题。第四段第一句提到“The first thing to do is to get rid of those thrownrugs that line hallways and entrances”第一件事就是去掉门厅和门口处的毯子。第六段提到“it also helps toinstall grab bars and handrails in bathrooms and along hallways.”，因此在卫生间和门厅装一些把手也会起作用的。第七段“Easy access to devices isimportant, so place a lamp, telephone and flashlight near the bed within arm’sreach.”，更容易接近床边的一些器具比如说电灯，电话，手电也十分重要。以上这些都是比较具体的措施，分别对应选项A, B, C。虽然文中第八段也有提及重新布置房中家具，但这是个总体概括性的策略，没有给出如何布置，不是细节性策略，选项D不符合。
18. A 主旨题。纵览全文可知本文主要介绍的是一些预防hip fractures的方法。第三段作者首先引出“许多骨折是在家中发生”这一话题，随后明确指出做一些修改可以防止意外的发生（a few modificationscould prevent a lot of accidents），接下来的段落都是围绕如何预防意外的发生展开的。因此第三段是主题段总领全文，介绍了文章写作目的。
19. A 主旨题。第三段，作者谈到“一些调整就可以避免很多事故”，随后段落中，作者就具体介绍了预防hip fractures的方法，如去掉门口的地毯，在卫生间和门厅处安装一些把手，使床边器具容易摸得到，重新安排家具等，都是预防骨折的措施。因此本文的写作目的就是“提供预防骨折的建议”。
【题海拾贝】
①domicile n. 住所，定居
②neurological adj. 神经病学的，神经学上的
③cardiac n. 强心剂，强胃剂；心脏的；心脏病的
④agility n. 敏捷，灵活，机敏
TEXT C
In his classic novel “ThePioneers”, James Fennimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take hiscousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets,rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered.All she sees is a stubby forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements whichyou were to show me?” she asks. He’s astonished she can’t see them. “Where! Whyeverywhere,” he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he hasbuilt them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were alreadyconstructed and finished.
Cooper was illustrating adistinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the presentfrom the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by thepast and more emotionally attached to things to come. “America is therefore theland of the future,” the German philosopher Hegel wrote. “The American liveseven more for his goals, for the future, than the European,” Albert Einsteinconcurred. “Life for him is always becoming, neverbeing.”
In 2012, America will still bethe place where the future happens first, for that is the nation’s oldesttradition. The early Puritans lived in almost Stone Age conditions, but they wereinspired by visions of future glories, God’s kingdom on earth. The earlypioneers would sometimes travel past perfectly good farmland, because they wereconvinced that even more amazing land could be found over the next ridge. TheFounding Fathers took 13 scraggly Colonies and believed they were creating anew nation on earth. The railroad speculators envisioned magnificent fortunesbuilt on bands of iron. It’s now fashionable to ridicule the visions of dot-comentrepreneurs of the 1990s, but they had inherited the urge to leap for the horizon.“The Future is endowed with such a life, that it lives to us even inanticipation,” Herman Melville wrote. “The Future is the Bible of the Free.”
This future-mindedness explainsmany modern features of American life. It explains workaholism: the averageAmerican works 350 hours a year more than the average European. Americans movemore, in search of that brighter tomorrow, than people in other lands. Theyalso, sadly, divorce more, for the same reason.Americans adopt new technologies such as online shopping and credit cards muchmore quickly than people in other countries. Forty-five percent of worldInternet use takes place in the United States. Even today, after the burstingof the stock-market bubble, American venture-capital firms—which are in thebusiness of betting on the future--dwarf the firms from all other nations.
Future-mindedness contributes tothe disorder in American life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates offamily breakdown, the frenzied waste of natural resources. It also leads toincredible innovations. According to the Yale historian Paul Kennedy, 75percent of the Nobel laureates in economics and the sciences over recentdecades have lived or worked in the United States. The country remains a magnetfor the future-minded from other nations. One in 12 Americans has enjoyed thethrill and challenge of starting his own business. A study published in the Journalof International Business Studies in 2000 showed that innovative people arespread pretty evenly throughout the globe, but Americans are most comfortablewith risk. Entrepreneurs in the US are more likely to believe that they possessthe ability to shape their own future than people in, say, Britain, Australiaor Singapore.
