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Directions: Supposeyou are asked to give advice on whether to attend avocational college or a university, write an essay to state youropinion. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
【审题构思】
题目要求考生写一篇作文，内容主要针对上高职院校还是上大学给出自己的建议，并陈述自己的观点，字数不少于150字但不超过200字。
【参考范文】
（1） With theincrease of competition in employment in modern society, students have to faceup to their future by equipping themselves with knowledge and professionalskills. The choice between vocational college and university, as a result,appears in front of all students . （2） In my opinion, education inuniversity is more beneficial for students in the long run.
（3） First ofall, attending a university means that students have more opportunities tocontact with excellent scholars and teachers in specific fields , which ishelpful for students to sharpen their minds and deepen their study. （4） Secondly,if students finish their four-year study in a university, they will get theirundergraduate certificates which are required in most of companies and firms .（5） Thirdly, compared with specific skills taught in vocational college, theself-taught ability and the awareness of lifelong learning will be improved andstrengthened in university. Even if they graduate from university, they canbroaden their horizons by studying on their own.
（6） In brief,considering the long-term development of students, attending a university ismore beneficial than attending a vocational college.
【行文点评】
（1） 由就业压力不断增加的现状引出院校选择话题。
（2） 提出观点/建议：从长远看来，选择上大学对学生更加有益。
（3） 原因一：上大学，学生有机会接触到特定领域的优秀学者及老师。
（4） 原因二：大学文凭是目前大多公司或企业对职员的要求。
（5） 原因三：大学学习能够提高和增强学生的自学能力和终生学习的意识。
（6） 总结全文，重申观点。
音频教学网址： http://www.100eshu.com/uploads/ebook/f7613f6a281d43bea058348ae8173958/source/1583572890434.mp3
Section A
Directions: In thissection, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the correspondingletter on Answer Sheet 1 with a singleline through the center.
Questions 1 to 4 arebased on the conversation you have just heard.
1. A) He would feel insulted.
B) He would feelvery sad.
C) He would beembarrassed.
D) He would bedisappointed.
2. A) They are worthy of a prize.
B) They are oflittle value.
C) They makegood reading.
D) They needimprovement.
3. A) He seldom writes a book straightthrough.
B) He writesseveral books simultaneously.
C) He draws onhis real-life experiences.
D) He oftenturns to his wife for help.
4. A) Writing a book is just like watchinga football match.
B) Writersactually work every bit as hard as footballers.
C) He likeswatching a football match after finishing a book.
D) Unlike afootball match, there is no end to writing a book.
【答案与解析】
1. A 根据录音内容可知：该男子说道，如果他看到了自己的书在二手书店里售卖，他会觉得这是一种侮辱。故选A。
2. D 根据录音内容可知：该男子在2004年开始写新书——《地下巨人》时，妻子看了一小部分，可是妻子认为这是垃圾。主要思想或主题都不是妻子真正批评他的地方，妻子批评的是呈现方面的问题。因此，妻子认为该男子的书需要提升或改进。故选D。
3. A 根据录音内容可知：该男子说道，他经常写一本书后就停下来，把书放在一边，几年也不管。等到他回来再写这本书时，这本书可能已经改变了。通常他自己的想象力在不断改变，他能想到在不同的语境下或者换种方式去写。所以，他很少一次性写完一本书。故选A。
4. D 根据录音内容可知：该男子说道，他自己从未感受过“啊，我终于完成了！”这样的时刻。足球比赛最后会有哨声响起，不管他们是赢是输，直到那时，运动员们献出了自己所能够做的一切，而且，他们知道一切都已经结束了。这对于一个作家来说很有趣，因为作家写作结束时从来没有象征结束的口哨。故选D。
【录音原文】
W: Mr. Ishiguro, have you ever found one of your books at a secondhandbookstore?
M: Yes. That kind ofthing is difficult. [1] But if they’ve got my book there, I think, “Well,this is an insult! Somebody didn’t want to keep my book!” But if it’s notthere, I feel it’s an insult too. I think, “Why aren’t people exchanging mybook? Why isn’t it in this store?”
W: Does being a writer require a thick skin?
M: [2] Yes, forexample, my wife can be very harsh. I began working on my latest book, TheBuried Giant, in 2004 but I stopped after I showed my wife a little section.She thought it was rubbish.
W: Even after you won a Booker Prize?
M: She’s not intimidatedat all and she criticizes me in exactly the same way she did when I was firstunpublished and I was starting.
W: But you would never compromise on your vision.
M: [2] No, I wouldn’tever compromise on the essential, the ideas or the themes. This isn’t reallywhat my wife is trying to criticize me about. It’s always about execution.
W: So why did you putyour book, The Buried Giant, aside for so long? Apparently you started workingon it over 10 years ago.
M: [3] I’ve oftenstopped writing a book and left it for a few years. And by the time I come backto it, it may have changed. Usually my imagination has moved on and I can thinkof different contexts or a different way to do it.
W: What does it feel like when you finally finish a book?
M: [4] It’s funny youask that because I never have this moment when I feel, “Ah, I’ve finished!” Iwatch footballers at the end of the match, you know, the whistle goes andthey’ve won or lost. Until then they’ve been giving everything they have and atthat moment they know it’s over. It’s funny for an author. There’s never afinishing whistle.
Questions 1 to 4 arebased on the conversation you have just heard.
1. How would the man feel if he found hisbook in a secondhand bookstore?
2. What does the man’s wife think of hisbooks?
3. What does the man do when he engages inwriting?
4. What does the man want to say bymentioning the football match?
Questions 5 to 8 arebased on the conversation you have just heard.
5. A) Achievements of black male athletesin college.
B) Financialassistance to black athletes in college.
C) High collegedropout rates among black athletes.
D) Undergraduateenrollments of black athletes.
6. A) They display great talent in everykind of game.
B) They arebetter at sports than at academic work.
C) They havedifficulty finding money to complete their studies.
D) They makemoney for the college but often fail to earn a degree.
7. A) About 15%.
B) Around 40%.
C) Slightly over50%.
D) Approximately70%.
8. A) Coaches lack the incentive tograduate them
B) Collegedegrees do not count much to them.
C) They havelittle interest in academic work.
D) Schools donot deem it a serious problem.
【答案与解析】
5. C 根据录音内容可知：该女子说道，根据对种族和教育公平的研究可知，全国高校中黑人运动员的辍学率惊人。故选C。
6. D 根据录音内容可知：该男子说道，男性黑人运动员是作为校园创造盈利的体育工作者而进入校园的，不一定是像其他组中大多数学生那样是作为接受教育的学生而进入校园的。这就说明这些运动员为大学赚钱却毕不了业，也拿不到学位。故选D。
7. C 根据录音内容可知：该女子说道，跟其他组相比，她认为在这组65所学校中，黑人运动员的毕业人数刚刚超过一半，也就是说男性黑人的毕业率勉强超过50%。故选C。
8. A 根据录音内容可知：该男子说道，男性黑人运动员得到的所有激励就是在球场上只能赢不能输。教练不一定有动力让球员毕业。故选A。
【录音原文】
W: [5] According to astudy of race and equity in education, black athletes are dropping out ofcollege across the country at alarming rates. With us to talk about thefindings in the study is Washington Post columnist Kevin Blackistone. Goodmorning.
M: Good morning, how are you?
W: Fine, thank you. What is new that you found in this study?
M: Well, this is ShaunHarper’s study, and he points out that on major college campuses across thecountry, black males make up less than 3 percent of undergraduate enrollments.Yet, when you look at their numbers or percentages on the revenue-generatingsports teams of football and basketball, they make up well into 50 to 60percent of those teams. [6] So the idea is that they are really there to bepart of the revenue-generating working class of athletes on campus and notnecessarily there to be part of the educating class as most students in othergroups are.
W: [7] Compared withother groups: I think the numbers in this group, at those 65 schools, aresomething like just barely more than half of the black male athletes graduateat all.
