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（1）名词与冠词的关系
1. 一次不要做两件事（以免一无所成）。
Don’t try to do two things at a time.
〔注〕at a time = at one time
2. 狗是忠实的动物。
A dog is a faithful animal.（= Dogs are faithful animals.）
〔注〕a dog = any dog
3. 这些杯子都是一样大小的。
These cups are all of a size.
〔注〕of a size = of the same size
4. 从前有一个村庄里面住着一个老人。
Once there lived an old man in a village.
〔注〕an old man = a certain old man
a village = a certain village
5. 我每月写一封信给我的父母。
I write to my parents once a month.
〔注〕once a month = once per month
6. 他以为他是一个拿破仑。
He thinks he is a Napoleon.
〔注〕a Napoleon = one like Napoleon
7. 有天一只兔子遇到一只乌龟。那兔子说：“我们赛跑吧。”
One day a hare met a tortoise.“Let us have a race, ”said the hare.
〔注〕第一次说 a hare，再提到时便用 the hare。
8. 门口有人来了，你去看看是谁。
Someone is at the door. Go and see who it is.
〔注〕虽是第一次出现的名词，但对方明显知道所指的是何者时，就可以用定冠词的 the 了。
9. 他在研究十八世纪的英国文学。
He is studying the English literature of the 18th century.
〔注〕因为后面加了 of the 18th century 一个“限定的”修饰短语，所以在 English literature 前就要加用一个定冠词 the 了，普通便不要加，如“He is studying English literature. ”。
10. 地球以三百六十五日围绕太阳一周。
The earth goes round the sun in 365 days.
〔注〕指唯一的东西就要加定冠词，世界上只有一个地球就说 the earth，台南只有一个高等学府，在当地的人就说 the college。
11. 在外国工资是以周计的。
In foreign countries labourers are paid by the week.
〔注〕by the week 按星期计算。又如买布是按码计算，就说 Cloth is sold by the yard.
12. 平常他都起得很早。
Usually he gets up very early in the morning.
〔注〕在一定的短语中，如在 in the morning，in the afternoon，in the evening, in the night 等之中，名词前要加 the 字。又如：但是在他生日那天的早上，他却起得很迟。（But on the morning of his birthday he got up very late.）一句，因系“特定日子”的早上（on the morning of the 10th, on Sunday morning）, 所以前面的介词不用 in，而改用 on，附带说明，希读者注意。
13. 我住在台北市郊，但我的父母就住在乡下。
I live in the suburbs of Taipei, but my parents live in the country.
〔注〕“郊外”及“乡下”这种字眼的前面都要加定冠词。
14. 他抓住我的手，凝视着我的脸孔。
He caught me by the arm and stared me in the face.
〔注〕这正是英文的表现法和中文不同的地方，正像我们说时间要先说日子一样，英文说拍某人的肩，批某人的颊等等，一定要先说人，然后才说及于其身上被拍或被批的那一部分，同时在那一部分的前面要加定冠词 the，如果说“He caught my arm and stared at my face. ”便是中国式的英语了。
15. 他乘克利夫兰总统号横渡太平洋。
He crossed the Pacific by the President Cleveland.
〔注〕川河海洋及船舶等与水有关的固有名词的前面要加定冠词。
16. 爱佛来斯特山是喜马拉雅山脉中的最高峰。
Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the Himalayas.
〔注〕山脉名前要加定冠词，但在单独的山名前便不要加冠词。群岛名及单独的岛名的前面，也是一样：“Luzon is the largest island in the Philippines. ”（吕宋是菲律宾群岛中最大的一岛）。
17. 他生在美国。
He was born in the United States of America.
〔注〕在复数的国名前面，要加定冠词，他如 the Netherlands（荷兰），the U. S. S. R.（苏联）。
18.《伦敦时报》说首相或将辞职，但《曼彻斯特导报》便一字未提。
The London Times says that the premier may resign，but the Manchester Guardian says nothing about it.
〔注〕报章、杂志、书籍等的名字前面，要加定冠词。
19. 他在第二次世界大战的最后一年回国，在上个月死去了。
He came home in the last year of World War Ⅱ，and died last month .
〔注〕说 the last month 是指某时间的最后一个月，不加定冠词单说 last month 是指上个月，即 this month 的前一个月。
20. 大家都说中国人是勤励的民族。
People say that the Chinese are an industrious people.
〔注〕说 people 是指一般世人，说 a people＝a nation 是指一个民族。
21. 他是一个大将兼政治家。
He was a great general and statesman.
〔注〕说同一个人的时候，只要前面用一个冠词就够了，如果是两个人就前后都要用冠词，如“我要一个打字员，另外还要一个速记员。”英文就说“I want a typist and a stenographer. ”。
22. 像他那样好的人，不会做这样卑鄙的事。
So good a man as he cannot do such a mean thing.
〔注〕普通用法是把冠词置于形容词之前，如 a black dog, the big cat 等，但用某些特别的形容词或副词时，就要把冠词置于其后，如 so good a man, such a man, half a mile, double the price, what a picture, no less a person, all the children, both the brothers, so honest a boy, too bad an excuse, how good a girl, quite the thing, just a little, nearly the same, 等等。
23. 我看见远处有一个岛。
I saw an island in the distance.
〔注〕在介词 in 后用定冠词，在介词 at 后用不定冠词，如 at a distance。
24. 面包为养生之本。
Bread is the staff of life.
〔注〕物质名词以用单数“不加冠词”为原则，但特别指定者例外，如“ The bread is cut up. ”。此外不用冠词的还有下列各项：（1）在抽象名词前（ Necessity is the mother of invention .）（2）当 man，woman 用作代表的意义时（ Man likes company.）（3）餐名前（At what time do you have breakfast ？）（4）当名词用于呼唤格时（ Mother ， Father wants you.）（5）在表示资格的 as 或 in the capacity of 后，He traveled as president .（6）表示官阶及职位的名字，与固有名词同用时，或用作补语时（ General Yo； King George；He was elected president ；Charles Darwin， author of the‘Origin of Species’.）（7）在语法上有同等关系的名词，在成语中并列而用时（ side by side ； day after day ；from flower to flower ； pen and ink ）（8）名词与介词或动词结合为一成语时（by bicycle ；by train ；on foot ；in front of，to give way ；to take place ）（9）在 school、church、market、bed、table、prison、hospital 等词表示本来的目的时（I went to school with him；They are at church .）（10）在表示种类时的 kind（sort，manner，class）of 后（What kind of bird is it？）（11）在表示让步或感叹的字句开始名词时（ Hero as he was，he shrunk from it；I thought him an honest fellow— fool that I was!）（12）名词前用有 this、that、which、my、each、every、some、any 等代替冠词的字眼时，则可略去冠词。
（2）代词应注意的用法
1. 现在阴云密布，说不定就要下雨。
It is cloudy now，but it may begin to rain at any moment.
〔注〕说“天气”是可用 it 代表的。“今天天气好”，很少有人说 The weather is fine today，而普通只是说 It is fine today.
2. 你的表现在什么时候了？——正三点钟。
What time is it by your watch?—— It is three.
〔注〕it 又是“时间”的代词。
3. 从这里到你学校有多远？——走去不过十分钟。
How far is it from here to your school?—— It is only ten minutes’walk.
〔注〕it 又可以用来表示“距离”。
4. 撒谎是不对的。
It is wrong to tell a lie.
〔注〕it＝to tell a lie. 所以 it 只是形式上的主语，其实际的主语为 to tell a lie 一个不定词，因此可知 it 又可用做形式主语。
5. 我规定在每天早餐前出去散步一回。
I make it a rule to take a walk before breakfast every morning.
〔注〕it 又可以作为形式上的宾语来用。这个 it 即等于“to take a walk before breakfast every morning. ”。
6. 难怪他要生气。
It is no wonder that he should get angry.
〔注〕it 又可以代表一个从句，作为那个句子的形式上的主语，其实际的主语为 that 以下的从句。
7. 我当作你能来的。
I took it for granted that you could come.
〔注〕这个 it 也是形式上的宾语，其真正的宾语为 that 以下的名词从句。
8. 在1492年发现美洲的是哥伦布。
It was Columbus that discovered America in 1492.
〔注〕It…that…是加强语气的说法，普通是说“Columbus discovered America in 1492. ”。一个句子中的任何一部分都可以用这种方式来加强语气，本句所加强的是主语的 Columbus，如果要加强宾语的 America 便可以说“It was America that Columbus discovered in 1492.”。如果要加强发现的时间，便可以说“It was in 1492 that Columbus discovered America. ”。
9. 人要敬老。
We （ You ）should respect our （ your ）elders.
〔注〕漠然地指一般人，可用 we 或 you，正好像用 one 或 they 一样。（见下二例句）
10. 加拿大说什么语言？
What language do they speak in Canada？
11. 用功的人一定成功。
One who studies hard is sure to succeed.
12. 你有自来水笔吗？——嗯，我有。
Have you a fountain-pen？——Yes, I have one .
〔注〕代替“不定冠词 + 名词”（在此句中即为 a fountain-pen）要用 one；但代替“定冠词 + 名词”（即 the fountain-pen）便要用 it。例如 Where is the fountain-pen ？—— It is on the desk.（自来水笔在哪里？——在桌子上。）
13. 你有笔吗？——有的，我有很好的。
Have you any pens？——Yes, I have some good ones .
〔注〕代替复数名词，就用 ones。在本例中用 ones 代替 pens, 以避免重复来说同一名词。单数当然是用 one 代替，如上例的 one 代替 a fountain-pen。
14. 不要吃得过多。
Don’t overeat yourself .
〔注〕英文中有许多动词，叫作反身动词（reflexive verb），后头跟着有一个 oneself 的，如 enjoy oneself；avail oneself 等，这个 oneself 并没有“自己”的意思，中文可以不译。
15. 他为之狂怒。
He was beside himself with rage.
〔注〕beside oneself＝almost mad. 这是含有 -self pronoun 的 idiom 之一例。其他 oneself 前有 preposition 的，主要有 by oneself 独自（无伴）；for oneself 为己，自立（不依赖人）；of oneself 出于自动，自发，自然。例如 If you don’t know the word，consult the dictionary for yourself .（如果你不认识那个字，自己查字典。）He lived there all by himself .（他独自一人住在那里。）The light went out of itself .（灯自熄了。）
16. 人人尽力使自己的国家成为安乐的居处。
Everybody must do his best to make his country a good place to live in.