If the 1990s were a great decadeof future-mindedness, we are now in the midst of a season of experience. Itseems cooler to be skeptical, to pooh-pooh all those IPO suckers wholost their money betting on the telecom future. But the world is not becomingmore French. By 2012, this period of chastisement will likely have run itscourse, and future- mindedness will be back in vogue, for better or worse.
We don’t know exactly what thenext future-minded frenzy will look like. We do know where it will take place:the American suburb. In 1979, three quarters of American office space werelocated in central cities. The new companies, research centers andentrepreneurs are flocking to these low buildings near airports, highways andthe Wal-Mart malls, and they are creating a new kind of suburban life. Thereare entirely new metropolises ring-boom suburbs like Mesa, Arizona, thatalready have more people than Minneapolis or St. Louis. We are now approachinga moment in which the majority of American office space, and the hub ofAmerican entrepreneurship, will be found in quiet office parks in places like Rockville,Maryland, and in the sprawling suburbosphere around Atlanta.
We also know thatfuture-mindedness itself will become the object of greater study. We arediscovering that there are many things that human beings do easily thatcomputers can do only with great difficulty, if at all. Cognitive scientistsare now trying to decode the human imagination, to understand how the brainvisualizes, dreams and creates. And we know, too, that where there isfuture-mindedness there is hope.
20.The third paragraph examines America’s future-mindedness from the _____perspective.
A. future
B. realistic
C. historical
D. present
21.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT brought about byfuture-mindedness?
A. Economic stagnation.
B. Environmental destruction.
C. High divorce rates.
D. Neglect of history.
22.The word “pooh-pooh” in the sixth paragraph means _____.
A. appreciate
B. praise
C. shun
D. ridicule
23.According to the passage, people at present can forecast _____ of a new roundof future-mindedness.
A. the nature
B. the location
C. the variety
D. the features
24.The author predicts in the last paragraph that the study of future-mindednesswill focus on _____.
A. how it comes into being
B. how it functions
C. what it brings about
D. what it is related to
【文章大意】
文章由詹姆士·菲尼摩尔·库珀在他的经典著作《开拓者》中对主人公的描述引出对美国人的未来意识的论述。首先分析了美国人的未来意识的起源，然后论述了其在美国人生活中的体现，接着分析了它的作用，最后预测了它的发展前途。
【答案与解析】
20. C 推断题。第三段首句“America will still be the place where the futurehappens first, for that is the nation’s oldest tradition”决定了本段围绕这一话题展开。future-mindedness是美国的最古老的传统（oldesttradition），随后列举了早期的清教徒，拓荒者和建国之父等都具有这一特点。而这些都是从历史的角度对其进行阐述，选项C正确。
21. A 细节题。第五段首句“Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder inAmerican life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates of familybreakdown, the frenzied waste of natural resources”是本段中心句，指出美国人的许多生活特点，对历史的遗忘，高离婚率，对资源的疯狂利用都可以由future-mindedness来解释，分别对应D,C, B项。只有A项“经济滞胀”未提及。
22. D 词语理解题。第六段提到我们现在处在一个注重经验（即现实）的时代，所以多一点怀疑、对投资电信未来，购买首次公开发行股票而亏损的幼稚投资者表示“pooh-pooh”，则显得更为冷静。pooh-pooh一词与be skeptical“怀疑的”在语义上有关联，因此pooh-pooh也应是表示消极态度的词，排除A、B项，根据常理分析，人们对那些投资失败者的态度通常会嘲弄，幸灾乐祸之类，而不应是欺骗，故选D。pooh-pooh藐视，蔑视。
23. B 细节题。由文中倒数第二段第一句“We don’t know exactly what thenext future-minded frenzy will look like. We do know where it will take place:the American suburb...”可知，虽然并不知道新一轮的future-mindedness将在何时发生，但我们却可知道它将在美国市郊发生。其他选项并未提及，故选B项。
24. A 要点归纳题。最后一段，作者谈到future-mindedness 本身将会成为研究对象，最后又提到“Cognitivescientists are now trying to decode the human imagination, to understand howthe brain visualizes, dreams and creates. And we know, too, that where there isfuture-mindedness there is hope”，可知科学家们正试图解码human imagination（人类想象力），而此项举措正是为了理解future-mindedness从何而来，故A项正确。
【题海拾贝】
①stubby adj. 短而粗硬的；又短又秃的
②unencumbered adj. 没有阻碍的；没有负担的
③concur vi. 同意，一致，互助
④scraggly adj. 凌乱的，起伏的
⑤obliviousness adj. 遗忘的，健忘的
⑥chastisement n. 惩罚
TEXT D
“In every known human society themale’s needs for achievement can be recognized...In a great number of humansocieties men’s sureness of their sex role is tied up with their tight, orability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice.Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from enteringsome field or performing some feat.”