M: Exactly. And what’sreally bad about this is these athletes are supposedly promised at least onething as reward for all their blood and sweat. And that is a college degree,which can be a transformative tool in our society when you talk about upwardmobility. And that’s really the troubling part about this.
W: Well, this has been talked about so much, really, in recent years.Why hasn’t it changed?
M: Well, I think one ofthe reasons it hasn’t changed is because there’s really no economic pressure tochange this. [8] All of the incentive is really on winning and not losing onthe field or on the court. Coaches do not necessarily have the incentive tograduate players.
Questions 5 to 8 arebased on the conversation you have just heard.
5. What are the speakers talking about?
6. What is the new finding about black maleathletes in this study?
7. What is the graduation rate of blackmale athletes?
8. What accounts for black athletes’failure to obtain a college degree, according to the man?
Section B
Directions: In thissection, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hearthree or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken onlyonce. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with asingle line through the center.
Questions 9 to 12 arebased on the passage you have just heard.
9. A) Marketing strategies.
B) Holidayshopping.
C) Shoppingmalls.
D) Onlinestores.
10. A) About 50% of holiday shoppers.
B) About 20-30%of holiday shoppers.
C) About 136million.
D) About 183.8million.
11. A) They have fewer customers.
B) They find ithard to survive.
C) They arethriving once more.
D) They appealto elderly customers.
12. A) Better quality of consumer goods.
B) Higheremployment and wages.
C) Greatervarieties of commodities.
D) People havingmore leisure time.
【答案与解析】
9. B 根据录音内容可知：美国的假日购物季开始于黑色星期五，也就是感恩节后的第二天。这是一年中最繁忙的购物日。每年这个时候，零售商赚钱最多，大约占年收入的20%到30%。后文都是围绕“假期购物”这一话题展开的。故选B。
10. D 根据录音内容可知：在网络星期一，也就是感恩节后的第一个星期一，大约有1亿8380万的人会购物。故选D。
11. C 根据录音内容可知：《财富》杂志说道，最差的商场已经关闭。这个行业又兴旺起来了。故选C。
12. B 根据录音内容可知：经济学家Gus Faucher表示，较低的失业率以及不断上升的工资会让美国人有更多的钱消费。故选B。
【录音原文】
[9] America’sholiday shopping season starts on Black Friday, the day after Thanksgiving. Itis the busiest shopping day of the year. Retailers make the most money thistime of year, about 20 to 30 percent of annual revenue. About 136 millionpeople will shop during the Thanksgiving Holiday weekend. More and more willshop online. In an era of instant information, shoppers can use their mobilephones to find deals. [10] About 183.8 million people will shop on CyberMonday, the first Monday after Thanksgiving. More than half of all holidaypurchases will be made online. One-in-five Americans will use a tablet orsmartphone. Online spending on Black Friday will rise 15 percent to hit $2.7billion this year. Cyber Monday spending will increase 12 percent to $3billion. For many, shopping online was “a more comfortable alternative” thancrowded malls.
The shift toonline shopping has had a big impact on traditional shopping malls. Since 2010,more than 24 shopping malls have closed and an additional 60 are struggling.[11] However, Fortune says the weakest of the malls have closed. The sectoris thriving again. The International Council of Shopping Centers said 94.2percent of malls were full, or occupied, with shops by the end of 2014. That isthe highest level in 27 years. [12] Economist Gus Faucher said lowerunemployment and rising wages could give Americans more money to spend. Theaverage American consumer will spend about $805 on gifts. That’s about $630.5billion between November and December—an increase of 3.7 percent from lastyear.
Questions 9 to 12 arebased on the passage you have just heard.
9. What is the speaker mainly talkingabout?
10. How many people will shop on CyberMonday?
11. What does Fortune say about traditionalshopping malls?
12. What is said to account for theincreased number of shoppers?
Questions 13 to 15 arebased on the passage you have just heard.
13. A) They are new species of big insects.
B) They areoverprescribed antibiotics.
C) They arelife-threatening diseases.
D) They areantibiotic-resistant bacteria.
14. A) Antibiotics are now in short supply.
B) Manyinfections are no longer curable.
C) Largeamounts of tax money are wasted.
D) Routineoperations have become complex.
15. A) Facilities.
B) Expertise.
C) Money.
D) Publicity.
【答案与解析】
13. D 根据录音内容可知：事实上，你可能听说过新型“超级细菌”，这是一种由于过量地使用抗生素而导致的耐抗生素细菌。故选D。
14. B 根据录音内容可知：健康专家警告我们，那一天终将到来，到那时，即使是肺部感染或严重的咽喉炎等常见的问题也很难得到医疗服务。而且，很显然，这一天已经到来，因为这些感染带来的致命威胁，像置换膝盖这样的常规手术也变得更加危险。即：因为滥用抗生素而带来的感染无法治愈。故选B。
15. C 根据录音内容可知：尽管有这样的流行病，它会对生命有如此大的威胁，但很不幸地说，目前，国家卫生研究所只将1.2%的预算资金用来研究来解决这个问题。这跟所需资金相差甚远。所以，金钱对克服威胁生命的流行病难题十分重要。故选C。
【录音原文】
For years, manyof us have relied on antibiotic use to treat various infections. And thereality is that antibiotics have been responsible for saving millions of livessince penicillin, one of the earliest antibiotics, was first used on a clinicalbasis 70 years ago. However, today is a new era in which taking antibiotics cancause some very dangerous and potentially life-threatening situations. [13] Infact, you may have heard about the new “superbugs”, which areantibiotic-resistant bacteria that have developed as a result of overprescribedantibiotics. In the past, [14] health experts warned us that the daywould come in which it would become very difficult to provide medical care foreven common problems such as lung infection or severe sour throat. And,apparently, that day has come because seemingly routine operations such as kneereplacements are now much more hazardous due to the looming threat of theseinfections.
The problem hasgrown into such epidemic proportions that this severe strain of resistantbacteria is being blamed for nearly 700,000 deaths each year throughout theworld; and, unfortunately, health experts worry that the number will rise to 10million or more on a yearly basis by 2050. [15] With such a largelife-threatening epidemic, it is sad to say that only 1.2 percent of budgetarymoney for the National Institutes of Health is currently being spent onresearch to tackle this problem. This is a far cry from the funds necessary fora problem of such magnitude.
Questions 13 to 15 arebased on the passage you have just heard.
13. What do we learn about the “superbugs”?
14. What is the result of the overuse ofantibiotics?
15. What is most urgently needed for tackling the largelife-threatening epidemic, according to the speaker?
Section C
Directions: In thissection, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by threeor four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear aquestion, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 1 with a single line through the center.
Questions 16 to 18 arebased on the recording you have just heard.
16. A) It is accessible only to thetalented.
B) It improvesstudents’ ability to think.
C) It starts alifelong learning process.
D) It givesbirth to many eminent scholars.
17. A) They encourage academic democracy.
B) They promoteglobalization.
C) They upholdthe presidents’ authority.
D) They protectstudents’ rights.
18. A) His thirst for knowledge.
B) Hiseagerness to find a job.
C) His contemptfor authority.
D) Hispotential for leadership.
【答案与解析】
16. B 根据录音内容可知：上大学是为了更好地理解思考，并且更好地自我思考，换句话说，上大学可以提高学生的思考能力。故选B。
17. A 根据录音内容可知：对于教职工们所提出的宝贵理论，当学生们的发现能够削弱这些理论时，他们会感到非常高兴。所以，大学教师鼓励学术民主。故选A。
18. A 根据录音内容可知：你可以针对这是否真的是错误而进行辩论，但你不能针对那个年轻人对学习的渴望而进行争辩。所以他在那个年轻人身上看到了对知识的渴望。故选A。
【录音原文】
This is thereason you are here in a university. You are here to be educated. [16] Youare here to understand thinking better and to think better yourself. It’snot a chance you’re going to have throughout your lifetime. For the next fewyears, you have a chance to focus on thinking.
