下载掌阅APP，畅读海量书库
立即打开
（1）人称和数（Person and Number）
1. 动词的人称和数必须与其主语（Subject）一致，即主语为单数时，动词也必须是单数，例如：The girl smiles. 主语为复数时，动词也必须是复数，例如：“The girls smile. ”。
一切名词都为第三人称（the third person），人称代词除 I、we（第一人称）、（thou）、you（第二人称）之外，亦概为第三人称。动词的人称，必须与主语一致；故 I、we、you 以外的一切主语，其动词概为第三人称。
thou 本为第二人称单数，但现在普遍不用了；现在即使指的只是一个人也用 you，而其动词亦用复数，如： You 、my boy 、 are playing too much.
A. 将下列句中之 is、am 改为复数（注意其主语亦必须改）：
1. He is here.
2. The gate is locked.
3. I am very tired.
4. Where is he going？
5. I am very sorry for it.
6. My book is lost.
7. The fish is swimming.
8. My foot is sore.
9. My tooth is aching.
10. The child is happy.
B. 将 was 改为复数：
1. A sheep was grazing here.
2. That was a cool valley.
3. The child was asleep.
4. The egg was cracked.
5. When was I admitted？
6. How old was he？
7. A deer was in the wood.
8. A goose was standing there.
9. There was no proof.
10. A wolf was seen there.
C. 将 are 改为单数：
1. The loaves are baked.
2. The rats are caught.
3. No boxes are here.
4. Where are the boxes？
5. Flies are very harmful.
6. We are very tired.
7. The oxen are resting.
8. Why are they so careless？
9. We are fond of play.
10. Birds are roosting.
D. 将 were 改为单数：
1. Some men were hurt.
2. Were the thieves caught？
3. The horses’ tails were cut.
4. These mice were caught.
5. The geese were not found.
6. The ponies were sent away.
7. The loaves were served up.
8. The ladies were seated.
9. There were five girls in this class.
10. Here were the houses.
E. 将 have、has 改为复数：
1. He has long been gone.
2. Have I seen you before？
3. Has the cat been found？
4. The thief has been caught.
5. I have done my best.
6. The glass has been broken.
7. The roof has been mended.
8. The loaf has been cut.
9. The wolf has been shot.
10. The mouse has run away.
F. 将 have 改为单数：
1. The geese have been found.
2. My teeth have been aching.
3. His sons have left him.
4. We have left school.
5. The oxen have come back.
6. We have arrived.
7. The deer have fled.
8. The birds have flown.
9. The sheep have been lost.
10. My feet have been in pain.
G. 将 do、does 改为复数：
1. I do not like him.
2. He does not like me.
3. Does the boy work hard？
4. The boy does not know me.
5. A goose does not fly.
6. Does my friend know me？
7. Does the fire burn well？
8. He does not learn much.
9. Does he keep a dog？
10. The man does not work.
H. 将 do 改为单数：
1. We do not go today.
2. Do they keep a horse？
3. They keep a horse；so do we.
4. We do not understand you.
5. They do not go to school.
6. Do they wish to see me？
7. Wolves do not come here.
8. Our cows do not thrive.
9. We do not see you often.
10. We do not want your help.
2. 两个单数主语用 and 连接起来时，则动词为复数；但两主语之前若有 each、every 时，则动词用单数：
例：Time and tide wait for no man.
James and I were both absent.
Each plant and each animal has its own parasite.
Every word and every phrase is indispensible to this sentence.
例外：若两个名词所指者为一人或一物，则此主语认为是一整体，在意义上为单数，故动词需单数。
例：Truth and honesty is best policy.
The poet and statesman is dead.
This carriage and pair costs four hundred pounds.
注：上第二例若为 The poet and the statesman，由于重复使用冠词之故，则表示 The poet 和 the statesman 为两个不同的人，然则动词须为复数。
例： The statesman and the poet are dead.