〔注〕everybody 中必然有男有女，但英文中没有一个男女共通的单数所有格代词，只好用 his or her, 但这样说未免太啰嗦了，普通人只好不顾语法而用 their 一字，实则用 his 就好了。因为用男性代表，正如用 man 代替人类一样。
17. 我们中国人是一个爱好和平的民族。
We , Chinese, are a peace-loving people.
〔注〕we、Chinese 为同格的主语，如在宾格时就应该用 us，如 They know us, Chinese, a peace-loving people.（他们知道我们中国人是一个爱好和平的民族。）
18. 你的比她的好多了。
Yours is（are）much better than hers .
〔注〕yours 和 hers 这两个所有代词是单复同形的。不可写为 your’s 或 her’s. Cf. It’s mine. = It is mine.
19. 新加坡的气候比日本的要温和得多。
The climate of Singapore is much milder than that of Japan.
〔注〕这个 that（=climate）是绝对不可略去的。如其所代表的名词为复数时则用 those。例如“His children are much older than those of his brother.”。（他的儿女比他兄弟的儿女要大得多。）
20. 你在找什么？——我在找我的自来水笔。
What are you looking for？——I am looking for my fountain-pen.
21. 你知道我在找什么吗？
Do you know what I am looking for？
22. 你以为我在找什么？
What do you think I am looking for？
23. 你为什么要说这样的话？
What made you say such a thing？
〔注〕这等于说 Why did you say such a thing？又如 What do you say to going on a picnic？= How do you like going on a picnic？
What is your home town？= Where is your home town？其他在英语中用 what 开始的很多，如： What is the matter with you？（你怎么了？）I was at a loss what to do.（不知所措。） What has become of the poor fellow？（那个可怜的人怎样了？）
24. 他就是写这首诗的诗人。
He is the poet who wrote this poem.
〔注〕在所有的关系代词中只有 who 一词有变化，其所有格为 whose, 宾格为 whom。例如：He is a poet whose poems are very popular.（他是一个诗作很脍炙人口的诗人。）He is a poet whom we all admire.（他是一个我们大家钦佩的诗人。）
25. 这是一首那个著名诗人所写的诗。
This is the poem which was written by the famous poet.
26. 这是人人皆知的一首诗。
This is the poem which almost everybody knows.
27. 这是一首题为《西风》的诗。
This is the poem whose title is“the West Wind. ”
28. 你看走过来的那人和他的狗。
See the man and his dog that are coming this way.
〔注〕先行词如果是人和物的话，就要用关系代词 that，因 who 只能指人，which 只能指物，唯有 that 才能人和物并指。
29. 有常识的人，谁能做这样的事？
Who that has common sense can do such a thing？
〔注〕先行词为疑问代词的 who 时，下接的关系代词，便不宜再用 who，应改为 that 才妥。
30. 这是我生平所见到的最美的落日。
This is the most beautiful sunset that I have ever seen.
〔注〕在最高级时要用 that 作关系代词。
31. 这是我所有的唯一的英文字典。
This is the only English dictionary that I have.
〔注〕在 the only 之后，也要用 that 作关系代词。此外在 the very 或 all the 之后也是一样，如 These are all the English books that I have.（我所有的英文书全部都在这里。）This is the very thing that I have long wanted to have.（这是我很久就想要的东西。）
32. 那个外国人说的话你懂得吗？
Do you understand what that foreigner says？
〔注〕这个 what 是关系代词，有 that which 之意。因为 what 这个关系代词，本身包括有先行词在内的。这种 what 的用法，还可以举出下列各例：Don’t try to do what is impossible.（不要去试做不可能的事。）Don’t put off till tomorrow what you can do today.（今日能做的事，不要延到明日。）I owe what I am to my uncle.（我之有今日全系我叔之赐。）He is what we call a self-made man.（他是一个我们所谓自学成功的人。）Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.（读书之于心灵，正如食物之于身体。）
33. 想要来的人你都可以招待。
You may invite whoever wants to come.
〔注〕这个 whoever = anyone who, 其中 anyone 是 invite 的 Object, 而 who 便是 wants 的 Subject.
34. 你想要招待的人，都可以招待。
You may invite whomever you want.
〔注〕这个 whomever = anyone whom, 其中 anyone 是 invite 的 Object, 而 whom 便是 want 的 Object。
35. 你可以选取你所喜欢的。
You may take whichever pleases you.
〔注〕which 是主格和宾格同形的，所以这句话又可以说成 You may take whichever you like.
36. 只要是无害的事，你什么都可以做。
You may do whatever is harmless.
〔注〕whatever = anything that. 这个 whatever 是 do 的 Object, 同时又是 is 的 Subject。因为 what 是主格和宾格同形的，在“You may do whatever you like. ”一句中，whatever 是 do 的 Object, 同时又是 like 的 Object。
37. 无论你做什么，你都会成功的。
Whatever you may undertake, you will succeed in it.
〔注〕这个 whatever 是引导一个让步从句的。
38. 不管是谁这样说，我都不信。
Whoever may say so, I shall not believe it.
39. 无论你要哪一个，你都会满意的。
Whichever you may take, you will be satisfied.
40. 要读那些有益的书。
Read such books as can benefit you.
〔注〕这个关系代词的 as 是跟在 such 后面的。这句话又可说成 Read those books which can benefit you.
41. 我跟你有同样的英文读本。
I have the same English reader as you（have）.
〔注〕the same…as…是表同类物，如说同一物的话，就说 the same…that…例：My brother attends the same school that you do.（我弟弟和你进的同一个学校。）
42. 没有一条法则没有例外。
There is no rule but has some exceptions.
〔注〕but has = that has not
43. 这些书你有读过的没有？——是，我有些读过。
Have you read any of these books？——Yes, I have read some.
〔注〕在问句中用 any, 在陈述句中就要用 some。
44. 请你在那里面借一本给我。任何一本都可以。
Please lend me some of them. Any of them will do.
〔注〕some 指其中的一部分，any 则指任何一部分。
45. 如果有人来访，总得有人去开门。
If anyone calls, someone must open the door.
〔注〕在 If-clause 中用 anyone, 在肯定句中用 someone。
46. 我有两个叔叔。一个是牙科医生，一个是银行职员。
I have two uncles. One is a dentist and the other is a bank clerk.
〔注〕在两件事物之中，随便取一件说 one, 其余一件则说 the other。
47. 花瓶中有各色各样的花。有的红，有的白。
There are all sorts of flowers in the vase. Some are red and others are white.
〔注〕others = other flowers
48. 花园中有许多郁金香。有些是红的，其余是黄的。
There are plenty of tulips in the garden. Some are red and the others are yellow.
〔注〕the others = the rest
49. 我不喜欢这个。另外拿一个给我看吧。
I don’t like this one . Show me another .
〔注〕another = a different one
50. 这个不行。拿那个给我。
This won’t do. Show me the other .
51. 青年男女彼此相爱。
The boy and the girl love each other .
〔注〕同为“互相”或“彼此”之意，each other 用于二人之间，one another 用于二人以上，如 You boys should not find fault with one another .（你们孩子们不要彼此找别人的错处。）
52. 他们不是两个人都到了的。
Both of them were not present.
〔注〕这是所谓“部分否定”的说法。如果是说两个人都未到的话，就要说 Neither of them was present.
53. 这些书我并没有完全读过。
I haven’t read all of these books.
〔注〕这也是“部分否定”，如果全未读过，就说 I have read none of these books.
54. 他极其虚弱，所以除水果以外什么都没有吃。
He was so weak that he ate nothing but fruit.
55. 赶脱了快车，除了迟延出发之外别无办法。
As I missed the express, there was nothing for it but to put off my departure.
56. 我没有什么比旅行更要喜欢的了。
There is nothing that I like so much as travelling.
57. 人应守约。
One should keep one’s word.
〔注〕one 如指一般人（men in general）时，后面的所有格就要用 one’s，如系限定的时候，就用 his 和 her, 例如：Every one loves his mother.（人皆爱其母）No one knows what his fate will be.（谁也不知自己的命运将成为什么样子）。
58. 他是一伟大的学者，而人亦以此敬之。
He was a great scholar, and was respected as such .
〔注〕such＝a great scholar. 是用来代替前面说过的那名词的。
（3）形容词应注意的用法
1. 你有几本外国文的书？——我有八本英文书和两三本德文书。
How many foreign books have you？——I have eight English books and two or three German ones.
2. 你父母有多大年纪了？——父亲五十五岁，母亲四十七岁。
How old are your parents？——My father is fifty-five and my mother is forty-seven years old.
3. 那睡着的猫是我的，而那玩着球的猫就是我妹妹的。
The sleeping cat is mine and the one playing with the ball is my sister’s.
〔注〕playing 一个形容词因有 with the ball 的修饰语附在其后，所以不能如 sleeping 一样照平常置于名词之前。因前面说了 cat，为避免重复故后面用 one 代替。
4. 他也许不是一个能干的人，但他确是一个有学问的人。
He may not be an able man, but he is certainly a learned man.
5. 他的学校是一所三层楼的三合土的建筑物。
His school is a three-storied concrete building.
6. 富人未必比穷人幸福。
The rich are not always happier than the poor .
〔注〕the rich＝rich people.
7. 大部分的（许多、多数、有些、少数、没有几个、没有）人这样想。
Most （ A great many 、 Many 、 Some 、 A few 、 Few 、 No ）people think so.
8. 留得有非常多（有很多、有些、有很少、有几无、没有一点）水。
There is a great deal of （ plenty of 、 some 、 a little 、 little 、 no ）water left.
9. 我在你之外有少数的朋友。我除你以外几无朋友。
I have a few friends besides you. I have few friends except you.
〔注〕a few 有少数，few 几无。
a little 有少量，little 几无。
10. 我在默书上弄错不少。我在准备背诵中发觉不少的困难。
I made not a few mistake in my dictation. I found not a little difficulty in preparing for the recitation.
11. 奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。
The Olympic games take place every four years （ every fourth year ）.
12. 有些孩子爬树简直像猴子一样，有些孩子泅水简直像青蛙一样。
Some boys climbed up the trees like so many monkeys，and others swam in the pond like so many frogs.
13. 汤姆是他班上最高的孩子。
Tom is the tallest boy in his class. ＝Tom is taller than any other boy in his class. ＝Tom is as tall as any other boy in his class. ＝No other boy in his class is so tall as Tom.
14. 玛丽是两人当中较漂亮的一个。
Mary is the prettier of the two. ＝Mary is prettier than the other.
15. 凯蒂是她们当中最高的。
Kate is the tallest of them all. ＝Kate is taller than the others.