I think aboutsome of the students who took advantage of their opportunities in a university.One of the stories I always like to tell is of a freshman seminar that I had achance to teach at Harvard when I was president of the university. I taught aseminar on globalization and I assigned a reading that I had written aboutglobal capital flows. And as I did each week, I asked one of the students tointroduce the readings. And this young man, in October of his freshman year,said something like the following. “The reading by President Summers on theflow of capital across countries, it was kind of interesting, but the data didnot come close to supporting the conclusions.” And I thought to myself, “What afantastic thing this was? How could somebody who had been there for five weekstell the person who had the title ‘President’ that he didn’t really know whathe was talking about?” And it was a special moment.
Now, I don’twant to be misunderstood. I explained to my student that I actually thought hewas rather more confused than I was and I argued back, but what was reallyimportant about that was the universities stand out as places that really areabout the authority of ideas. [17] You see it in faculty members who arepleased when their students make a discovery that undermines a cherished theorythat they had put forward.
I think ofanother student I had who came to me one morning, one evening actually, walkedinto my office and said that I had written a pretty good paper, but that it hadfive important mistakes and that he wanted a job. [18] You could debatewhether they actually were mistakes, but you couldn’t debate that young man’shunger to learn. You could not debate that that young man was someone whowanted to make a difference in economics and he is today a professor ofeconomics. And his works are more cited as an economist than any othereconomist in the world.
Questions 16 to 18 arebased on the recording you have just heard.
16. What does the speaker say about auniversity?
17. What do we learn from the speaker’sstories about universities?
18. What does the speaker see in the youngman who challenged his paper?
Questions 19 to 22 arebased on the recording you have just heard.
19. A) Few people know how to retrieveinformation properly.
B) People canenhance their memory with a few tricks.
C) Most peoplehave a rather poor long-term memory.
D) People tendto underestimate their mental powers.
20. A) They present the states in asurprisingly different order.
B) They includemore or less the same number of states.
C) They areexactly the same as is shown in the atlas.
D) They containnames of the most familiar states.
21. A) Focusing on what is likely to betested.
B) Having agood sleep the night before.
C) Reviewingyour lessons where the exam is to take place.
D) Makingsensible decisions while choosing your answers.
22. A) Discover when you can learn best.
B) Change yourtime of study daily.
C) Giveyourself a double bonus afterwards.
D) Follow theexample of a marathon runner.
【答案与解析】
19. D 根据录音内容可知：心理学研究表明，我们在不断地低估自己的记忆力。故选D。
20. B 根据录音内容可知：这两份名单包含州名数目大致相同，但并不完全相同。故选B。
21. C 根据录音内容可知：一个有用的提示是：如果你处于和当时学习时一样的状态和位置，那你就更容易记起事情。如果可能的话，你也应试着在将要参加考试的房间里学习知识。故选C。
22. A 根据录音内容可知：对我们大多数人来说，最好的计划是在上午接受新的信息，然后在下午巩固记忆。但这并不适用于每个人，所以建立自己的节奏很重要。你可以通过在一天中的不同时间学习几行诗歌来建立节奏，看看什么时候记住的诗歌行数最多。当你做到这点时，试着安排你的生活，以便让留出的学习时间跟你的记忆力处于最佳状态的时间相吻合。即我们要试着发现什么时候学习才是最好的。故选A。
【录音原文】
[19] Psychologicalresearch shows we consistently underestimate our mental powers. If you thinkthis does not apply to you, then here is a simple test to show you are wrong .Write down the names of all the American states you can remember. Put the listaway and then set yourself the same task a week later. Provided you have notcheated by consulting an atlas, you will notice something rather surprising.[20] The two lists will contain roughly the same number of states, but theywill not be identical. Some names will have slipped away, but others willhave replaced them. This suggests that somewhere in your mind you may well havea record of virtually every state. So it is not really your memory letting youdown, just your ability to retrieve information from it.
We wouldremember a lot more if we had more confidence in our memories and knew how touse them properly. [21] One useful tip is that things are more likely to beremembered if you are in exactly the same state and place as you were when youlearned them. So if you are a student who always reviews over black coffee,perhaps it would be sensible to prime yourself with a cup before the exam. [21] If possible, you should also try to learn information in the room where itis going to be tested. When you learn is also important. Lots of peopleswear they can absorb new information more efficiently at some times of the daythan at others. Research shows this is not just imagination. There is abiological rhythm for learning, though it affects different people in differentways. [22] For most of us, the best plan is to take in new information inthe morning and then try to consolidate it into memory during the afternoon.But this does not apply to everyone, so it is essential to establish your ownrhythm. You can do this by learning a set number of lines of poetry at differenttimes of the day and seeing when most lines stick. When you have done this, tryto organize your life so that the time set aside for learning coincides withthe time when your memory is at its best.
Avoid learningmarathons—they do not make the best use of your mind. Take plenty of breaks,because they offer a double bonus: the time off gives your mind a chance to dosome preliminary consolidation and it also gives a memory boost to thelearning.
Questions 19 to 22 arebased on the recording you have just heard.
19. What does the simple test suggest?
20. What do we learn about the two lists inthe test?
21. What does the speaker suggest aboutpreparing for and taking an exam?
22. What tip does the speaker give onlearning?
Questions 23 to 25 arebased on the recording you have just heard.
23. A) He is a politician.
B) He is abusinessman.
C) He is asociologist.
D) He is aneconomist.
24. A) In slums.
B) In Africa.
C) Inpre-industrial societies.
D) Indeveloping countries.
25. A) They have no access to health care,let alone entertainment or recreation.
B) Their incomeis less than, 50% of the national average family income.
C) They workextra hours to have their basic needs met.
D) Theirchildren cannot afford to go to private schools.
【答案与解析】
23. C 根据录音内容可知：不仅我们社会学家，而且经济学家、政治家和商界人士都对贫困问题十分关心。由此可知，演讲者是社会学家。故选C。
24. D 根据录音内容可知：在什么地方会有极度贫困发生呢？只有发展中国家才能发现极度贫困的情况。故选D。
25. B 根据录音内容可知：在美国，如果家庭收入低于全国平均家庭收入的50%，那么他们就被认为是贫困家庭。故选B。
【录音原文】
Hello! Today Iam going to talk about poverty.
Poverty hasbecome a critical issue in today’s world. [23] It concerns not only ussociologists, but also economists, politicians and business people. Povertyhas been understood in many different ways. One useful way is to distinguishbetween three degrees of poverty—extreme poverty, moderate poverty, andrelative poverty.
The first typeof poverty is extreme poverty. It’s also called absolute poverty. In extremepoverty, households cannot meet basic needs for survival. People arechronically hungry. They are unable to access safe drinking water, let alonehealth care. They cannot afford education for their children. In short, peoplewho live in extreme poverty do not have even the minimum resources to supportthemselves and their families. [24] Where does extreme poverty occur? Well, youcan find it only in developing countries.
Well, what aboutmoderate poverty? Unlike extreme poverty, moderate poverty generally refers toconditions of life in which basic needs are met, but barely. People living inmoderate poverty have the resources to keep themselves alive, but only at a verybasic level. For example, they may have access to drinking water but not clean,safe drinking water. They may have a home to shelter themselves but it does nothave power supply, a telephone or plumbing.
The third kindof poverty is relative poverty. Relative poverty is generally considered to bea household income level which is below a given proportion of average familyincome. The relatively poor live in high income countries but they do not havea high income themselves. The method of calculating the poverty line isdifferent from country to country but we can say that basically a family livingin relative poverty has less than a percentage of the average family income.[25] For example, in the United States, a family can be considered poor iftheir income is less than 50 percent of the national average family income. They can meet their basic needs but they lack access to cultural goods,entertainment, and recreation. They also do not have access to quality healthcare or other prerequisites for upward social mobility.
Well, I havebriefly explained to you how poverty can be distinguished as extreme poverty,moderate poverty, and relative poverty. We should keep these distinctions inmind when we research people’s living conditions either in the developing orthe developed world.
Questions 23 to 25 arebased on the recording you have just heard.
23. What does the speaker do?
24. Where does the speaker say we can findextreme poverty?
25. What do we learn about American peopleliving in relative poverty?
Section A
Directions: In thissection, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select oneword for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following thepassage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Eachchoice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the correspondingletter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in thebank more than once.