用 is、am 或 are；has 或 have；was 或 were；do 或 does 填入空白处：
1. Bread and butter____a good kind of food at tea-time.
2. A woman and a child____standing by the door.
3. A time of peace and plenty____coming to all of us.
4. The black and the white kitten____dead.
5. You and he____late for school today；why____that？
6. The black and white kitten____asleep.
7. Snow mixed with rain____falling，when I started.
8. James and I____had a long walk today in the fields.
9. The sum and substance of all he says____no effect.
10. A bay and a grey horse____just been bought.
11. The cat and the dog____long been good friends.
12. The horse and its rider____not seem to be tired.
13. A short and unbound book____not cost much.
14. A bunch of roses____not satisfy him.
15. Bread and cheese____not suit his taste.
16. Potatoes____not grow well in heavy soil.
17. The cow and her calf____not belong to me.
18. My pen____been lost；____you seen it？
19. Youth and experience____not exist together.
20. The best painter and poet of this century____lately died.
21. A needle and thread____found on the floor.
22. Trial and error____the source of our knowledge.
23. Romeo and Juliet____one of his favorite plays.
3. 两单数主语由 or 、 nor 连接时，即由 either...or 或 neither...nor 连接时，动词为单数：
例： Either James or John is to be promoted.
Neither James nor John is to be promoted.
附则：
（a）当主语一为单数，一为复数时，则将复数主语放在后，而用复数动词。
例：Neither he nor his parents were present.
（b）如主语的人称各异时，则动词与其最接近的主语一致。
例：Either James or I am to get the prize.
Either you or James is to get the prize.
将 is、am 或 are；was 或 were；has 或 have；do 或 does 填入空白处。
1. That cloud shows that snow or rain____about to fall.
2. Neither the cock nor the hens____in the yard.
3. By what time____your father or you decided to go？
4. One or two apples____been picked ripe.
5. Neither the man nor his wife____much work.
6. Neither moon nor stars____visible in this dark night.
7. To what place____the man or his son wish to go？
8. Neither the master nor his pupils____idle.
9. Neither he nor you____heard this before.
10. No girl or boy____allowed to play in school.
11. Either the boy or I____to be blamed for this.
12. Neither you nor he____the work required.
13. Neither my partner nor I____ever seen you before.
14. Either he or you____to blame；perhaps both of you.
4. 两个单数的主语为 as well as 连接时，动词用单数。
例：A box as well as a book has been lost.
副则：若两主语的人称或数各异时，则动词和最初的主语一致。
例：My partners as well as I were ruined.
I as well as they am tired of this work.
将 is、am 或 are；was 或 were；has 或 have；do 或 does 填入空白处。
1. The horse as well as the rider____hurt by the fall.
2. This horse as well as that____for sale，which will you have？
3. James as well as I____won a prize this term.
4. I myself as well as James____won a prize this term.
5. Beauty as well as wealth____fallen to her lot in life.
6. The cock as well as the hens____calling for food.
7. The hens as well as the cock____calling for food.
8. A garden as well as a stable____attached to the house.
9. A garden as well as stables____attached to the house.
10. Stables as well as a garden____attached to the house.
11. Her good looks as well as her voice____much admired.
12. John as well as his friends____present on that day.
13. The moon as well as the stars____shining brightly.
14. He as well as you____to be blamed for this.
15. The pupils as well as the master____worked hard.
16. My father as well as I____a stranger in this place.
17. A horse as well as cows____needed for this farm.
18. The keeper as well as the cows____drenched with rain.
5. 两个单数的主语为 not only ... but （ also ）连接时，动词用单数：
例：Not only England，but all the world feels the loss.
副则：若两主语的人称或数各异时，则动词和最后的主语一致。
例：Not only he，but his servants were blamed for that.