I6. 东西愈远，看去愈小。
The farther a thing is the smaller it looks.
17. 似乎没有再加详细说明的必要。
No further explanation seems necessary.
18. 他太年轻不能帮助他父亲。
He is too young to help his father.
19. 她已经长得够大，可以帮助她母亲了。
She is old enough to help her mother.
20. 他把他所能花费的钱全部拿去买书。
He spends on books all the money that he can spare.
21. 他绝不会做这样的事。
He is the last man to do such a thing.
22. 我第一次在伦敦见到她。
I met her for the first time in London.
23. 终于我们达到旅程的终点了。
At last we came to our journey’s end.
〔注〕这个 last 是形容词的名词用法。其他常作名词用的形客词，我们还可举出不少的例来，下列各句便是其中的一部分。At first I found English very difficult to learn, but I soon found it quite easy.（最初我觉得英文很难学，但不久我就觉得很容易了。）She is now in her forties , but when she got married she was still in her teens.（她现在已经四十岁以上了，但当她结婚时，她还只有十几岁呢。）I have seen it hundreds of times.（我见过无数次。） Thousands of people came to see the sports.（成千的人来看运动会。）They were walking in the park by twos and threes .（他们三五成群地在公园里散步。） Ten to one he will succeed.（十有八九他会成功。）
（4）动词时态的用法
一、现在的事实：
1. 我知道他是高兴的。
I know that he is glad.
2. 我的父母住在乡下。
My parents live in the country.
3. 父亲在看报。
Father is reading a newspaper.
〔注〕现在进行也属于现在时态的一种，表示现在正在做着。
二、现在习惯的行为：
4. 我每天六时起床。
I get up at six every morning.
5. 他常到公园里去散步。
He takes a walk in the park.
6. 他七点钟吃早饭。
He has breakfast at seven.
7. 他七点半去上学。
He leaves for school at half past seven.
8. 他在晚饭后准备功课。
After supper he prepares his lessons.
三、不变的真理：
9. 二加二等于四。
Two and two are four.
10. 地球围绕太阳转动。
The earth moves round the sun.
11. 白日阳光普照。
The sun shines in the daytime.
四、预定的事情：
12. 父亲下星期动身到美国去。
Father leaves for America next week.
13. 母亲明天早上回来。
Mother is coming home tomorrow morning.
五、代替将来时态：
14. 你在此地等我回来。
Wait here till I come back.
15. 等他一到我们就动身。
Let us set out as soon as he arrives .
16. 明天要是天气好，我就高兴啦。
I shall be glad if it is fine tomorrow.
〔注〕如 if 引导的不是副词从句，而是名词从句时，也就可以用将来时态，
例如：I doubt if it will be fine tomorrow.
一、过去某个时候的行为或状态：
17. 昨天我去看他的时候，他正在写信。
When I called on him yesterday, he was writing a letter.
18. 你来的时候我正在洗澡。
When you came , I was having a hot bath.
19. 他在半点钟以前出去散步了。
He went out for a walk half an hour ago.
二、过去习惯的行为或事实：
20. 在那个时候我每个月要看三四回电影。
In those days I went to the movies three or four times a month.
21. 他常到我家里来闲谈。
He would often come to my house to have a chat.
〔注〕表示过去习惯的行为，如加上反复的意味时，可用 would 或 used to 的字样。
22. 我们常一同上学。
We used to go to school together.
23. 年轻时他老爱喝酒。
When young, he was always drinking .
一、单纯将来的陈述句：
24. 我到明年就有十七岁了。
I shall be seventeen next year.
25. 大家说今秋要丰收。
People say that we shall have a big crop of rice this autumn.
26. 过分用功，会生病的。
If you work too hard, you will fall ill.
27. 要更加用功，你才可以考取。
Work harder, and you will pass .
28. 要不更加用功，你就会失败。
Work harder, or you will fail .
29. 吃了这个药，你就会活；不吃，你就会死。
Take this medicine, and you will live ；if not, you will die .
30. 如果他听到这个消息，他一定会很难过的。
If he hears the news, he will be very sorry.
31. 现正在下雨，但是不久就会晴的。
It is raining now, but it will soon clear up.
二、单纯将来的疑问句：
32. 如果我马上动身，我可以赶得上吗？
If I start at once， shall I be in time？
33. 如果我马上动身，我要什么时候才可以达到那里？
If I start at once, what time shall I reach there？
34. 你明年几岁？
How old will you be next year？
〔注〕在英国问第二人称的问句，常用 shall, 以期待他回答 I shall…，故上句在英国常作 How old shall you be next year？
35. 你明天这个时候在不在家？
Shall （ Will ）you be at home about this time tomorrow？
36. 我想要在今天下午三点钟的时候来看你。你有空吗？
I want to see you this afternoon about three. Shall （ will ）you be free？
三、意志将来的陈述句：
37. 虽然下大雨，我还是要去。
Though it rains cats and dogs, I will go .
33. 如果你在吃晚饭时做好的话，我就带你去看电影。
If you finish it by suppertime, I will take you to the cinema.
〔注〕by 表示时限，意为“为止”。电影英国说 cinema，美国说 movies。
39. 我想试试看，不过我恐怕要失败。
I think I will try , but I am afraid I shall fail.
40. 溺者见到一根草也要去抓住的。
A drowning man will catch at a straw.
41. 狗吠生人。
A dog will bark at a stranger.
42. 你刚才不是说过你要跟我们一道去吗？
You have just said that you will go with us, haven’t you？
43. 她说任何事她都愿为你去做。
She says she will do anything for you.
44. 你要更加用功一点，你就可以得到这个照相机作为奖品。
Work harder, and you shall have this camera as a reward.
〔注〕and you shall have＝and I will give you.
45. 如果你准备好了，我就带你去。
If you are ready, you shall go with me.（＝I will take you with me.）
46. 如果你的弟妹们想去的话，我就带他们去。
If your brothers and sisters want to go, they, too, shall go with me.
四、意志将来的疑问句：
47. 你要这个还是那个？
Which will you take , this or that？
48. 在你回家的路上请代我发这封信。
Will you post this letter for me on your way home？
49. 先生，请你讲解一下这个句子的意义好吗？
Sir, will you kindly explain the meaning of this sentence？
50. 其次我要做什么？
What shall I do next？
51. 要我把你的房间收拾一下吗？
Shall I put your room in order？
52. 我下回什么时候来？
When shall I come next？
53. 我过两天再来好吗？
Shall I come again in a few days？
54. 其次要他做什么？
What shall he do next？
55. 要他为你擦皮鞋吗？
Shall he polish your shoes？
56. 要他什么时候来？
When shall he come ？
57. 要他等待你的回信吗？
Shall he wait till he hears from you？
一、现在完成了的行为：
1. 我刚把这工作做完。
I have just finished the task.
2. 我才从车站去迎接了我的表兄回来。
I have been to the station to meet my cousin.
3. 我才从车站去给我的叔叔送行回来。
I have been to the station to see my uncle off.
二、继续到现在为止的行为或状态：
4. 我在此地住上十年了。
I have lived here for ten years.
5. 我自从1942年以来就住在此地。
I have lived here since 1942.
6. 他从月初以来就一直卧病。
He has been ill in bed since the beginning of this month.
7. 她缺席多久了？她从星期一开始就没有来。
How long has she been absent？She has been absent since last Monday.
8. 你认识他多久了？我们从小孩子时代起就认识的。
How long have you known him？I have known him since we were children.
9. 你的英文学了多久了？
How long have you been studying English？
〔注〕have been doing 是包含现在、过去、将来三个时候在内的，在上例中即是说过去学了，现在在学，将来还要继续地学。参看下二例。
10. 我从进初中起就一直在学。
I have been studying it since I entered the junior middle school.
11. 七年来我一直在学。
I have been studying it for the last seven years.
三、现在为止的经验：
12. 你曾经看到过狮子吗？
Have you ever seen a lion？
13. 你到过阿里山吗？
Have you ever climbed Mt. Ali？
14. 是的，我到过。
Yes, I have .
15. 你到过几次呢？
How often have you climbed it？
16. 我到过两次。
I have climbed it twice.
17. 你到过日本吗？
Have you ever been to Japan？
18. 是的，我到过好几次。
Yes, I have been there several times.
〔注〕如果是回答说“我在日本住过三年”，你就不能说 I have been to Japan for three years. 应该说 I stayed（或 was）there for three years. 因为表示单纯的过去不能用完成时态。
19. 你父亲出过洋吗？
Has your father ever been abroad？
20. 是的，他去过一次。
Yes, he has been abroad once.
四、现在空余结果的过去的行为：
21. 我想见见你的父亲。他在家吗？——对不起，他出去了。
I want to see your father. Is he at home？——Sorry, but he has gone out.
22. 你的表几点钟了？——我的表丢了。
What time is it by your watch？——I have lost it.
23. 他出外散步去了。——他什么时候出去的？
He has gone out for a walk.——When did he go out？
24. 有一位王先生来看你了。
A Mr. Wang has come to see you.
五、代替将来完成用：
25. 你用过了，把你的小刀借给我一下好吗？
Will you lend me the knife, when you have done with it？
26. 好的，我一用完马上就借给你。
Yes，I will lend it to you as soon as I have done with it.
27. 你一到目的地，请马上打电报来通知我。
When you have reached your destination, please let me know by wire.
一、在过去某时间完了的动作：
28. 我到车站的时候，火车刚开走了。
When I reached the station, the train had just left .
29. 医生赶来的时候，他已经断气了。
When the doctor came ，he had already breathed his last.
二、过去一定的时候为止的继续：
30. 到他几个月以前死去为止，我认识他有三十多年了。
Till he died a few months ago, I had known him for more than thirty years.
31. 他直到上个月死去为止，一直都在台南做事。
Till he died last month, he had been working in Tainan.
32. 昨天我遇见了十年不见的叔父。
Yesterday I met my uncle whom I had not seen for the last ten years.
33. 日前我去看他，才知道他已病了一个多月了。
The other day I called on him and found that he had been ill for more than a month.
三、留下结果在过去某个时候的那以前的行为：
34. 我到达车站的时候，火车已经开走了。
When I reached the station, the train had already left .
35. 我到他家里去的时候，他已经出外散步去了。
When I went to his house, he had gone out for a walk.
四、过去一定的时候为止的经验：
36. 我立刻就认出是他，因为我以前常见到他的。
I knew him at once, for I had often seen him before.
37. 当他们叫我用英语演说的时候，我感到不知所措，因为我以前从来没有这种经验。
When I was asked to make an English speech, I was quite at a loss, for I had never had such experience before.