Half of yourbrain stays alert and prepared for danger when you sleep in a new place, astudy has revealed. This phenomenon is often （26）_____ to as the“first-night-effect”. Researchers from Brown University found that a network inthe left hemisphere of the brain “remained more active” than the network in theright side of the brain. Playing sounds into the right ears （stimulating theleft hemisphere） of （27）_____ was more likely to wake them up than if thenoises were played into their left ears.
It was （28）_____observed that the left side of the brain was more active during deep sleep.When the researchers repeated the laboratory experiment on the second and thirdnights they found the left hemisphere could not be stimulated in the same wayduring deep sleep. The researchers explained that the study demonstrated whenwe are in a （29）_____ environment the brain partly remains alert so that humanscan defend themselves against any （30）_____danger.
The researchersbelieve this is the first time that the “first-night-effect” of different brainstates has been （31）_____ in humans. It isn’t, however, the first time it hasever been seen. Some animal （32）_____ also display this phenomenon. Forexample, dolphins, as well as other （33）_____ animals, shut down one hemisphereof the brain when they go to sleep. A previous study noted that dolphins always（34）_____ control their breathing. Without keeping the brain active whilesleeping, they would probably drown. But, as the human study suggests, anotherreason for dolphins keeping their eyes open during sleep is that they can lookout for （35）_____ while asleep. It also keeps their physiological processesworking.
A) classified
B) consciously
C) dramatically
D) exotic
E) identified
F) inherent
G) marine
H) novel
I) potential
J) predators
K) referred
L) species
M) specifically
N) varieties
O) volunteers
【选项词性】
名词：
J) predators食肉动物，奴役他人者
L) species物种
N) varieties变化，种种（名词variety的复数）
动词：
K) referred（动词refer的过去式和过去分词）提到，关系到
形容词：
F) inherent固有的，内在的
副词：
B) consciously有意识地
C) dramatically戏剧性地
M) specifically特有地，明确地
其他：
A) classified归类的，保密的（动词classify的过去式和过去分词）
D) exotic外来的（形容词）/外来物（名词）
E) identified被识别的，被认可的（形容词）/认出，识别（identify的过去式和过去分词）
G) marine海军的，海事的（形容词）/水兵，海事（名词）
H) novel小说（名词）/新颖的（形容词）
I) potential有潜力的（形容词）/潜力，潜能（名词）
O) volunteers志愿者（名词）/自愿效劳（动词volunteer的第三人称单数形式）
【答案与解析】
26. K 句意：通常，该现象被称为“第一晚效应”。因此，空缺处应填动词的过去分词或形容词。be referred to as为固定搭配，表示“被称作……”，故选K。
27. O 句意：向志愿者的右耳中播放声音（这样可以刺激大脑左半球）比向他们的左耳中播放声音更可能叫醒他们。空缺处之前是介词of，之后是be动词，因此这里应当填名词。只有volunteer符合文意，故选O。
28. M 句意：在研究中还有特别的发现，大脑左侧在深度睡眠中较为活跃。空缺处所填的词要修饰后面的动词，因此要选择副词。只有specifically最符合文意，表示“特别地发现”，故选M。
29. H 句意：研究表明，当我们处在一个新环境中时，部分大脑会保持警惕，这样就可以抵御任何潜在的危险。修饰名词需要形容词。只有novel最符合文意，故选H。
30. I 句意：当我们处在一个新环境中时，部分大脑会保持警惕，这样就可以抵御任何潜在的危险。修饰名词需要形容词。只有potential最符合文意，表示“潜在的危险”。故选I。
31. E 句意：研究人员相信，这是首次确认人类大脑不同区域的“第一晚效应”。空缺处之前是“has been”，句子中缺少动词，因此要选择一个动词的过去分词。只有identified最符合文意，故选E。
32. L 句意：有些物种也会表现出这种现象。空缺处之前是名词“animal”，之后是动词“display”，因此该处应填入一个名词且是复数的形式。只有species最符合文意。故选L。
33. G 句意：在海豚和其他海洋动物睡觉时，它们会使大脑的某个半球处于关闭状态。空缺处所填的词修饰名词，因此要选择形容词。海豚是海洋动物，故选G。
34. B 句意：之前的研究指出，海豚总是有意识地控制自己的呼吸。空缺处所填的词用来修饰动词，因此要选择副词。只有consciously最符合文意，故选B。
35. J 句意：海豚睁着眼睡觉的另一个原因在于，它们睡觉时也要当心自己的天敌。look out for表示“留神，提防”。只有predators最符合文意，故选J。
【全文翻译】
一项研究表明，当你在一个新的地方睡觉时，你的一半大脑会保持警惕，为应对危险做好准备。通常，该现象被称为“第一晚效应”。布朗大学的研究人员发现，与大脑右半球系统相比，大脑左半球系统会“保持得更为活跃”。向志愿者的右耳中播放声音（这样可以刺激大脑左半球）比向他们的左耳中播放声音更可能叫醒他们。
在研究中还有特别的发现，大脑左侧在深度睡眠中较为活跃。当研究人员在第二晚和第三晚重复进行实验室的实验时，他们发现，同样的方式在深度睡眠中并不能对大脑左半球形成刺激。研究人员对此解释说：研究表明，当我们处在一个新环境中时，部分大脑会保持警惕，这样就可以抵御任何潜在的危险。
研究人员相信，这是首次确认人类大脑不同区域的“第一晚效应”。然而，这并不是有史以来的首次发现。有些物种也会表现出这种现象。例如：在海豚和其他海洋动物睡觉时，它们会使大脑的某个半球处于关闭状态。之前的研究指出，海豚总是有意识地控制自己的呼吸。睡觉时不保持大脑活跃可能会让它们被淹死。但是，就像人类实验表明的那样，海豚睁着眼睡觉的另一个原因在于，它们睡觉时也要当心自己的天敌。这样也可以使它们的生理过程正常运行。
Section B
Directions: In thissection, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identifythe paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraphmore than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions bymarking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
A) Interest in elite high school math competitions has grown inrecent years, and in light of last summer’s U.S. win at the International MathOlympiad （IMO)—the first for an American team in more than two decades—thetrend is likely to continue.
B) But will such contests, which are overwhelmingly dominated byAsian and white students from middle-class and affluent families, become anymore diverse? Many social and cultural factors play roles in determining whichpromising students get on the path toward international math recognition. Butefforts are in place to expose more black, Hispanic, and low-income students toadvanced math, in the hope that the demographic pool of high-level contenderswill eventually begin to shift and become less exclusive.
C) “The challenge is if certain types of people are doing something,it’s difficult for other people to break into it,” said Po-Shen Loh, the headcoach of last year’s winning U.S. Math Olympiad team. Participation growsthrough friends and networks and if “you realize that’s how they’re growing,you can start to take action and bring in other students”, he said.
D) Most of the training for advanced-math competitions happensoutside the confines of the normal school day. Students attend after-schoolclubs, summer camps, online forums and classes, and university- based “mathcircles”, to prepare for the competitions.
E) One of the largest feeders for high school math competitions—includingthose that eventually lead to the IMO—is a middle school program calledMathCounts. About 100,000 students around the country participate in theprogram’s competition series, which culminates in a national game-show-stylecontest held each May. The most recent one took place last week in Washington,D. C. Students join a team through their schools, which provide a volunteercoach and pay a nominal fee to send students to regional and statecompetitions. The 224 students who make it to the national competition get anall-expenses-paid trip.
F) Nearly all members of last year’s winning U.S. IMO team took partin MathCounts as middle school students, as did Loh, the coach. “Middle schoolis an important age because students have enough math capability to solveadvanced problems, but they haven’t really decided what they want to do withtheir lives.” said Loh. “They often get hooked then.”