将 is 或 are，has 或 have，was 或 were，do 或 does 填入空白处：
1. Not only silver，but gold____dug in this country.
2. Not only my sister，but I myself____much surprised.
3. Not only my sister，but my brothers____been invited.
4. Not only the Thames，but the Severn____frozen over.
5. Not only cows，but a horse____grazing in that field.
6. Not only a horse，but cows____grazing in that field.
7. Not only elm-trees，but ivy____growing well here.
8. Not only I，but my children____been disappointed.
9. Not only hope，but confidence____been restored.
10. Not only bread，but tea and buns____provided.
6. 单数集体名词（Collective Noun）为主语时，其动词有单复两者：
a. 就团体全体言时，动词用单数。
b. 就构成团体的个别分子而言时，动词用复数。
例：His family is a large one.
His family are all well.
用 is 或 are，was 或 were，has 或 have，does 或 do 填入空白处：
1. All the audience____satisfied.
2. That fleet____not consist of more than ten ships.
3. Your pack of hounds____larger than mine.
4. The pack____scattered about in various places.
5. The people____much amused at that sight.
6. That gang of seven thieves____been broken up.
7. The gang____nearly all caught：only two escaped.
8. The choir____not contain more than ten choristers.
9. The choir____all here and____taken their usual seats.
10. The audience____too large for a hall of that size.
11. The company____so excited that they rose from their seats.
12. The A. B. C. Company____formed a few years ago.
13. The cattle____out grazing in the field.
14. The fourth class with few exceptions____done well.
15. The class____too large to be taught by one man.
16. The poultry____much mischief among flowers.
17. The gentry of this place____not like dirty roads.
18. The mass of mankind____much influenced by their surroundings.
19. The crew____not consist of more than twenty sailors.
20. The crew____standing in different parts of the ship.
21. The jury____divided in their opinions.
22. The jury____not consist of more than twelve persons.
7. 特别应注意事项：
a. 形式上为复数的名词，而动词应用单数者：
1. 凡有“-ics”为语尾的学科名词如 ethics、physics 等。
2. 其他如 news、means、tidings、measles、gallows、innings 等。
3. 看作一个概括的观念时：
Ten years was too long a time to her.（十年的期间）
Forty miles is a good distance.（四十里的距离）
4. 国名，书名等：
The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe is an interesting book.
The United States is a republic.
b. number、variety：虽然形式是单数，但用为复数之意时，则动词用复数：
A great variety of articles were sold.（因被卖者不是 variety，而是 articles of various kinds［各种的货物］）
A large number of them were present.（因在场者不是数［number］而是 they who made the number［构成数目的人们］）但此二词用为单数的意时，则动词仍为单数：
The number of workman is small.
Variety of scene pleases the eye.
c. half、part、rest. 用于量（quantity）时动词用单数，用于数时，动词用复数：
Part of my work was done.
About half of the passengers are missing.
The rest of the money was spent then and there.
The rest of the children were killed.
d. none 为 no one 结合起来的，不应用单数，但其后若用复数名词或代词时，则动词应为复数：
None of them have come.
e. each、every；either、neither 动词概为单数：
Each （man）of them was present.
Neither of these men was wanted.
Every bush and every tree was in bud.