This is the conclusion of theanthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and womenin society should be distinguished.
If talk and print are consideredit would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete. Thereis a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women andabout the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around their hithertoaccepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from typesof occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form ofautomatic doubt of the seriousness of women’s pretensions to the level ofintellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business ofrunning the world.
There are a good many objectivepieces of evidence for the erosion of men’s status. In the first place, thereis the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, SriLanka and Israel.
Secondly, there is the very largeincrease in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothersof children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergencesbetween male and female behavior: the approximation to identical styles indress and coiffure the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women toall sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.
Everyone carries round with him afairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. Itis acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, butthat does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expressionof inwardly felt expectations of people’s sense of what is fundamentally properin the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentarynatural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe nextdoor while women keep the fire going. Amorous initiative is firmly reserved tothe man, who sets about courtship with a club.
25.The phrase “men’s sureness of their sex role” in the first paragraph suggeststhat they _____.
A. are confident in their abilityto charm women
B. take the initiative incourtship
C. have a clear idea of what isconsidered “manly”
D. tend to be more immoral thanwomen are
26.The third paragraph does NOT claim that men _____.
A. prevent women from taking upcertain professions
B. secretly admire women’sintellect and resolution
C. doubt whether women reallymean to succeed in business
D. forbid women to join certainclubs and societies
27.The third paragraph _____.
A. generally agrees with the firstparagraph
B. has no connection with thefirst paragraph
C. repeats the argument of thesecond paragraph
D. contradicts the last paragraph
28.At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeration in orderto _____.
A. show that men are strongerthan women
B. carry further the ideas of theearliest paragraphs
C. support the first sentence ofthe same paragraph
D. disown the ideas he isexpressing
29.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph _____.