五、叙述过去的两种动作，颠倒其实际的顺序时：
38. 我给了他那本我前天买的书本。
I gave him the picture-book which I had bought the day before.
39. 卞贾明把他所画的画给他母亲看了。
Benjamin showed his mother the picture which he had painted .
一、在将来一定的时候可完成的：
40. 等你来取那本书的时候，我已经看完了。
By the time you come for the book, I shall have read it through.
41. 到下个月的这个时候，你就会完全康复的。
By this time next month you will have recovered already.
42. 他明天早晨就可以抵达台南的。
He will have arrived at Tainan tomorrow morning.
43. 等你到车站的时候，火车已经开了。
By the time you reach the station, the train will have left already.
二、将来一定的时候为止的继续经验等：
44. 到明年这个时候，我就在此住满十年了。
By this time next year I shall have lived here for just ten years.
45. 到明年三月为止，你就足足学了五年的英文了。
By next March you will have been studying English just five years.
46. 如果我再去一次日月潭，我就去过五次了。
If I go to Sun Moon Lake again, I shall have been there five times.
（5）动词语气的用法
一、命令：
1. 不要闹，听我说。
Be silent and listen to me.
2. 作文要隔一行写。
Write your composition on every other line.
二、禁止：
3. 不许跟你的邻居讲话。
Don’t talk to your neighbor.
4. 绝不可撒谎，要常说真话。
Never tell a lie. Always speak the truth.
三、请求：
5. 请让窗子开着。
Please leave the window open.
6. 请勿吸烟。
Kindly refrain from smoking.
四、条件：
7. 向右转弯，你就可以走到车站的。
Turn to the right, and you will come to the station.
8. 不叫汽车去，恐怕就赶不上快车了。
Take a taxi or you will not be in time for the express.
〔注〕or 意为“要不然的话”。
一、Present Subjunctive（不确实的假定）
9. 明天天气好的话，我们就去野餐。
If it is fine tomorrow, we shall go on a picnic.
10. 要是下雨的话，开会就展期。
If it rains , the meeting will be postponed.
11. 他如果肯试的话，一定成功。
If he tries , he will surely succeed.
12. 你如果不反对的话，我就这样去做。
If you have no objection，I will do so.
二、Future Subjunctive（万一的假定）
13. 万一下雨的话，我就延期出发。
If it should rain , I will put off my departure.
14. 万一我死了的话，我的孩子们将变成一个什么样子呀？
If I should die , what will become of my children？
15. 他有好几天没有来了，我想他今天也不会来的。不过万一他来了的话，我就把这个给他。
He has been absent for some days, so I don’t think he will come today. But if he should come , I’ll give it to him.
三、Past Subjunctive（与现在事实相反的假定）
16. 我要是你的话，我就不做这样的事。
If I were you, I would not do such a thing.
17. 如果我有一百万元的话，我就至少要给你一千元。
If I had one million dollars, I would give you one thousand dollars at least.
18. 我希望我的身体有你那样强壮。
I wish I were as strong as you.
19. 我希望我生双翼，像鸟一样地能飞。
I wish I had wings and could fly like a bird.
四、Past Perfect Subjunctive（与过去事实相反的假定）
20. 那时如果天气好的话，我们上日月潭就去成了。
If it had been fine, we could have gone to Sun Moon Lake.
21. 如果我要早到一天的话，我就赶上考试了。
If I had arrived a day earlier, I should have been in time for the examination.
22. 那时候你要跟我们在一起就好了。
I wish you had been with us then.
23. 我要能够与你同去听了那音乐会就好了。
I wish I had gone to the concert with you.
五、包含有 Past Subjunctive 及 Past Perfect 的句子。
24. 那男孩子说起话来就好像大人一样。
The little boy talks as if he were a man.
25. 她看上去好像是患病多年似的。
She looks as if she had been ill for a long time.
26. 他可谓一长成了的婴孩。
He is, as it were , a grown-up baby.
27. 我们正可谓坐在火山口上。
We are, as it were , sitting on a volcano.
（6）主动语态与被动语态的用法
28. 我每天做这个。
I do it every day.
It is done by me every day.
29. 我昨天做了这个。
I did it yesterday.
It was done by me yesterday.
30. 我明天还要做这个。
I shall do it tomorrow.
It will be done by me tomorrow.
31. 我明天一定要做这个。
I will do it tomorrow.
It shall be done by me tomorrow.
32. 我非立刻做这个不可。
I must do it at once.
It must be done by me at once.
33. 我刚把这个做完。
I have just done it.
It has just been done by me.
34. 在加拿大是说英语的。
They speak English in Canada.
English is spoken 〔by Them 〕in Canada.
35. 人人称赞了他。
People spoke well of him.
He was spoken well of 〔by people 〕.
〔注〕行为者不明或无关紧要时可略去。
36. 他作为战犯而被处绞刑。
He was hanged as a war criminal.
37. 这个校舍建于三十年前。
This school house was built thirty years ago.
38. 星在白天看不见。
The stars are not seen in the daytime.
39. 洪水浸了四千栋房屋，淹死了八百多人。
Four thousand houses were flooded and over eight hundred lives were lost by the flood.
40. 本校的运动会下月十五日在校园举行。
The athletic meeting of our school will be held at the school ground on the fifteenth of next month.
41. 昨天下午我从学校回家的途中遇到骤雨，淋得一身通透。
Yesterday afternoon，on my way back from school，I was caught in a shower and was drenched to the skin.
42. 这个杂志是月刊，销行很广。
This magazine is published monthly and sells very well.
43. 火车出轨，死伤二十余人。
The train was derailed and more than twenty persons were either killed or injured .
〔注〕中国话的死伤及出轨等在英文都要用被动语态。下举各例亦皆如此。
44. 听说他们疲倦得不能前进，我不禁大为失望。
I was disappointed to hear that they were too tired to go on.
45. 有的溺死了，有的烧死了。
Some were drowned ，and others were burnt to death.
46. 接到他失败的消息，我大为吃惊。
I was greatly surprised at the news of his failure.
〔注〕此句也可说成 The news of his failure surprised me greatly.
47. 我们对于那结果都很满意。
We were all satisfied with the result.
〔注〕这也可以说成 The result satisfied us all.
（7）助动词的用法
1. 你可以出去散步，不过吃晚饭的时候一定要回来。
You may go out for a walk, but you must come back by suppertime.
2. 随便你做什么都可以，不过你不要这样吵闹。
You may do anything you like, but you must not make such a noise.
3.“我可以用铅笔写吗？”——“嗯，可以，不过你一定要尽力当心地写。”
“ May I write with a pencil？”——“Yes, you may , but you must write as carefully as you can.”
4.“我马上就得做吗？”——“不，你用不着马上做，不过你一定要赶快做就是了。”
“ Must I do it at once？”——“No, you need not , but you must do it as soon as possible. ”
5. 他也许是一个学者，不过他一定不是一个有德性的人。
He may be a man of learning, but he cannot be a man of character.
6. 他要辞职的消息可能是真的；但是说他要自杀的那种话，就绝不可靠。
The news that he will resign may be true, but the other news that he will kill himself cannot be true.
7.“这故事能是真的吗？”——“啊，当然，这一定是真的。”
“ Can the story be true？”——“Oh, yes, it must be true. ”
8. 他也许说了这样的话，不过我不敢肯定地说。
He may have said so, though I cannot say for certain.
9. 他不可能就达到了那里，因为他刚动身不过半个钟头。
He cannot have reached there yet, for he left here only half an hour ago.
10. 他一定已经到了那里，因为他动身得很早。
He must have reached there already, for he left here early enough.
11. 为着糊口，有些人不得不日夜工作。
Some people must work day and night that they may earn their living.
〔注〕that…may…是表目的的。过去时便用 that…might。例如：He worked hard that he might succeed.
12. 在择友上无论怎样慎重也不会过分的。
You cannot be too careful in the choice of your friends.
13. 看了那个滑稽的光景，使我忍不住要笑。
I cannot but laugh at the funny sight. ＝I cannot help laughing at the funny sight.
14. 一时我简直无法外出，但是我想不久我就会可以的。
I have been unable to go out for some time, but I shall soon be able to do so.
〔注〕can 只有过去时的 could, 没有将来时及完成时，故用 be able to 来代替。
15. 因为我自己不能去，只好要我弟弟代替出席。
As I could not go myself, I had to send my brother instead.
〔注〕must 只有现在时，所以要用 have to 来代替过去时、将来时及完成时。但在间接说法中仍可把 must 用于过去，例如：I told him that he must do it himself.（直接说法：I said to him,“You must do it yourself. ”）。
16. 你用不着要亲自去，你只消写一封信给他就行了。
You need not go yourself；you have only to write to him.
17. 无论你从事什么职业，都有知道一种外国语的必要。
Whatever business you may be engaged in, you cannot do without the knowledge of a foreign language.
18.“你去参加了运动吗？”——“是的，我参加了。”
“ Did you take part in the sports？”——“Yes，I did . ”
〔注〕问句中的 did 是助动词，而答句中的 did 是代动词，即代替 took part in them 的。
19.“你玩得痛快吗？”——“是，从来没有这样痛快的。”
“ Did you have a good time？”——“Yes, I never had a better time. ”
〔注〕不做“有”解时的 have，问句不说 Have you？而说 Do you have？
但在美国，即令是作“有”解的 have, 问句中也加用助动词，例如：Do you have any brother？（你有兄弟吗？）Does she have blue eyes？（她有蓝眼睛吗？）
20.“你为什么不去看他？”——“我去了，可是他不在家。”
“Why did n’t you go to see him？”——“I did go, but he was out. ”
〔注〕I did go 为加强 I went 的说法。
21. 夫人不言，言必有中。
He does not speak much, but when he does speak, he speaks to the point.
22. 当你生病的时候，你应该就医。
When you are ill, you ought to （= should ）consult the doctor.
23. 你们年轻人不应该去这样的地方。
You young people ought not to （= should not）go to such a place.
24. 你卧病很久了，你应该马上就医。
As you have been ill in bed for a long time, you ought to （= should ）have consulted the doctor sooner.
25. 他在美国住了多年刚回来，应该英语说得很好。
As he has just returned from America after a long stay, he ought to speak English well.
〔注〕he ought to speak 意为当然会说，即 It is no wonder that he should speak 之意。
26. 真是奇怪，他居然说我的坏话，多年来我对他那样好。
It is strange that he should speak ill of me；I have been kind to him all these years.