G) Another influential feeder for advanced-math students is anonline school called Art of Problem Solving, which began about 13 years ago andnow has 15,000 users. Students use forums to chat, play games, and solveproblems together at no cost, or they can pay a few hundred dollars to take courseswith trained teachers. According to Richard Rusczyk, the company founder, thesix U.S. team members who competed at the IMO last year collectively took morethan 40 courses on the site. Parents of advanced-math students and MathCountscoaches say the children are on the website constantly.
H) There are also dozens of summer camps—many attached touniversities—that aim to prepare elite math students. Some are pricey—athree-week intensive program can cost $4,500 or more—but most offerscholarships. The Math Olympiad Summer Training Program is a three-week mathcamp held by the Mathematical Association of America that leads straight to theinternational championship and is free for those who make it. Only about 50students are invited based on their performance on written tests and at the USAMath Olympiad.
I) Students in university towns may also have access to anotherlever for involvement in accelerated math: math circles. In these groups, whichcame out of an Eastern European tradition of developing young talent,professors teach promising K-12 students advanced mathematics for several hoursafter school or on weekends. The Los Angeles Math Circle, held at theUniversity of California, Los Angeles, began in 2007 with 20 students and nowhas more than 250. “These math circles cost nothing, or they’re very cheap forstudents to get involved in, but you have to know about them,” said Rusczyk.“Most people would love to get students from more underserved populations, butthey just can’t get them in the door. Part of it is communication; part of itis transportation.”
J) It’s no secret in the advanced-math community that diversity is aproblem. According to Mark Saul, the director of competitions for theMathematical Association of America, not a single African-American or Hispanicstudent—and only a handful of girls—has ever made it to the Math Olympiad teamin its 50 years of existence. Many schools simply don’t prioritize academiccompetitions. “Do you know who we have to beat?” asked Saul. “The footballteam, the basketball team—that’s our competition for resources, student time,attention, school dollars, parent efforts, school enthusiasm.”
K) Teachers in low-income urban and rural areas with no history ofparticipating in math competitions may not know about advanced-mathopportunities like MathCounts—and those who do may not have support or feeltrained to lead them.
L) But there are initiatives in place to try to get moreunderrepresented students involved in accelerated math. A New York City-based nonprofitcalled Bridge to Enter Mathematics runs a residential summer program aimed atgetting underserved students, mostly black and Hispanic, working toward mathand science careers. The summer after 7th grade, students spend three weeks ona college campus studying advanced math for seven hours a day. Over the nextfive years, the group helps the students get into other elite summer mathprograms, high-performing high schools, and eventually college. About 250students so far have gone through the program, which receives funding from theJack Kent Cooke Foundation.
M) “If you look at a lot of low-income communities in the UnitedStates, there are programs that are serving them, but they’re primarilycentered around ‘Let’s get these kids’ grades up,’ and not around ‘Let’s getthese kids access to the same kinds of opportunities as more-affluent kids,’”said Daniel Zaharopol, the founder and executive director of the program.“We’re trying to create that pathway.” Students apply to the program directlythrough their schools. “We want to reach parents who are not plugged into thesystem,” said Zaharopol.
N) In the past few years, MathCounts added two new middle schoolprograms to try to diversify its participant pool—the National Math Club andthe Math Video Challenge. Schools or teachers who sign up for the National MathClub receive a kit full of activities and resources, but there’s no specialteacher training and no competition attached.
O) The Math Video Challenge is a competition, but a collaborativeone. Teams of four students make a video illustrating a math problem and itsreal-world application. After the high-pressure Countdown round at this year’snational MathCounts competition, in which the top 12 students went head to headsolving complex problems in rapid fire, the finalists for the Math VideoChallenge took the stage to show their videos. The demographics of that grouplooked quite different from those in the competition round—of the 16 videofinalists, 13 were girls and eight were African-American students. The videochallenge does not put individual students on the hot seat—so it’s lessintimidating by design. It also adds the element of artistic creativity toattract a new pool of students who may not see themselves as “math people.”
36. Middle school is a crucial period when students may becomekeenly interested in advanced mathematics.
37. Elite high school math competitions areattracting more interest throughout the United States.
38. Math circles provide students withaccess to advanced-math training by university professors.
39. Students may take advantage of onlineresources to learn to solve math problems.
40. The summer program run by a nonprofit organization has helpedmany underserved students learn advanced math.
41. Winners of local contests willparticipate in the national math competition for free.
42. Many schools don’t place academiccompetitions at the top of their priority list.
43. Contestants of elite high school math competitions are mostlyAsian and white students from well-off families.
44. Some math training programs primarilyfocus on raising students’ math scores.
45. Some intensive summer programs are veryexpensive but most of them provide scholarships.
【答案与解析】
36. F 根据F段内容可知：“Middleschool is an important age because students have enough math capability tosolve advanced problems, but they haven’t really decided what they want to dowith their lives”，中学是一个重要的年龄阶段，因为学生有足够的能力来解决高级问题，但是他们并没有真正决定自己以后想做什么。所以题干内容对应的是F段。故选F。