A. is based on the study of archaeology
B. illustrates how people expectmen to behave
C. is dismissed by the author asan irrelevant joke
D. proves that the man, notwoman, should be the wooer
30. The openingquotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman whichthe author _____.
A. approves of
B. argues is natural
C. completely rejects
D. expects to go on changing
【文章大意】
文章通过对比男性和女性在社会生活中角色的变化得出这样一个结论，即每个人对于人类生活的原始和自然状态都有相当明确的概念，但是这种概念更多的是通过研究幽默漫画 ，而不是研究考古学得来的。因此作者希望两性社会角色继续变化。
【答案与解析】
25. C 词语理解题。根据第一段第二句“In every known human society the male’s needs forachievement can be recognized...men’s sureness of their sex role is tied upwith their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are notallowed to practice”，男子对自己性别角色的自信与他们从事某些活动的能力相关，而这些活动不允许女性参加，同时这种自信又是通过进入某些领域或从事某些工作来维持的，而这些工作也是禁止女子进入的。由此可知，这种自信实际上是对什么是manly的理念，故选C项。
26. B 细节题。第三段第二句提到有很多刊物报道女性依旧受到家庭束缚，这些束缚是由男性建立起来的，有时这些束缚很明显，不让女性从事一些工作，对应A项。不让她们参加一些社交团体，对应D项。也有一些隐性的束缚，怀疑女性的智力水平和决心，对应C项。
27. A 篇章结构题。第三段，作者谈到许多刊物报道女性仍旧受家庭的束缚，不让她们从事相关职业，参加一些社交团体，怀疑她们的能力和决心。而第一段提到“Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performingsome feat”，实际上，男性对女性进入一些领域取得一些成就所起的阻碍作用被淡化了。因此第三段是对第一段论述的进一步阐述，故选A项。
28. C 推理题。本段第一句是中心句，用humorous exaggeration是为了支持最后一段的论点“每个人都对人类生活原始或自然的状况有清晰的概念”，所以C项为正确答案。
29. B 细节题。最后一段第二句中“as an expression of...in the differentiation betweenthe roles of the two sexes”，这是人们内心的一种期待，人们意识到两性所扮演的角色有什么样的区别才是恰当的。所以B项与原文意思相符，“表明了人们对男人表现的期望”。
30. D 主题归纳题。文章首段Margaret Mead结论性的概括了两性间的社会关系，认为在人类历史上绝大多数情况是男人比女人拥有更多的权力和能力，并且限制了女人取得功绩。文章作者以此作为论点，从多角度进行了论证，第三段、第六段与Margaret Mead的引语基本一致；第四、五段则阐述了erosion of men’s status，即两性间社会关系的变化，从另一角度论述了两性的社会关系。
【题海拾贝】
①emancipation n. 解放
②pretension n. 借口，要求，主张，自负
③coiffure n. 头发样式
④amorous adj. 多情的，恋爱的
Thereare ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer toeach question. Mark your answers on your Coloured Answer Sheet.
31._____ is the capital city of Canada.
A. Vancouver
B. Ottawa
C. Montreal
D. York
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题考查加拿大国家概况。渥太华（Ottawa），加拿大首都。温哥华（Vancouver）和蒙特利尔（Montreal）都是加拿大重要城市。
32.U.S. presidents normally serve a (an) _____ term.
A. two-year
B. four-year
C. six-year
D. eight-year
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题考查美国的政治知识。美国总统任期为4年，最多可连任一届。
33.Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S.?
A. Huston.
B. Boston.
C. Baltimore.
D. Philadelphia.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题考查美国的地理知识。休斯敦（Houston）是美国东南部最大城市。
34._____ is the state church in England.
A. The Roman Catholic Church.
B. The Baptist Church
C. The Protestant Church
D. The Church of England
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题考查英国的宗教知识。英国国教称为the Church of England或AnglicanChurch，是基督新教的教派。
35.The novel Emma is written by _____.
A. Mary Shelley
B. Charlotte Brontë
C. Elizabeth C. Gaskell
D. Jane Austen
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题考查英国的文学知识。简·奥斯丁（1775～1817），英国小说家，代表作有《傲慢与偏见》《爱玛》等。玛丽·雪莱（1797～1851），英国小说家，被奉为科幻小说鼻祖，代表作有《弗兰肯斯坦》。夏绿蒂·勃朗特（1816～1855），英国女作家，代表作《简·爱》。伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔（1810～1865），英国小说家，主要作品有《玛丽·巴顿》《夏洛蒂传记》。
36.Which of following is NOT a romantic poet?
A. William Wordsworth.
B. George Elliot.
C. George G. Byron.
D. Percy B. Shelley.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题考查英国的文学知识。乔治·艾略特（1819～1880），英国小说家，作品包括《弗罗斯河上的磨房》和《米德尔马奇》等。
37.William Sidney Porter, known as O. Henry, is most famous for _____.
A. his poems
B. his plays
C. his short stories
D. his novels
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题考查美国的文学知识。欧·亨利（1862～1910），美国最著名的短篇小说家之一，代表作如《麦琪的礼物》《警察与赞美诗》等。
38.Syntax is the study of _____.
A. language functions
B. sentence structures
C. textual organization
D. word formation
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题考查语言学常识。句法学（syntax）：句法学是一门关于自然语言的句子结构的学问，是普通语言学的核心内容之一。
39.Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness.