27. 你想要欺骗他，怪不得他要生气。
It is quite natural that he should get angry；you have tried to deceive him.
28. 这样一个前途有望的人，竟然薄命，十分可惜。
It is a pity that such a promising man as he should have died so young.
29. 他想要他的儿子学医。
He intended that his son should be a physician.
〔注〕这可以视为 He said to himself,“My son shall be a physician. ”的间接说法。
30. 我想跟他一起去徒步旅行，不过恐怕他不会让我去。
I should like to go hiking with him, but I am afraid he will not let me.
31. 我把那钱收起来，以免被人窃去。
I hid the money, lest I should have it stolen.
〔注〕lest…should 的形式，现在已不大用了，而改用 that…may not 的形式。上例即说成 I hid my money that I might not have it stolen.
32. 年轻的时候，他常一坐几个钟头，什么事都不做。
When young, he would often sit for hours doing nothing.
〔注〕这个 would 是表过去的习惯的。
33. 在这样大风雪当中我宁肯坐在家里，而不愿外出。
I would rather stay at home than go out in such a snowstorm.
34. 请你替我把窗子打开一下好吗？
Would you kindly open the window for me？= Would you mind opening the window for me？
〔注〕这是 Please open the window for me. 客气的说法。
35. 我打开窗子好吗？
Would you mind my opening the window？
〔注〕这是 May I open the window？客气的说法。
36. 你太懒了。你应该再用功一点。这样难怪你考不取。
You were too idle. You ought to have worked harder. It is no wonder that you should have failed in the examination.
（8）动状词的用法
1. 百闻不如一见。（要看见才相信）
To see is to believe .
2. 对于我们研究大自然的人，最重要的事，就是要学习怎样观察。
The most important thing for us，students of nature，is to learn to observe .
〔注〕to learn 是补语，而 to observe 便是 learn 的 Object。
3. 精读少数几本书比草草读许多书要好得多。
It is much better to read a few books carefully than to read many books carelessly.
〔注〕第一个 to read 是代表句首的假主语的真正的主语，第二个 to read 是 than 之后省略了的 it is good 的 it（假主语）的真正的主语。
4. 我规定在这一年中早上六时起床。
I make it a rule to get up at six all through the year.
〔注〕to get up 为对假宾语 it 的真正的宾语。
5. 我没有什么事做。我很闲。
I have nothing to do . I am quite free.
6. 他不是一个撒谎的人。
He is not a man to tell a lie.
7. 我没有房子住，而又无钱买房子。
I have no house to live in but nor have I the money to buy one with.
〔注〕to live in= in which to live, to buy one with= with which to buy one. 这种不定词都是形容其前之名词的。
8. 我们应当要为工作而生存，不要为生存而工作。
We should live to work ，not work to live .
9. 我很高兴地再见到你。
I am very glad to see you again.
10. 你真不当心，把别人的帽子当自己的。
How careless you are to take his cap for your own！
11. 他远从美国回到中国，仅因为听悉其父在前日死去的噩耗。
He came up to China all the way from America only to hear that his father had died the day before.
〔注〕（only）to hear 是表示结果。
12. 听他说英语，你会以为他是一个美国人。
To hear him speak English，you will take him for an American.
〔注〕to hear 表示假定。
13. 父亲不够阔，不能自备汽车。
My father is not rich enough to keep a motorcar.
〔注〕to keep 是副词，enough 的修饰词。
14. 我们太疲倦而不能继续工作了。
We were too tired to go on with the work.
〔注〕to go 是副词，too 的修饰词。
15. 我看见他进房去的。
I saw him enter the room.
〔注〕感觉动词的补语的不定词是要将其 to 略去的，但在被动语态时则不能略，如 He was seen to enter the room.
16. 你曾听过 W 小姐拉小提琴吗？
Have you ever heard Miss W. play the violin？
17. 我觉得有人摸我的肩。
I felt someone touch me on the shoulder.
18. 要他去吧，不管他愿不愿意。
Make him go, whether he likes it or not.
〔注〕使役动词的补语的不定词，也要将其 to 略去，但在被动语态时便不能略，如 He was made to go against his wish.
19. 随他喜欢怎样做就怎样做。
Let him do whatever he likes.（= Let him have his own way.）
20. 让他在这里等我回来。
Have him wait here till I return.
〔注〕have+（a person）+Root，意为使人做什么。
21. 他去年遭妻丧。
He had his wife die last year.
〔注〕have +（a person）+ Root, 又有遭受之意。
22. 你暂时最好守秘密。
You had better keep it secret for some time to come.
〔注〕在 had better, had rather，would rather, cannot but 之后的不定词，要将其 to 略去。
23. 与其撒谎，我宁认错。
I would rather confess that I have done wrong than tell a lie.
24. 听到那个悲惨的消息，我不禁泣然泪下。
At the sad news，I could not but weep .
25. 他好像是一个天才。
He seems to be a genius.（= It seems that he is a genius.）
26. 他好像醉了。
He seemed to be drunk .（= It seemed that he was drunk.）
27. 他好像曾经是一个美少年。
He seems to have been a handsome young man.（= It seems that he was a handsome young man.）
28. 他过去好像曾经久病。
He seemed to have been ill for a long time.（= It seemed that he had been ill for a long time.）
29. 老实说我不信任他。
To tell the truth，I don’t trust him.
30. 说来奇怪，他的颈子愈长愈长了。
Strange to say ，his neck grew longer and longer.
31. 出乎意外地指名叫我即席演说，我真不晓得要说点什么。
As I was named to make an after-dinner speech quite unexpectedly，I was at a loss what to say .
32. 我不晓得要到哪里去，也不晓得要问谁。
I don’t know where to go or whom to ask .
33. 要支持哪一边，我迟疑不决。
I could not make up my mind which side to support .
34. 下雨的话，会期顺延。
In case of rain，the meeting is to be postponed to the first fine day.
35. 当她正要纵身跃入水中的时候，有人提了她的手臂。
When she was about to jump into the water，some one caught her by the arm.
36. 春天是开花的时候。
Spring is the time for flowers to bloom .
37. 这问题要我们来解决是太难了。
This problem is too difficult for us to solve .
38. 我太忙不能去。我一定要请人代替我去。
I am too busy to go . I must get some one to go for me.（= I must have someone go for me.）
39. 消防队的人冲入火烧的屋子，救出了那小孩。
A fireman rushed into the burning house and saved the child.
40. 我在台北的哥哥，有信来说他生病了。
My brother staying in Taipei sent me a letter saying that he was ill.
41. 一个被烫过的孩子，见火就怕。
A burnt child dreads the fire.
42. 被火烧死的，总数达十人。
Those burnt to death in the fire amounted to ten in all.
43. 公共汽车很挤，我一直都是站着的。
The bus was so crowded that I kept standing all the way.
〔注〕standing 一个分词，在此为主语的补语。
44. 对不起，害你等这么久。
I am sorry that I have kept you waiting so long.
〔注〕waiting 一个分词，在此为宾语的补语。
45. 我的英语说得不好，不过我可以使人听懂我说的话。
I am not a good speaker of English，but I can make myself understood .
〔注〕understood 为宾语的补语。
46. 我把表拿去修理了。
I had my watch mended .
〔注〕have+宾语+动词的过去分词，意为“使人为我做”或“被人做”（见下例）。
47. 我的表被偷了。
I had my watch stolen .
48. 一见警察，那小偷就跑了。
Seeing the policeman，the thief ran away.（= When the thief saw the policeman，he ran away.）
〔注〕从属句中的现在分词，应与主句的主语一致，即这个 seeing，一定要是那 thief 看才行。
49. 做完课外工作，我就去睡了。
Having finished my home work，I went to bed.（= After I had finished my home work，I went to bed.）
50. 太阳落山了，我们便踏上归途。
The sun having set ，we started on our way home.
〔注〕如从属句的主语，不与主句的主语一致时，你得另加主语，如本句中的 the sun。
51. 向右转弯，你就可以在你的左边看见那学校的。
Turning to the right，you will see the school on your left.（= If you turn to the right，you will…）
52. 一般说来，我国气候温和。
Generally speaking ，we have a mild climate.
〔注〕如 generally speaking, frankly speaking, strictly speaking 等，都是独立的因素，与后面的主句没有语法上的关系。
53. 说到 A 先生，你近来看见他了吗？
Talking of Mr. A，have you seen him lately？
54. 由天色看起来，今天下午要下雨呢。
Judging from the look of the sky，we shall have rain this afternoon.
55. 在年轻人，过食是最普通的病源。
With young people， overeating is the commonest cause of illness.
56. 我记得以前在什么地方见过他的。
I remember seeing him somewhere before.
57. 依照医生的劝告，他戒了烟酒。
Following his doctor’s advice，he has given up drinking and smoking .
58. 他后悔不该买这样一件无用的东西。
He repents of having bought such a worthless thing.
59. 我做了这样的事，很是羞耻。
I am ashamed of having done such a thing.
〔注〕如说 I am ashamed of your having done such a thing. 便是“你做了这样的事，使我很感羞耻”。
60. 将来如何，未可知也。
There is no knowing what will happen in future.（= It is impossible to know…）
61. 行不通的事情，用不着去试。
It is no use attempting what is impracticable.
〔注〕it 是假主语，其真正的主语为 attempting。
62. 像他这样努力的人，要成功是不待言的。
It goes without saying that such a hard worker as he will succeed.
63. 我一点也不想吃东西。
I don’t feel like eating at all.（= I have no appetite at all.）
64. 我不禁觉得他是相当自私的。
I cannot help thinking that he is rather selfish.（= I cannot but think that he is rather selfish.）
65. 一听那消息，他面色变白了。
On hearing the news, he turned pale.（= When he heard the news, he turned pale. = As soon as he heard the news, he turned pale.）
66. 母亲忙于做饭洗衣。
Mother is busy between cooking and washing .
（9）副词的用法
1. 这是一本讲电视的很有趣的书。
This is a very interesting book on television.
〔注〕现在分词要用 very 来修饰。
2. 我兄弟对这问题，极感兴趣。
My brother is much interested in the subject.
〔注〕过去分词就要用 much 来修饰。
3. 今天我走了三十里路，所以我很疲倦了。
I have walked more than thirty miles today，so I am very tired .
〔注〕在某些过去分词如 tired、pleased、delighted、disappointed、frightened 等之前，仍然要用 very，是因为这些词已失去其过去分词的性质，而成为形容词了。
4. 他上学从不迟到。
He never comes late for shool.
5. 他上学很少迟到。
He seldom comes late for school.
6. 那个外国人说的话我完全不懂。
I can not understand what that foreigner says.