37. A 根据A段内容可知：“Interestin elite high school math competitions has grown in recent years, and in lightof last summer’s U.S. win at the International Math Olympiad（IMO）—the first foran American team in more than two decades—the trend is likely to continue”，人们对于高中数学精英赛的兴趣在最近这几年大大提升。鉴于去年夏天美国队20多年来首次在国际数学奥林匹克竞赛中获胜，这种趋势可能会继续下去。所以题干内容对应的是A段。故选A。
38. I 根据I段内容可知：“Studentsin university towns may also have access to another lever for involvement inaccelerated math: math circles. In these groups, which came out of an EasternEuropean tradition of developing young talent, professors teach promising K-12students advanced mathematics for several hours after school or on weekends”，大学城的学生也可以通过另一种方式——数学圈——接触高等数学。在这些来自东欧那种培养年轻人才传统的团体中，教授们将在放学后或者周末对12个年级中可进一步提升的学生进行为时几小时的高等数学授课。所以题干内容对应的是I段。故选I。
39. G 根据G段内容可知：“Studentsuse forums to chat, play games, and solve problems together at no cost, or theycan pay a few hundred dollars to take courses with trained teacher”，学生们可以通过论坛聊天、玩游戏一起解决问题却不花任何成本，或者他们也可以花几百美元去上培训老师的课程。所以题干内容对应的是G段。故选G。
40. L 根据L段内容可知：“ANew York City-based nonprofit called Bridge to Enter Mathematics runs aresidential summer program aimed at getting underserved students, mostly blackand Hispanic, working toward math and science careers”，一个位于纽约名为“进入数学的桥梁”的非营利组织实行了一个暑期住校计划，旨在获得更多能力不足的学生，主要是指那些致力于数学和科学事业的黑人和拉美裔学生。所以题干内容对应的是L段。故选L。
41. E 根据E段内容可知：“Themost recent one took place last week in Washington, D. C. Students join a teamthrough their schools, which provide a volunteer coach and pay a nominal fee tosend students to regional and state competitions. The 224 students who make itto the national competition get an all-expenses-paid trip”，最近一次比赛于上周在华盛顿举行。学生通过学校加入一个团队，学校还将提供一个志愿者教练和并象征性地支付一些费用来送学生参加地区乃至国家的竞赛。成功进入全国比赛的224名学生将获得一次全程报销的旅行。所以题干内容对应的是E段。故选E。
42. J 根据J段内容可知：“Manyschools simply don’t prioritize academic competitions”，许多学校不会把学术竞赛放在优先地位。所以题干内容对应的是J段。故选J。
43. B 根据B段内容可知：“Butwill such contests, which are overwhelmingly dominated by Asian and whitestudents from middle-class and affluent families, become any more diverse?”，但是，这种主要由中产阶级和富裕家庭的亚裔学生和白人学生参加的竞赛，会变得更加多样化吗？所以题干内容对应的是B段。故选B。
44. M 根据M段内容可知：“Ifyou look at a lot of low-income communities in the United States, there areprograms that are serving them, but they’re primarily centered around ‘Let’sget these kids’ grades up’”，如果你看到许多美国低收入的社区都有对学生提供服务的项目，但这些项目主要围绕‘让这些孩子的学习成绩得以提高’。所以题干内容对应的是M段。故选M。
45. H 根据H段内容可知：“Someare pricey—a three-week intensive program can cost $4,500 or more—but mostoffer scholarships”，有些夏令营收费高昂，比如一个为期三周的密集培训项目可能要花费4500美元或者更多，但大多数夏令营都会提供奖学金。所以题干内容对应的是H段。故选H。
【全文翻译】
A) [37] 人们对于高中数学精英赛的兴趣在最近这几年大大提升。 鉴于去年夏天美国队20多年来首次在国际数学奥林匹克竞赛中获胜，这种趋势可能会继续下去。
B) [43] 但是，这种主要由中产阶级和富裕家庭的亚裔学生和白人学生参加的竞赛，会变得更加多样化吗？ 很多社会因素和文化因素在决定哪些有前途的学生将会得到国际数学界认可的问题上起着重要的作用。但为了让更多的黑人、西班牙裔和低收入学生接触高等数学，希望高水平竞争者群体最终会开始转变，不再那么排外，已经做出适当的努力。
C) 去年赢得奥林匹克竞赛冠军桂冠的美国主教练Po Shen Loh说：“我们面临的挑战是，如果某些人正在做某事，那么其他人就很难进入其中”。通过朋友和网络参与人数会有所增加，“如果你知道那就是参与人数增长的方式，那么你就可以开始行动并引荐其他学生参与”，他说道。
D) 大多数的高级数学竞赛培训都在正常学校课程范围之外进行。为了准备比赛，学生可参加课外俱乐部、夏令营、网上论坛和课程以及以大学为基础的“数学圈”。
E) 最大的高中数学竞赛供应者之一是一个名为“数学竞赛”的中学项目，其中包括最终可以引领你走向国际奥林匹克数学大赛。全国各地约有10万名学生参加该项目的竞赛系列，终极比赛就是在每年五月举办的全国游戏展风采大赛。[41] 最近一次比赛于上周在华盛顿举行。学生通过学校加入一个团队，学校还将提供一个志愿者教练和并象征性地支付一些费用来送学生参加地区乃至国家的竞赛。 成功进入全国比赛的224名学生将获得一次全程报销的旅行。
F) 去年赢得国际奥林匹克数学大赛的美国队队员在中学时期几乎全部都参加过数学竞赛项目，Loh教练也是如此。[36] Loh 说： “ 中学是一个重要的年龄阶段，因为学生有足够的能力来解决高级问题，但是他们并没有真正决定自己以后想做什么。 那时，他们经常会受到诱惑。”
G) 另一个针对高数学学生的有影响力供应者是一所名叫“解决问题的艺术”的网上学校，该学校大约创办于13年前，现在已经拥有15000名用户。[39] 学生们可以通过论坛聊天、玩游戏一起解决问题却不花任何成本，或者他们也可以花几百美元去上培训老师的课程。 据该公司创始人Richard Rusczyk介绍，去年，参加国际奥林匹克数学大赛的六位成员在该网站上一起参加了40多个小时的课程。高等数学学生家长和MathCounts教练说孩子们不断在该网站学习。
H) 另外还有很多夏令营，它们附属于大学，旨在打造数学精英学生。[45]有些夏令营收费高昂，比如一个为期三周的密集培训项目可能要花费4500美元或者更多，但大多数夏令营都会提供奖学金。数学奥林匹克夏季培训项目是一个为期三周的数学夏令营，由美国数学协会举办，该协会将直通国际锦标赛，赢得比赛的人将享受免费参加该夏令营的待遇。基于学生的成绩，只有约50名学生被邀参加笔试和美国数学奥林匹克比赛。
I) [38] 大学城的学生也可以通过另一种方式 —— 数学圈 —— 接触高等数学。 在这些来自东欧那种培养年轻人才传统的团体中，教授们将在放学后或者周末对12年级中可进一步提升的学生进行为时几小时的高等数学授课。由洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学举办的洛杉矶数学圈在2007年开办时只有20名学生，现在的学生人数已经超过了250名。“这些数学圈不花任何成本，或者对于参与的学生来说花费也相当低，但是你必须了解他们。”Rusczyk说。“大多数人都喜欢从较为弱势的人群中选取学生，但他们却不能亲自上门去选取。部分原因是因为沟通的问题，另一部分原因是交通问题。”
J) 在高等数学界，缺乏多样化这个问题已不是什么秘密。MarkSaul是美国数学协会竞赛主任，据他说，在数学竞赛实行的50年来，除了仅有的极少数的女孩外，没有哪一个非裔美国学生或西班牙裔学生成功进入数学奥林匹克小组。[42] 许多学校不会把学术竞赛放在优先地位。 Saul问道：“你知道我们要打败谁吗？足球队和篮球队都是要和我们竞争资源、学生时间、注意力、学校经费、家长努力和学校热情的团队。”
K) 城市低收入地区和农村地区没有参加过数学竞赛的教师可能不知道高等数学有数学竞赛这样的机遇，而即便那些知道有数学竞赛的教师可能得不到支持或者觉得自己不是那么训练有素，没有能力来带领学生。
L) 但是，也有很多合适的方案可以让那些不足以成为代表的学生参与到高等数学中去。 [40] 一个位于纽约名为“进入数学的桥梁”的非营利组织实行了一个暑期住校计划，旨在获得更多能力不足的学生，主要是指那些致力于数学和科学事业的黑人和拉美裔学生。 在七年级之后的那个夏天，学生每天都要花费7个小时的时间在大学校园里学习高等数学，持续时间为三周。在接下来的五年时间里，该群体可以帮助学生参加其他暑期精英数学课程，进入高效的高中，并最终走进大学。到目前为止，大约已有250名学生通过了这一得到杰克肯特库克基金会资助的项目。
M) 该项目的创始人和执行主任Daniel Zaharopol说：“ [44] 如果你看到许多美国低收入的社区都有对学生提供服务的项目，但这些项目主要围绕‘让这些孩子的学习成绩得以提高’ ，而不是围绕‘让这些孩子获得更多和较富裕的孩子一样的机会’。我们正在努力为孩子开辟这条道路。”学生们可以直接通过学校申请这个项目。Zaharopol说：“我们想接触那些没有参与该项目的家长们。”
N) 在过去的几年时间里，数学竞赛增设了全国数学俱乐部和数学视频挑战这两个新型中学项目，以此来努力使参与者更加多样化。报名参加全国数学俱乐部的学校或教师会收到一套包含活动和资源的方案，但是没有专门的教师培训和附带的竞赛。
O) 数学视频挑战是一项团队协作竞赛。四名团队学生制作一个视频，对一个数学问题及其实际应用进行演示。在今年全国数学竞赛进入高度紧张的倒计时阶段时，前12名学生正面交锋，快速解决复杂问题，进入数学视频挑战决赛的选手获得上台展示自己视频的机会。那组的选手特征和那些轮赛的选手有着很大不同，在进入决赛的16名选手中有13位是女孩，8位是非洲裔学生。视频挑战没有将个别学生置于尴尬的处境，所以设计没那么可怕。而且其中还增加了艺术创意元素来吸引一批自认为不属于数学人士的新学生。
Section C
Directions: There are2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the correspondingletter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 arebased on the following passage.
We live todayindebted to McCardell, Cashin, Hawes, Wilkins, and Maxwell, and other women wholiberated American fashion from the confines of Parisian design. Independencecame in tying, wrapping, storing, harmonizing, and rationalizing that wardrobe.These designers established the modern dress code, letting playsuits and otheractivewear outfits suffice for casual clothing, allowing pants to enter thewardrobe, and prizing rationalism and versatility in dress, in contradiction todressing for an occasion or allotment of the day. Fashion in America waslogical and answerable to the will of the women who wore it. Implicitly orexplicitly, American fashion addressed a democracy, whereas traditionalParis-based fashion was prescriptive and imposed on women, willing or not.