B. Productivity.
C. Cultural transmission.
D. Finiteness.
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题考查人类语言的区别性特征。人类语言的特征包括arbitrariness（任意性），duality（二元性），creativity（创造性），displacement（可置换性），culturaltransmission（文化传输性）和interchangeability（可交换性）。
40.The speech act theory was first put forward by _____.
A. John Searle
B. John Austin
C. Noam Chomsky
D. M.A.K. Halliday
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题考查语言学中的语言行为理论。言语行为理论（speech act theory）是哲学和语言学的重要内容，关注话语（words）在特定语境中的作用，而非说话的过程。该理论由英国哲学家约翰·奥斯汀于20世纪50年代提出。
The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONEword is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in thefollowing way:
For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at theend of the line.
For a missing word, markthe position of the missing word with a “∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.
For an unnecessary word,cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word in the blankprovided at the end of the line.
EXAMPLE
Proofreadthe given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.
The University asBusiness
【答案与解析】
1.investing→invested
（考点：动词做定语。universityendowments与invest之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。）
2. irrespective∧fluctuations→of
（考点：固定搭配。irrespectiveof相当于regardless of，意为“不顾……的，不考虑……的”。）
3.those→that
（考点：代词误用。此处that指代上文提到过的单数名词the outlook。）
4.fact∧economic→that
（考点：同位语从句。that引出同位语从句，阐述fact的具体内容，引导词that不能省。）
5.the school→去掉the
（考点：语法规则。此处不是表达“在某一特定学校”之意，而是“上学，求学”之意，用in school。）
6.poor→poorer
（考点：比较级。此句是“themore…the more”结构，表达“越…，越…”之意。）
7.way∧which→in
（考点：定语从句关系代词前置介词。inwhich引导定语从句，修饰the way。theway通常与介词in搭配。）
8.eliminate→eliminating
（考点：动词做状语。动名词短语eliminating与前面的giving并列作状语，后面有宾语，所以要用其现在分词形式。）
9.shorten→lessen
（考点：语义搭配错误。“竞争的残酷性”不是缩短，而是减少，因此用shorten不合适。）
10.on→to
（考点：固定搭配。givediscounts to sb表示“给某人打折扣”。）
Translate the following text intoEnglish. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.
一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待劳动、工作等等的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。
古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命，当他活着一天，总要尽量多劳动、多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。
【参考译文】
Is there any standard to measurethe significance of one’s life? It’s difficult to offer a definite standard.But the significance of one’s life would be more or less evaluated byperceiving in general his attitude towards life and work.
Throughout the history, theoutstanding people were all very serious about their lives. As long as theylived, they kept on working, and learning as much as possible, unwilling tospend time in vain or waste a single moment of their lives. This is true of theChinese working people of all ages as well as the great statesmen and thinkers throughthe history.
【翻译要点】
1.“古来”译为throughout the history。
2.“当他活着一天……不让时间白白地浪费掉。”这句话可用现在分词的非谓语结构使句子简化。
3.“虚度年华”可译为spend time in vain或idleaway one’s life。
Translate the followingunderlined part of the text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWERSHEET THREE.
It is simple enough to say thatsince books have classes —fiction, biography, poetry—we should separate themand take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few peopleask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books withblurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetrythat it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of historythat it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all suchpreconception when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do notdictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow worker and accomplice.If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventingyourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if youopen your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almostimperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, willbring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steepyourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that yourauthor is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.