7. 那个外国人说的话我差不多不懂。
I hardly understand what that foreigner says.
8. 他近来时常迟到。
He has come late very often lately .
〔注〕late 和 lately 皆为副词，前者作“迟”解，后者作“近来”解。
9. 已经打过铃了吗？——是，已经打过了。
Has the bell rung yet ？——Yes，it has rung already .
10. 已经打过铃了。——已经打过铃了吗？
The bell has rung already .——Has it rung already ？
〔注〕在不明白已打铃或未打铃的时候，就问 Has the bell rung yet？自己以为还没有打，忽听见对方说已经打了，而感到惊异的时候，就说 Has the bell rung already？
11. 听他的回答，就知道他是多么地不懂世故。
His answer showed how little he knew the world.
〔注〕a little 有一点儿, little 几无。
12. 你父亲今天好点吗？——谢谢你。他好了一点。
Is your father any better today？——Yes，he is a little better, thank you.
13. 他没有什么惊讶。他有一点儿惊讶。他很是惊讶。
He was little surprised. He was a little surprised. He was not a little surprised.
14. 他得到老师的称赞而更加用功了。
He was praised by his teacher，and he worked the harder.
〔注〕the= by so much，by that amount. 同等地。
15. 他有许多缺点，但我一样地爱他。
He has many faults，but I don’t love him the less.
16. 你曾读过那首诗吗？——是，那是我所读到的一首最美丽的诗。
Have you ever read that poem？——Yes，that is one of the most beautiful poems that I have ever read.
〔注〕这个 ever 作“曾经”解。
17. 我知道那件事。我在两天以前就听说了。
I know of it；I heard the news two days ago .
18. 我知道了那件事。我在那两天以前就听说了。
I knew of it；I had heard the news two days before .
〔注〕ago 是用于从现在起的“以前”，before 是用于从过去某时起的“以前”。
19. 他为什么生你的气？你知道他为什么生你的气吗？你觉得他为什么要生你的气呢？
Why is he angry with you？ Do you know why he is angry with you？ Why do you think he is angry with you？
〔注〕这三种说法不仅对于 why 为然，即对其他疑问副词 where、when、how 等也是一样。
20. 我只知道他出生的地方，而不知道他出生的时候。
I know（ the place ） where he was born，but I don’t know（ the time ） when he was born.
〔注〕句中 the place 及 the time 为关系副词 where（= in which）及 when（= at which）的先行词，但说话时可略去。
21. 无论你怎样用功，你也不能在一两年之内学好一种外国文。
However hard you may work，you cannot master a foreign language in a year or two.
22. 他无论到什么地方，他的狗都跟随着他。
His dog followed him wherever he went.
23. 我每次见到这张照片，我就想起我的先父。
Whenever I see this picture, I am reminded of my dead father.
24. 我爱吃苹果，也爱吃桃子。
I like apples；I like peaches, too .
25. 我不爱吃苹果，也不爱吃桃子。
I don’t like apples；I don’t like peaches either .
〔注〕肯定的“也”用 too；否定的“也”用 either。
26. 父亲下星期日动身到南部去。
Father is leaving for the South next Sunday .
〔注〕说 next Sunday, last Monday 等，不要加介词，但把星期名放在前面时就得加介词，如 on Sunday next, on Monday last 等。
27. 他虽很富有，出门总是坐三等车。
Though he is a rich man，he always travels third class .
〔注〕比较：They walked side by side .（并肩）
They walked arm in arm. （携手）
The stone weighed twenty pounds. （石重二十磅）
The river is just a mile wide at its mouth.（河口宽正一英里）
28. 很亲切地她指点了我们的路。
She kindly showed us the way.
29. 她很亲切地指点了我们的路。
She showed us the way kindly .
30. 幸运地他没有死。
Happily he did not die.
31. 他未死于安乐。
He did not die happily .
32. 我觉得要实行这个计划是不可能的。
I found it impossible to carry out the plan.
33. 我觉得要实行这个是不可能的。
I found it impossible to carry it out .
〔注〕凡 Verb + Adverb 形式的 idiom, 以名词为其 Object 时，其名词置于副词之前或后皆可，唯以代词为其 Object 时，则其代词必须置于副词之前。例如：
I went to the station to see off my uncle.
I went to the station to see my uncle off .
I went to the station to see him off .
（10）介词的用法
表时间的介词
1. 夏天我五点钟就起床，只有礼拜天才起得迟一点。
In summer I get up at five o’clock，but on Sundays I get up a little later.
〔注〕时之一点用 at，长的期间用 in，对小时或钟点用 at，对日用 on，对月、季、年、世纪等用 in。
2. 他从1930年到1945年住在台湾，而他的太太从他死后一直住在这里。
He lived in Taiwan from 1930 to 1945，and his wife has been living here since his death.
〔注〕从……到……，就说 from…to…。since 意为从某日起至今日为止，即从……以来，可单独用，不要另加其他介词。
3. 我到六点钟就回来，所以请你等到那时为止。
I shall come back by six，so please wait till then.
〔注〕by 是表示至迟到某时为止的意思，till 是表示继续到某时为止的意思。
4. 父亲一两天内要到台北去，一星期之内就回来。
Father will leave for Taipei in a day or two，and will come back within a week.
〔注〕辨别 in a week（经过一星期）与 within a week（一星期内）的用法。
5. 有一次我在台南住了一个相当长久的时候，其间我曾心满意足地游览了。
I once stayed in Tainan for pretty a long time， during which I did the sights to my heart’s content.
6. 年轻时他住在南投的一个小乡村中。
When young，he lived at a small village in Nantu.
〔注〕when young= when he was young
7. 当那男孩子一跳下水去，那女孩子随即就由水里出来了。
As soon as the boy jumped into the water, the girl came out of it.
8. 壁上挂了两张美丽的风景画。
There were two beautiful landscapes on the wall.
〔注〕on= on the surface of
9. 北极熊脚板上长有长毛，所以走起路来不会在冰上滑倒。
A polar bear has long hair on its soles，that it may not slip on the ice.
10. 那少女在她的药指上戴着一个金戒指。
The girl has a gold ring on her ring finger.
11. 书桌上头吊着一盏电灯，桌下放着一个废纸篓。
There is a lamp over the desk，and a wastebasket under it.
〔注〕与表面接触时用 on，悬在上面用 over；如果是桌上的台灯就说 There is a lamp on the desk. 与下面接触用 beneath, 隔离的下面用 under。
12. 这条河在瀑布的上边最深，在桥的下边最浅。
This river is deepest above the waterfall and shallowest below the bridge.
〔注〕上下的关系用 over, under, 前后的关系多用 above, below。
13. 那条船在这河里定期上下。
That ship sails up and down the river regularly.
14. 我们的火车沿海岸走了一阵之后，便走进一个横断山脉的山洞里去。
Our train runs along the coast for some time，then it goes through a tunnel which is cut across the mountain-rage.
〔注〕along 是说沿着，across 是横断，through 是表示贯穿。
15. 两国之间缔结了一个新的协定。
A new treaty has been concluded between these two countries.
〔注〕二者之间用 between, 三者之间用 among, 如 Divide the candies among your brothers and sisters.
16. 男孩们围着池子跑，而女孩们就围着池子坐着。
The boys are running round the pond while the girls are sitting around it.
〔注〕round 用于动作的，around 用于静止的。
17. 在教室里，A 坐在我的前面，B 坐在我的后面。
In the classroom, A sits before me and B sits behind me.
18. 学校前面有一家文具店。
There is a stationer’s in front of the school.
19. 他昨天上台北去了。他昨天向台北出发了。
He went to Taipei yesterday. He left for Taipei yesterday.
20. 从这里到你的住所有多远？
How far is it from here to your lodging-house？
21. 我住在离车站一英里半的地方。我住在离车站不到一英里半的地方。
I live at a mile and a half from the station. I live within a mile and a half of the station.
22. 我昨天因病缺席。
I was absent from school yesterday because of illness.
23. 今天早上我因迟到而受叱责。
This morning I was scolded for being late.
24. 他父亲因饮酒过度而死。
His father died from drinking too much.
25. 他母亲因伤寒病而死。
His mother died of typhoid fever.
〔注〕关于死的原因，疾病用 of，其他用 from。
26. 他由于疏忽而弄出许多错误来。
He made a lot of mistakes through carelessness.
27. 那事故是由他而惹起的。
The accident was caused by him.
〔注〕through 表间接的手段，by 表直接的手段，故上句又可说成 The accident was caused through his carelessness.
28. 看到那灿烂的落日光景，我们大为高兴。
At the sight of the glorious sunset，we were greatly overjoyed.
29. 听到他突然死去的消息，我们大为吃惊。
We were greatly surprised at the news of his sudden death.
30. 他因救了一个小孩的命而受到表彰。
He was rewarded for saving a child from death.
31. 北投以温泉著名。
Peitu is famous for its hot-springs.
32. 我做那事全出好意，所以请勿见怪。
I did it out of kindness，so please don’t take it amiss.
〔注〕out of 表动机。
33. 把译文跟原文对一下吧。
Compare the translation with the original.
34. 人生常被比喻为航海。
Life is often compared to a voyage.
〔注〕同类比较用 compare with，不同类比较用 compare to。
35. 我英文比他好，数学却不如他。
I am superior to him in English，but inferior to him in mathematics.
〔注〕这是来自拉丁文的比较格，所以不用 than 而用 to。
36. 我的村庄离开海岸很远。
My village is situated a long way from the sea-coast.
37. 初发远离标的。
The first shot fell wide of the mark.
38. 他转入那麻烦中很久了。他甫摆脱了那麻烦。
He has long been in the trouble. He has just got out of the trouble.
39. 有几个小孩子在树上。随即有一个从树上跌下来了。
There were several children on the tree. Soon one of them fell off the tree.
40. 我身上带的钱全被抢光了。
I was robbed of all the money I had with me.
41. 那事与我毫无关系的。
I have nothing to do with the matter.
42. 关于这事你知道一点吗？
Do you know anything about this matter？
43. 你听到了袁博士关于原子能的演讲吗？
Did you hear Dr. Yuan’s lecture on atomic energy？
44. 他就住在这一带。
He lives somewhere about here.
45. 关于他的事你知道一点吗？
Do you know anything about him？
46. 他有点高贵的样子。
There is something noble about him.
47. 太阳已升上地平线了。
The sun has risen above the horizon.
48. 就在桥头有一瀑布。
There is a waterfall just above the bridge.
49. 她有六十岁以上了。
She is above sixty years of age.