In an earliertime, American fashion had also followed the dictates of Paris, or even copiedand pirated specific French designs. Designer sportswear was not modeled onthat of Europe, as “modern art” would later be; it was genuinely invented anddeveloped in America. Its designers were not high-end with supplementary lines.The design objective and the business commitment were to sportswear, and thedistinctive traits were problem-solving ingenuity and realistic lifestyleapplications. Ease of care was most important: summer dresses and outfits, inparticular, were chiefly cotton, readily capable of being washed and pressed athome. Closings were simple, practical, and accessible, as the modern womandepended on no personal maid to dress her. American designers prizedresourcefulness and the freedom of women who wore the clothing.
Many have arguedthat the women designers of this time were able to project their own clothingvalues into a new style. Of course, much of this argument in the 1930s-40s wasadvanced because there was little or no experience in justifying apparel（服装） on the basis of utility. IfParis was cast aside, the tradition of beauty was also to some degree slighted.Designer sportswear would have to be verified by a standard other than that ofpure beauty; the emulation of a designer’s life in designer sportswear was acrude version of this relationship. The consumer was ultimately to be mentionedas well, especially by the likes of Dorothy Shaver, who could point to thesales figures at Lord & Taylor.
Could utilityalone justify the new ideas of the American designers? Fashion is oftenregarded as a pursuit of beauty, and some cherished fashion’s trivialrelationship to the fine arts. What the designers of American sportswear provedwas that fashion is a genuine design art, answering to the demanding needs ofservice. Of course these practical, insightful designers have determined thecourse of late twentieth- century fashion. They were the pioneers of genderequity, in their useful, adaptable clothing, which was both made for the massesand capable of self-expression.
46. What contribution did the womendesigners make to American fashion?
A) They madesome improvements on the traditional Parisian design.
B) Theyformulated a dress code with distinctive American features.
C) They came upwith a brand-new set of design procedures.
D) They madeoriginality a top priority in their fashion design.
47. What do we learn about Americandesigner sportswear?
A) It imitatedthe European model.
B) It laidemphasis on women’s beauty.
C) Itrepresented genuine American art.
D) It was acompletely new invention.
48. What characterized American designersportswear?
A) Pursuit ofbeauty.
B) Decorativeclosings.
C) Ease ofcare.
D) Fabricquality.
49. What occurred in the design of women’sapparel in America during the 1930s-40s?
A) A shift ofemphasis from beauty to utility.
B) The emulationof traditional Parisian design.
C) A search forbalance between tradition and novelty.
D) Theinvolvement of more women in fashion design.
50. What do we learn about designers ofAmerican sportswear?
A) They cateredto the taste of the younger generation.
B) Theyradically changed people’s concept of beauty.
C) Theyadvocated equity between men and women.
D) They becamerivals of their Parisian counterparts.
【答案与解析】
46. B 根据文章第一段可知“这些设计师建立了现代着装规定，为了反对为某个场合或某一天置装，他们将连体裤和其他运动套装归为休闲服装，把裤装进入衣橱，注重合理着装和着装多样化。美国时尚合乎逻辑且与着装女性的意愿一致。美国时尚体现了民主，或明显或含蓄；而传统的巴黎式时尚是有规定的，他们不管女性是否愿意都把这种时尚强加给她们”，故选B。
47. D 根据文章第一段可知：“名牌运动服装并没有像之后的‘现代艺术’那样模仿欧洲的风格，而是真正在美国发明和发展起来的”。故选D。
48. C 根据文章第二段可知“设计目标和商业承诺是针对运动服装，其与众不同的特点在于解决问题的巧妙性和现实风格的实用性。最重要的一点是容易护理：尤其是夏天的裙子和套装，面料以棉质为主，很容易在家洗涤和烫平”。故选C。
49. A 根据文章第三段可知“当然，二十世纪三四十年代对此的争论要高级的多，因为当时在服装实用基础调整方面的经验很少甚至没有。如果巴黎时尚被唾弃的话，美的传统也将在一定程度上被轻视。名牌运动服必须通过一定标准而不是纯粹的美来检验”。故选A。
50. C 根据文章最后一段可知“美国服装设计师证明，时尚是一门真正的设计艺术，是一种对服务要求的回应。当然，这些实用且有见地的设计师已经确定了二十世纪末期时尚的方向。他们是男女平等的先驱，这在他们设计的既能满足大众又能突显自我、实用且适应性强的服装中都有所体现”。故选C。
【全文翻译】
我们今天的生活得感激那些让美国时尚摆脱巴黎设计限制的女性，如麦卡德尔、卡欣、霍斯、威尔金斯和马克斯韦尔等。她们在衣服的捆绑、包装、储存、协调和衣橱合理化方面都有独立性的体现。这些设计师建立了现代着装规定，为了反对为某个场合或某一天置装，他们将连体裤和其他运动套装归为休闲服装，把裤装进入衣橱，注重合理着装和着装多样化。美国时尚合乎逻辑且与着装女性的意愿一致。美国时尚体现了民主，或明显或含蓄；而传统的巴黎式时尚是有规定的，他们不管女性是否愿意都把这种时尚强加给她们。
在更早的时候，美国时装也遵循巴黎时尚的规定，甚至复制和盗版法国某些设计。名牌运动服装并没有像之后的“现代艺术”那样模仿欧洲的风格，而是真正在美国发明和发展起来的。它的设计师不是为高端服装做补充。设计目标和商业承诺是针对运动服装，其与众不同的特点在于解决问题的巧妙性和现实风格的实用性。最重要的一点是容易护理：尤其是夏天的裙子和套装，面料以棉质为主，很容易在家洗涤和烫平。随着现代女性不再依赖私人女仆帮她穿衣服，衣服的闭合处都比较简单、实用且方便。美国设计师珍视穿衣女性的机智和自由。
许多人认为，这一时期的女性设计师能够将自己的服装价值观投射到新的风格中去。当然，二十世纪三四十年代对此的争论要高级的多，因为当时在服装实用基础调整方面的经验很少甚至没有。如果巴黎时尚被唾弃的话，美的传统也将在一定程度上被轻视。名牌运动服必须通过一定标准而不是纯粹的美来检验；而对名牌运动服装设计师生活的效仿则是这种关系的粗略版本。最终消费者也会被提及，特别是通过Dorothy Shaver的喜好可以预示罗德与泰勒百货销售额。
仅通过实用性就能证明美国设计师新思路的合理性吗？时尚往往被视为对美的追求。而且一些人比较珍视时尚与精美艺术之间的微妙关系。美国服装设计师证明，时尚是一门真正的设计艺术，是一种对服务要求的回应。当然，这些实用且有见地的设计师已经确定了二十世纪末期时尚的方向。他们是男女平等的先驱，这在他们设计的既能满足大众又能突显自我、实用且适应性强的服装中都有所体现。
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 arebased on the following passage.
Massive rubbishdumps and sprawling landfills constitute one of the more uncomfortable impactsthat humans have on wildlife. They have led some birds to give up on migration.Instead of flying thousands of miles in search of food, they make the waste sitestheir winter feeding grounds.
Researchers inGermany used miniature GPS tags to track the migrations of 70 white storks （鹳） from different sites acrossEurope and Asia during the first five months of their lives. While many birdstravelled along well-known routes to warmer climates, others stopped short andspent the winter on landfills, feeding on food waste, and the multitudes ofinsects that thrive on the dumps.
In theshort-term, the birds seem to benefit from overwintering（过冬） on rubbish dumps. AndreaFlack of the Max Planck Institute found that birds following traditionalmigration routes were more likely to die than German storks that flew only asfar as northern Morocco, and spent the winter there on rubbish dumps. “For thebirds it’s a very convenient way to get food. There are huge clusters oforganic waste they can feed on,” said Flack. The meals are not particularlyappetising, or even safe. Much of the waste is discarded rotten meat, mixed inwith other human debris such as plastic bags and old toys.
“It’s veryrisky. The birds can easily eat pieces of plastic or rubber bands and they candie,” said Flack. “And we don’t know about the long-term consequences. Theymight eat something toxic and damage their health. We cannot estimate thatyet.”