【参考译文】
然而很少有人要求从书籍中得到它们所能提供的养分。我们总是三心二意地带着模糊的观念去看书，要求小说必须真实，要求诗歌必须虚构，要求传记阿谀逢迎，要求史书能印证自己的偏见。读书时如能抛开这些先入之见，便是极好的开端。不要对作者指手划脚，而要尽力与作者融为一体，共同构思，共同创作。如果你不参与，有所保留，而且一开始就百般挑剔，那你就无缘从书中获得最大益处。你若敞开心扉，虚怀若谷，那么书中精细入微的寓意和暗示便会从开头那些山回水转般的语句中显现，把你带到一个独特的人面前。
【翻译要点】
1.dictate to发号施令，任意指挥（常用于否定句），在这里可译为“不要对作者指手划脚”。
2.be his fellow worker and accomplice, accomplice意为同谋者，但在这里应译为“与作者共同创作”。
3.hang back 犹豫，退缩不前，在这里可译为“不参与”。
4.imperceptible fineness 可译为“难以察觉的、细微的精妙之处”。
Interview is frequentlyused by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result,there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selectionprocedure. What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words to stateyour view.
In the first part ofyour writing you should state your main argument, and in the second part youshould support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part youshould bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awardedfor content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow theabove instructions may result in a loss of marks.
Write yourcomposition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
【审题构思】
本文要求对面试这一面试者普遍用来招聘员工的方法发表自己的看法。行文上，第一段可以先通过现象引出问题，引起读者的兴趣，接着申明自己的立场和观点。第二段对自己的观点进行论述，要做到结构条理分明，论据充分，论述有力，最好有例子佐证。最后一段总结前文观点，并重申自己的立场，做到首尾呼应。
【参考范文】
My View on Interviews
Nowadays interviews seem to beubiquitous ① : in school, whenstudents want to join the students’ union or some other associations, they haveto take a brief interview; in society, interview is the first basic step forjob-hunters to find a position. The frequent use of interview as a means torecruit prospective employees has triggered great dispute among people. Somepeople regard it as a selecting procedure to select employees within a shorttime, which saves much time and improves the efficiency of work; while othersthink it is not proper to decide whether to employ a person in such a shorttime, because in about half an hour’s conversation, we cannot have a fullunderstanding of the interviewees. Both of their opinions are right to acertain extent. Personally, I am in favor of ② interview as a selecting procedure, because it’s very beneficial in the modernsociety.
First, interview is anefficient way to test if one has the ability required for the expected job.Through the general talks, the employers can get a clear idea of whether theinterviewee possesses sufficient knowledge. They can judge some of theinterviewee’s personality from his appearance and behaviors during theinterview, so as to further decide whether the interviewee is suitable for theposition he applies for ③ . At the same time,the interview can give interviewees a chance to a better understanding of therecruiting company, so that they can decide whether the company is worthworking for. If not, they can then prepare for a company that is more suitablefor him.
Second, interview embodiesfairness. In an interview, all candidates face the same situation: the sameplace, the same time, the same interviewers and questions of almost the samedifficulty. The candidates have to win in the process all by themselves withoutthe help of others. And the judgments are not made by one interviewer but aboard of interviewers, which can make the selection more reliable and just.
Admittedly, there are somelimitations of an interview, such as judging people by first impression to alarge extent ④ , interviewees’misrepresentation of themselves through preparation, and inconsistency in theinterviewers’ assessment. But generally speaking, the modern society canbenefit from interviews rather than suffer from ⑤ them. With the help of interviews, both interviewers and interviewees can findout which is their best choice, and thus both of them can make the greatest outof interviews.
【范文点评】
第一段开门见山提出面试无处不在这一现象，并指明频繁的使用面试手段引起了人们的争论：支持面试者认为作为一种选拔手段，面试可以在有限的时间内找到相对合适的人选；而反对面试者则认为在这么短的时间内选拔人才太草率了。最后作者亮明自己的观点：作为一种选拔手段，在现代社会面试是非常有益的，所以作者支持采取面试形式。
第二段以first指出支持采取面试这种手段的第一个原因是面试是测试一个人是否有预期工作的所需要的能力的一种有效途径。
第三段以second阐释采取面试选拔人才的另一个原因是面试能体现公平。
最后一段总结观点，同时承认面试存在一些缺陷，但是利大于弊。
【闪光词句】
①ubiquitous adj. 普遍存在的；无所不在的
②be in favor of 支持，赞成
③apply for申请，请求
④to a large extent 在很大程度上
⑤suffer from忍受，遭受；患……病；受……之苦