50. 她是不会做这种卑鄙行为的。
She is above such meanness.
51. 依照巴黎电报，总统被暗杀了。
According to a telegram from Paris，the president has been assassinated.
52. 你能游泳横渡这条河吗？
Can you swim across this river？
53. 放学后，我们通常去打棒球。
After school，we usually play baseball.
54. 警察追逐小偷。
The policeman ran after the thief.
55. 他渴求知识。
He thirsts after knowledge.
56. 此儿依其叔父命名为约翰。
The child was named John after his uncle.
57. 他们穿的时式衣装。
They are dressed after a new fashion.
58. 他靠墙而立。
He was leaning against the wall.
59. 她违背父母之意结婚了。
She got married against her parents’wishes.
60. 西山高耸夕阳中。
Shih Shan is seen rising against the evening sky.
61. 至于我个人，并不反对。
As for me（= So far as I am concerned），I have no objection.
62. 他住在台北萤桥。
He lives at Yunchiau in Taipei.
63. 他六时起床，十时就寝。
He gets up at six and goes to bed at ten.
64. 他牺牲他的健康，才把大学读完了。
He（was）graduated from the university at the cost of his health.
65. 我父亲因年迈而辞职。
My father has resigned his post because of his old age.
66. 不要背后说别人的坏话。
Don’t speak ill of others behind their backs.
67. 火车因发生事故而迟到了一点。
Owing to an accident，the train was a little behind time.
68. 他把那钱藏在地毯下面。
He hid the money beneath the carpet.
69. 不要和那人交际因为失你的格。
Don’t associate with him；it is beneath you.
70. 他认为求援有失他的身份。
He thinks it beneath him to ask for help.
71. 一个凶相的老人坐在她旁边。
Beside her sat a fierce-looking old man.
72. 在她以外，还有一个凶相的老人。
Besides her，there was a fierce-looking old man.
73. 台中是差不多在台北与台南的中途。
Taichung is about half way between Taipei and Tainan.
74. 我们私下说一句，他负债累累。
Between ourselves，he is heavily in debt.
75. 在太平洋的那边就是美国。
Beyond the Pacific is the United States of America.
76. 这工作非我的力量所能做到的。
This task is beyond my power to accomplish.
77. 花莲风景之美非笔墨所能形容。
The beautiful scenery of Hualien is beyond description.
78. 不要做这个。你什么都可以做，只不要做这个。
Don’t do this. You may do anything but this.
79. 如果不是你的劝告，我就不会完成我的计划了。
But for your advice，I could not carry out my plan.
80. 我坐火车去的，坐公共汽车回来的。
I went by train and returned by bus.
81. 我写信通知你，不打电话。
I will let you know by letter，not by telephone.
82. 我在路边的一个茶店里休息了。
I took a rest at a tea-house by the roadside.
83. 许寿裳教授被强盗用刀杀死。
Prof. S. S. Shu was killed by a robber with a knife.
84. 日间阳光普照，夜里星月交辉。
The sun shines by day and the moon and the stars shine by night.
〔注〕in the daytime 之反对语为 at night。
85. 他成功由于坚忍。
He succeeded by dint of perseverance.
86. 他经由日本赴美。
He went to America by way of Japan.
87. 我们跟他们说了两个多钟头。
We talked with them for more than two hours.
88. 这条手绢我花十块钱买的。
I bought this handkerchief for ten dollars.
〔注〕这句又可说 I gave ten dollars for this handkerchief.
89. 他看不出有那么大的年龄。
He is young for his age.
90. 我把他当作他的弟弟了。
I took him for his brother.
91. 他是主战论者，而他弟弟就是反战论者。
He was for war and his brother was against it.
92. 他只是为金钱而努力。
He works hard only for the sake of money.
93. 他为研究美国文学而渡美。
He went over to America for the purpose of studying American literature.
94. 他因无钱而放弃那事业了。
He gave up the enterprize for want of money.
95. 美国的主妇从早到晚都很忙。
American housewives are very busy from morning till night.
96. 那乞丐挨门挨户去求乞。
The beggar went begging from door to door.
97. 他的病差不多完全好了。
He has almost recovered from illness.
98. 我们从其余的人中间来选主席。
We chose the chairman from among the rest.
99. 那声音是从门后面来的。
The sound came from behind the door.
100. 他在1876年4月死于英国。
He died in England，in April，1876.
101. 你一定要用墨水写，但是又不可用红墨水。
You must write in ink，but you must not write in red ink.
102. 你曾经用英语演说过吗？
Have you ever made a speech in English？
103. 他过一星期光景会再来的。
He will come again in a week or so.
104. 她用篮子把那些蛋拿回家去了。
She carried home those eggs in a basket.
105. 他们为袁教授举行了一个欢迎会。
A welcome meeting was held in honor of Prof. Yuan.
106. 一个人的成功与其努力成正比例。
A man will succeed in proportion to his efforts.
107. 不顾他那样努力，他仍然失败了。
In spite of his great efforts，he failed.
108. 他没有储蓄，而把他所赚的钱统统用了。
Instead of saving，he spends all he gets.
109. 那山顶终年积雪。
The top of that mountain is always covered with snow.
110. 游览者的大部分为美国的实业家。
Most of the tourists were American business men.
111. 我爱好英语。他自夸其财富。她怕老鼠。
I am fond of English. He is proud of his riches. She is afraid of the rat.
112. 我班上包含男女生五十名。
My class consists of fifty boys and girls. = My class is made up of fifty boys and girls.
113. 他抱怨他的贫穷。
He complains of his poverty.
114. 看到我从妹的这张照片，就使我想起死去的母亲。
This picture of my cousin’s always reminds me of my dead mother.
115. 这些箱子是木做的。
These boxes are made of wood.
〔注〕不变形态的用 made of，要变形态的用 made from，例如 Wine is made from grapes, and beer from barley.
116. 猴从树上摘下一个个的果子来投掷那蟹。
The monkey picked one fruit after another off the tree and threw them at the crab.
117. 船在基隆港外遇难。
The ship was wrecked off the harbor of Keelung.
118. 他当值，他弟弟休息。
He is on duty，but his brother is off duty.
119. 墙上挂着两张地图，一张中国的，一张美国的。
There are two maps on the wall；one is the map of China and the other of America.
120. 在我生日（那天的下午），我招待了几个朋友来吃茶。
On my birthday，（ On the afternoon of my birthday，）I invited several friends to tea.
121. 他靠薪水生活——靠一千美元的月薪。
He lives on his salary—— on ＄1,000 a month.
122. 他坚持要去看电影。他坚持要我去看电影。
He insists on going to the movies. He insists on my going to the movies.
123. 他故意把窗子打破了。
He broke the window on purpose.
124. 因他急务而到那里去了。
He went there on urgent business.
125. 我因病不能到会。
I could not attend the meeting on account of illness.
126. 他这样一说便走出房间了。
With these words he went out of the room.
127. 他目下失业。
He is now out of work.
128. 我这样做全出于好意，但他不明白我的动机而为之大怒。
I did it out of kindness，but he got angry because he could not see my motive.
129. 几分钟后那船就走得看不见了。
A few minutes later the ship went out of sight.
130. 他父亲好像年过六十了。
His father seems to be over sixty.
131. 小偷逾墙而遁。
The thief jumped over the fence and ran away.
132. 我们一边喝酒一边谈话。
We talked over a cup of wine.
133. 谢谢顺风，我们随即就抵埠了。
Thanks to the favorable wind，we soon reached the port.
134. 猫能跑过那较小的洞吗？
Can the cat run through the smaller hole？
135. 我们经由通译而谈话。
We talked through an interpreter.
136. 我整个夏天都住在阳明山。
I stayed at Yang Ming Shan throughout the summer.
137. 阳明山位于台北之北。
Yang Ming Shan is situated to the north of Taipei.
138. 父亲因事赴台东了。
Father has gone to Taitung on business.
139. 那年极冷，冻死不少的人。
That year the cold was so intense that many people were frozen to death.
140. 他的雄辩使听众都感动得流泪。
He was so eloquent that the audience were all moved to tears.
141. 见子平安回家使我们大为高兴。
To our great joy our son came home safe and sound.
142. 一听到那声音他们一齐冲向门口去。
At the sound，they all rushed towards the door.
143. 到晚边就开始下雨了。
Towards evening it began to rain.
144. 我在定价以下买了那本书。
I bought the book under the fixed price.
145. 她从一个美国女人那学英文。
She is studying English under an American lady.
146. 新校舍目下在建筑中。
Our new school-house is now under construction.
147. 我跟婶母一同去那里的。我住在婶母家里。
I went there with my aunt. I am staying with my aunt.
148. 从那以后他就对我生气了。
He has been angry with me since that time.
149. 那一点我不敢苟同。
I can’t agree with you there.
150. 他的智慧与年俱长。
His wisdom increased with his years.
151. 他到台北去了，旨在谋到一个职业。
He went up to Taipei with a view to finding a job.
152. 他住在离我家不到一英里之远，我可以在半小时内就达到他家的。
As he lives within a mile of my house，I shall be able to reach his house within half an hour.
153. 我尽力地做了一切，但还是失败了。
I did everything within my power but failed.
（11）连词的用法
1. 一年的四季为春夏秋冬。
The four seasons of the year are spring，summer，autumn and winter.
2. 这本小说又容易又有趣。
This novel is both easy and interesting.
3. 这本小说不仅容易而且有趣。
This novel is not only easy but also interesting. = This novel is interesting as well as easy.
4. 如果你明天有空请来我这儿玩。
If you are free tomorrow，please come and see me.
5. 不是你，就是我，总得去一个人。
Either you or I have to go.
6. 你和他都不必去。
Neither you nor he has to go.
〔注〕在 neither A nor B 后头的动词与 B 一致。
7. 青蛙不仅在水中，而且可以在陆上生活。
Frogs can live not only in the water but also on the land.
= Frogs can live on the land as well as in the water.
８青蛙不仅可在水中游泳，而且可在陆上行走。
Frogs can not only swim in the water but also walk on the land.
9. 他会写信或是打电话回答的。
He will answer either by letter or by telephone.
10. 他下决断虽快，但缺乏实行计划的毅力。
He is quick in decision， but he lacks the will power to carry out his plan.
11. 他一定有病，因为他面色很难看。
He must be ill， for he looks pale.
12. 不要专门玩，多用点功吧。
Don’t play so much， but study harder.
13. 再用点功，你就一定可以考取。
Work harder， and you will surely pass the examination. = If you work harder，you will surely pass the examination.