The scientiststracked white storks from different colonies in Europe and Africa. The Russian,Greek and Polish storks flew as far as South Africa, while those from Spain,Tunisia and Germany flew only as far as the Sahel.
Landfill siteson the Iberian Peninsula have long attracted local white storks, but all of theSpanish birds tagged in the study flew across the Sahara desert to the westernSahel. Writing in the journal, the scientists describe how the storks fromGermany were clearly affected by the presence of waste sites, with four out ofsix birds that survived for at least five months overwintering on rubbish dumpsin northern Morocco, instead of migrating to the Sahel.
Flack said itwas too early to know whether the benefits of plentiful food outweighed therisks of feeding on landfills. But that’s not the only uncertainty. Migratingbirds affect ecosystems both at home and at their winter destinations, anddisrupting the traditional routes could have unexpected side effects. Whitestorks feed on locusts（蝗虫） and other insects that can become pests if their numbers get outof hand. “They provide a useful service,” said Flack.
51. What is the impact of rubbish dumps onwildlife?
A) They haveforced white storks to search for safer winter shelters.
B) They haveseriously polluted the places where birds spend winter.
C) They haveaccelerated the reproduction of some harmful insects.
D) They havechanged the previous migration habits of certain birds.
52. What do we learn about birds followingthe traditional migration routes?
A) They canmultiply at an accelerating rate.
B) They canbetter pull through the winter.
C) They helphumans kill harmful insects.
D) They aremore likely to be at risk of dying.
53. What does Andrea Flack say about thebirds overwintering on rubbish dumps?
A) They may endup staying there permanently.
B) They may eatsomething harmful.
C) They mayevolve new feeding habits.
D) They mayhave trouble getting adequate food.
54. What can be inferred about the Spanishbirds tagged in the study?
A) Theygradually lose the habit of migrating in winter.
B) They preferrubbish dumps far away to those at home.
C) They are notattracted to the rubbish dumps on their migration routes.
D) They jointhe storks from Germany on rubbish dumps in Morocco.
55. What is scientists’ other concern aboutwhite storks feeding on landfills?
A) Thepotential harm to the ecosystem.
B) The geneticchange in the stork species.
C) The spreadof epidemics to their homeland.
D) The damagingeffect on bio-diversity.
【答案与解析】
51. D 根据文章第一段可知“人类使野生动物的生存环境更加不适，大量垃圾堆和杂乱的垃圾填埋场就是其中之一。这些影响已经导致一些鸟类放弃迁徙。它们把垃圾堆变成冬天的觅食之地，不再为了寻找食物而飞上几千英里”。故选D。
52. D 根据文章第三段可知“马克斯普朗克研究所的Andrea Flack发现，沿着传统路线迁徙的鸟类比只飞到摩洛哥北部并在那里的垃圾堆过冬的德国鹳更容易死亡”。故选D。
53. B 根据文章第四段可知“这是很危险的事情。鸟儿很容易会吃掉塑料或橡胶带碎片，它们可能因此而死亡。而且我们对这样做的长期后果也不了解。它们可能会吃一些有毒的东西并对健康造成损害。我们现在还不能对此做出估计”。故选B。
54. C 根据文章第六段可知“位于伊比利亚半岛的垃圾填埋场长期以来一直吸引着当地的白鹳，但在研究中被标记的所有西班牙鸟类都飞过撒哈拉沙漠到达萨赫勒西部”。故选C。
55. A 根据文章最后一段可知“Flack说现在还不是说垃圾堆食物充足的好处是否大于垃圾填埋场风险的时候。但这并不是唯一的不确定因素。候鸟对其栖息地和过冬目的地的生态系统都会造成影响，破坏传统迁徙路线可能会产生意想不到的副作用”。故选A。
【全文翻译】
人类使野生动物的生存环境更加不适，大量垃圾堆和杂乱的垃圾填埋场就是其中之一。这些影响已经导致一些鸟类放弃迁徙。它们把垃圾堆变成冬天的觅食之地，不再为了寻找食物而飞上几千英里。
德国研究员用微型GPS标记，对70只来自欧洲和亚洲不同地点的白鹳出生后五个月内的迁徙路线进行追踪。当许多鸟沿着著名的路线前往气候较为温暖的地方时，其他的鸟儿则突然停下来，在垃圾填埋场过冬，它们以食物垃圾和垃圾堆中滋生的昆虫为食。
在短时间内，鸟儿似乎会因在垃圾堆里过冬而有所受益。马克斯普朗克研究所的Andrea Flack发现，沿着传统路线迁徙的鸟类比只飞到摩洛哥北部并在那里的垃圾堆过冬的德国鹳更容易死亡。Flack说：“对鸟类来说，这是一种获取食物的方便方法。那里有大量可以供它们食用的有机废物”。肉类不是特别开胃，甚至不是那么安全。大部分垃圾是被丢弃的腐烂肉，与塑料袋和旧玩具等人类杂物混杂在一起。
Flack说：“这是很危险的事情。鸟儿很容易会吃掉塑料或橡胶带碎片，它们可能因此而死亡。而且我们对这样做的长期后果也不了解。它们可能会吃一些有毒的东西并对健康造成损害。我们现在还不能对此做出估计”。
科学家对来自欧洲和非洲各殖民地的白鹳进行了追踪。俄罗斯、希腊和波兰的鹳飞到遥远的南非，而那些来自西班牙、突尼斯和德国的白鹳只飞到萨赫勒。
位于伊比利亚半岛的垃圾填埋场长期以来一直吸引着当地的白鹳，但在研究中被标记的所有西班牙鸟类都飞过撒哈拉沙漠到达萨赫勒西部。在日记中，科学家描述了德国鹳是如何受到垃圾站的明显影响的，因在摩洛哥北部的垃圾堆过冬而不是迁移到萨赫勒，六分之四的鸟儿存活了至少五个月。
Flack说现在还不是说垃圾堆食物充足的好处是否大于垃圾填埋场风险的时候。但这并不是唯一的不确定因素。候鸟对其栖息地和过冬目的地的生态系统都会造成影响，破坏传统迁徙路线可能会产生意想不到的副作用。白鹳以蝗虫和其他因为数量失控就会变成害虫的昆虫为食。Flack说：“它们在消灭害虫这方面是有益处的”。
Directions: For thispart, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
宋朝始于960年，一直延续到1279年。这一时期，中国经济大幅增长，成为世界上最先进的经济体，科学、技术、哲学和数学蓬勃发展。宋代中国是世界历史上首先发行纸币的国家。宋朝还最早使用火药并发明了活字（movable-type）印刷。人口增长迅速，越来越多的人住进城市，那里有热闹的娱乐场所。社会生活多种多样。人们聚集在一起观看和交易珍贵艺术品。宋朝的政府体制在当时也是先进的。政府官员均通过竞争性考试选拔任用。
【参考译文】
The Song Dynastybegan in 960 AD and ended in 1279 AD. During this period, China’s boomingeconomy made it the world’s most advanced dynasty. And science, technology,philosophy and mathematics flourished then. China during the Song Dynasty isnot only the first country to issue paper money in the history, but also thefirst to use gunpowder and invent the movable-type printing. With rapidpopulation growth, more and more people moved to the city filled with liveliestentertainment venues. People then had a variety of social life. People gatheredtogether to watch and trade precious works of Art. The government system ofSong Dynasty was advanced at that time. Government officials could only beselected and appointed through competitive examinations.
【译文注释】
1. 原文第一句讲的是宋朝的起止年份，可将“延续”一词转化为“结束”来翻译。
2. 原文第二句包含两层信息，一是“先进经济体”，二是“各方面都蓬勃发展”。可以拆分成两句翻译。“蓬勃发展”译为flourish。
3. 原文第三四句都是在说宋朝在世界历史上的领先的地方，翻译时可合并为一句。“not only ... but also ...”即可表示并列关系。
4. 原文第五句用介词“with”将“人口迅速增长”和“热闹的娱乐场所”作为伴随状语跟“人们住进城市”合为一句。“场所”译为venues。
5. 最后一句中，“选拔任用”译为selected and appointed。