14. 你要再用点功，否则你就会考不取的。
Work harder， or you will fail. = If you don’t work harder, you will fail. = Unless you work harder，you will fail.
15. 小偷一见警察便逃走了。
When （或 As soon as ，或 The moment ，或 Directly ）the thief saw the policeman，he ran away. = No sooner had the thief seen the policeman， than he ran away.
16. 当母亲忙着在做这样做那样的时候，我们就在玩着各种各样的游戏。
While mother was busy doing something or other，we were playing all sorts of games.
〔注〕be busy + gerund 的语法须加注意。
17. 人不等到失去健康是不会懂得健康的真价的。
People seldom realize the value of health till （ until ）they have lost it.
18. 自从他决心要考大学，他便竭力用功。
He has been working with might and main， since he made up his mind to try the entrance examination of the university.
19. 你一旦决心要做，就得努力完成。
Once you have made up your mind to do something，you should do your best to accomplish it.
20. 他每次到台北来，都要来看我的。
Every time he comes up to Taipei，he has the kindness to call at my house.
21. 因为母亲生病，所以我昨天没有能够来。
I could not come yesterday, because my mother was very ill. = As my mother was very ill，I could not come yesterday.
22. 你既是这样说，我就要去考虑一下。
Since you say so，I will consider.
23. 因为现在你已经年纪够大可以帮助你父亲了，所以你应该抓住一切的机会去这样做。
Now that you are old enough to help your father，you should try to find every opportunity to do so.
24. 你不可因别人衣装不好就轻视他。
You should not despise a man because he is poorly dressed.
〔注〕because = for the reason that
25. 狮子被称为兽中之王，并非因其聪明，而是因为强而有力。
The lion is not called king because he is wise， but because he is strong.
26. 我们皆为糊口工作。
We all work that we may earn a living.
27. 我们加急了，以便及时赶上。
We hurried up that we might be in time.
〔注〕that…may= so that…may= in order that…may, 都是“俾”，“以便”之意。
28. 当心一点走，以免跌倒。
Walk carefully that you may not fall.
29. 我们细声地说话，以免妨害孩子的睡眠。
We talked quietly so that we might not disturb the sleeping child.
30. 我太疲倦而不能前进了。
I was so tired that I could not go on.
〔注〕so…that 与 so that 不同。
31. 他为人极好，所以大家都喜欢他。
He is such a kind man that he is loved by all people.
〔注〕so…that 之间加形容词或副词，such…that 之间就加名词。
32. 如果你对任何事想获得成功，非专心去做不可。
If you want to succeed in anything，you must devote yourself to it.
33. 除非你专心去做你的事，你是没有成功之望的。
Unless you devote yourself to your work，you cannot hope to succeed in it. = If you do not devote yourself to your work…
34. 只要你当心，你就会安全的。
So long as you are on your guard，you are safe.
35. 珠穆朗玛峰是中国第一高山。
Mt. Everest is higher than any other mountain in China. = Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in China. = Mt. Everest is as high as any other mountain in China. = No other mountain in China is so high as Mt. Everest .
36. 正如人体需要食物来养一样，人民需要产业来养。
As （或 Just as ）the human body is nourished by its food， so is a nation nourished by its industries.
37. 他比他的兄弟姊妹都聪明。
He is cleverer than his brothers and sisters.
38. 他与其说是正直，不如说是聪明。
He is more clever than honest. = He is not so much honest as clever. = He is rather clever than honest.
39. 尽眼力所及，除水以外什么都看不见。
As far as the eye can reach，nothing is to be seen but water.
40. 尽我所知，英语中并无此词。
So long as I know，there is no such word in English.
41. 我从来没有这样厉害地病过，所以我得去找医生。
I have never been so seriously ill that I have to consult a doctor.
42. 他虽穷，然很正直。
Though he is poor，（yet）he is honest.
43. 虽则他很有钱，他的生活却很俭朴。
Although he has plenty of money，he leads a very simple life.
44. 即令倾盆大雨，我也要去。
Even if it should rain cats and dogs，I will go.
45. 不管他喜不喜欢，他都得去。
He shall go， whether he likes it or not .
〔注〕第三人称用 shall 是表示说话者的意志，即 I will make him go 之意。
（12）时的一致与叙述转换
1. 我未曾知道她是你的母亲。
I did not know that she was your mother.
〔注〕前面是说 did not know, 所以后面要接 she was your mother, 而不要说 she is your mother。
2. 我没有想到他会这样早来的。
I did not think that he would come so soon.
〔注〕前面是说 did not think, 所以后面要接 he would come, 而不要说 he will come。
3. 我未曾知道你病了这么久了。
I did not know that you had been ill so long.
〔注〕前面既是 did not know, 所以后面不要用 you have been ill, 而要用 you had been ill。
4. 我未曾知道他在十多年前就死了。
I did not know that he had died more than ten years before .
〔注〕前面既是 did not know, 所以后面不能说 he died more than ten years ago ，而要说 he had died more than ten years before , 因为“死去”是在“知道”以前发生的事，不是同时发生的事。
5. 哥伦布曾相信地球是圆的。
Columbus believed that the earth is round.
〔注〕这是一个例外，地球是圆的，是不变的真理，所以前面的动词 believed 虽为过去式，后面仍用现在形的 is。
6. 他说他在每天吃早饭之前要出去散步。
He said that he takes a walk before breakfast every morning.
〔注〕这也是一个例外，所谓习惯的行为是可以用现在时（takes），不必与前面的过去时（said）一致。
7. 今天早上她告诉我说她母亲重伤风躺在床上。
This morning she told me that her mother is ill in bed with a bad cold.
〔注〕她说话在今早，虽已成过去，但她母亲现在（即说这句话的时候）仍卧病在床上，所以可用现在形的动词（is）。
8. 老师告诉我们说林肯死在1865年。
The teacher told us that Lincoln died in 1865.
〔注〕前面既是 told us，照规矩后面应接 Lincoln had died 才对，不过叙述历史上的事实时，单用 died 即可。
9. 母亲对我说，如果她有足够的钱的话，她就要给我买一架钢琴。
Mother told me that if she were rich enough she would buy me a piano.
〔注〕在 told me 之后普通应接 she was ，此句因系虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood），所以说 if she were （假设的过去）。
10. 他对我说，“我病啦”。
He said to me，“ I am ill. ”
He told me that he was ill.
11. 你对我说，“我把表掉了”。
You said to me，“ I have lost my watch. ”
You told me that you had lost your watch.
12. 她对他说，“我是在桌上找到那个的”。
She said to him，“I found it on the table. ”
She told him that she had found it on the table.
13. 老师告诉我说，“会及格的”。
The teacher said to me，“ You will pass. ”
The teacher told me that I should pass.
〔注〕should 为 shall 的过去式。
14. 父亲对我说，“我要带你去”。
Father said to me，“ You shall go with me. ”
Father told me that I should go with him.
〔注〕引用句中的 you shall go 是表示说话者的意志的，改为间接说法时则为 I should go，无论单纯未来（例13）或意志未来，改为间接叙述时都是一样。
15. 你对我说，“我要把这个照相簿送你”。
You said to me，“ I will give you this album. ”
You told me that you would give me that album.
16. 你对我说，“我又会考不取的”。
You said to me“ I shall fail again. ”
You told me that you would fail again.
〔注〕无论意志将来（例15的 I will）或单纯将来（本例的 I shall），改为间接叙述时都是 you would。
17. 他说，“我现正在这儿读书”。
He said，“I am reading here now . ”
He said that he was reading there then.
18. 他说，“这些书是我今天（早晨）买的”。
He said，“I bought these books today （ this morning ）. ”
He said that he had bought those books that day （ that morning ）.
19. 她对我说，“我明天付钱给你”。
She said to me，“I will pay you tomorrow . ”
She told me that she would pay me the day after .
20. 她告诉我说她昨天看见我弟弟。
She said to me，“I saw your brother yesterday . ”
She told me that she had seen my brother the day before .
21. 我问她要哪一个。
I said to her，“Which will you take？”
I asked her which she would take.
22. 我问他为什么笑。
I said to him，“Why are you laughing？”
I asked him why he was laughing.
23. 我问他那是怎样做的。
I said to him，“How did you do it？”
I asked him how he had done it.
24. 我问你弟弟病了多久了。
I said to your brother，“How long have you been ill？”
I asked your brother how long he had been ill.
25. 他问我是不是生了他的气。
He said to me，“ Are you angry with me？”
He asked me if I was angry with him.
26. 他问我昨天去听音乐会没有？
He said to me，“ Did you go to the concert yesterday？”
He asked me if I had gone to the concert the day before.
27. 她问我近来接到他的信没有？
She said to me，“ Have you heard anything from him lately？”
She asked me if I had heard anything from him lately.
28. 父亲叫仆人把书房收拾干净。
Father said to the servant，“ Put my study in order. ”
Father told the servant to put his study in order.
29. 母亲要玛丽把窗子打开。
Mother said to Mary，“ Please open the window. ”
Mother asked Mary to open the window.
30. 医生要他少吃。
The doctor said to him，“ Don’t eat too much. ”
The doctor advised him not to eat too much.
31. 我赞成我们去看电影。
I said ，“ Let us go to the movies. ”
I proposed that we should go to the movies.
32. 他说落日何其美。
He said ，“ How beautiful the sunset is！”
He cried out that the sunset was very beautiful .
33. 他考取了学校，大为欢呼。
He said ，“ Hurrah ！I have passed the examination！”
He exclaimed with delight that he had passed the examination.
34. 他名落孙山，为之悲叹。
He said ，“Alas！I have failed. ”
He said with a sigh that he had failed.
35. 他求上帝饶恕他。
He said ，“ May God forgive me. ”
He prayed that God might forgive him.
36. 他向我道别。
He said to me，“Goodbye. ”
He said goodbye to me.
37. 他对我说如果明天天气好就开会。
He said to me，“If it is fine tomorrow the meeting will be held. ”
He told me that if it was fine the following day ，the meeting would be held.
38. 他对我说如果昨天天气好就开了会。
He said to me，“If it had been fine yesterday ，the meeting would have been held. ”
He told me that if it had been fine the previous day the meeting would have been held.
39. 那老人说，他虽不阔，但很幸福。
The old man said，“I am not rich， but I am happy. ”
The old man said that he was not rich， but that he was happy.
40. 我弟弟说他肚子饿了，要我给他一点东西吃。
My brother said to me，“I am hungry. Give me something to eat. ”
My brother told me that he was hungry and asked me to give him something to eat.