a. 动词的人称和数与主语不一致者，改正之：
1. You was rather late in coming to school today，wasn’t you？
2. Good news have come today；the enemy’s troops are beaten.
3. Neither reward nor punishment are to be expected from him.
4. A carrier with his horse and dog have just entered the yard.
5. Every man and every horse were urgently needed.
6. Are either of these horses yours？No，neither of them are.
7. Not a word of these lectures were read out from a book.
8. None of the men selected was found fit for that purpose.
9. A large number of cattle is grazing in that field.
10. The audience was not agreed on that point.
11. The carriage and the horse is both worth a good deal.
12. When pain or grief attacks us，we know true friends from false.
13. The poultry in our yard is picking up seed.
14. There’s four or five persons coming over today.
15. A white and a grey rabbit has run across the field.
16. There’s as many as fifty sheep grazing on this moor.
17. The poet and the painter that lived here are dead.
18. Either James or you is sure to win the first prize.
19. My box as well as my book have been taken away.
20. The sum of twenty shillings a week were paid to him.
21. A garden full of flowers look very beautiful.
22. They，and not he，has to pay the fine.
23. Both are clear writers；neither of them make mistakes.
24. Every man of the boat’s crew except two were taken ill.
25. A large number of men has come asking for work.
26. To write well，to speak well，or to act well are difficult.
27. Energy and hopefulness，like faith，removes mountains.
28. Each and all of them was shocked at what they heard.
29. Nothing but rain and clouds were seen on that day.
30. The sum and substance of the matter were that he was wrong.
b. 用 is 或 are，was 或 were，has 或 have，does 或 do 填入空白处：
1. The number of new members____risen from ten to fifteen.
2. Everyman who saw that____expected to give evidence.
3. Either wine or beer____less refreshing than pure water.
4. A man and his wife____about to take the house opposite.
5. A cat with two kittens____making much noise in the night.
6. Each of my brothers____made a good start in life.
7. There____still ten people asking for tickets：____we any left？
8. Some people____not like being told，when they are wrong.
9. The taste of these apples and pears____excellent：buy some.
10. A number of boys____come to see the cricket match.
11. The number of boys present____about fifty.
12. The apples on every tree____now ripe enough to be picked.
13. Either the farmer or his men____not understand their work.
14. Either you or he____to be dismissed tomorrow.
15. A large quantity of fruit of various kinds____been bought.
16. A red and white handkerchief____found in my drawer.
17. A red and a white handkerchief____found in my drawer.
18. That woman with a child in her arms____in need of help.
19. Industry，not ability，____the secret of success.
20. The band of musicians____all here，ready to begin.
21. The black and white kitten____a great favorite in the house.
22. The black and the white kitten____been given away to a neighbour.
23. The farmer as well as the laborers____hard at work.
24. Not only the farmer，but the laborers____hard at work.
25. Neither my son nor I____pleased with this climate.
26. Either of these books____well worth buying and reading.
27. The number of spectators____not less than four thousand.
28. A bunch of grapes as well as two apples____given him.
29. The committee____divided in their opinions.
30. The Tales of a Grandfather ____one of Scott’s novels.
31. Thirty dollars a week____good pay for a laborer.
32. A large number of waggons____captured.
33. The number of student in this class____too large.
34. None of the prisoners____released on that day.
35. The audience____much pleased with her singing.
36. The cattle____grazing in the field.
37. The great orator and statesman____dead.
38. There____about sixty students in this school.
39. Either he or his friends____to be invited.
40. Either his friends____to be invited，or he____
（2）疑问句（Interrogatives）
由上诸例可知，疑问句是将主语和动词的位置颠倒而构成的。
例（1）（2）仅限于 be 和 have 两动词，即它们不需助动词，但在 have 的场合，美国人常用助动词 do 来构成疑问句，又 dare、need、used 等亦不需用 do。
例（3）表示凡无助动词的句子变为疑问句时，必须用助动词 do。
例（4）表示凡有助动词的句子变为疑问句时，则将（第一个）助动词放在主语之前即可。
例（5）和（6）表示 there 和 here 虽非主语，但在疑问句时，仍将动词放在它们之前。
1. 主语为疑问代词，或为疑问形容词所修饰时，则句法与陈述句者同，只加一问号（？）于句尾即可。
例： Who made that voice？
How many pieces are left？
2. 但在疑问副词（why、when、what time，etc）的场合，则主语和动词的位置仍须颠倒，而将疑问副词放在句首。
例：Why（when、what time，etc） did John go to school？
注意：1. 否定陈述句改为问句时，通例将动词放在主语前即可，但也有将 not 随动词置于主语之前者，在此等场合，最好用缩短形，如 Didn’t、Haven’t、Aren’t 等。
I did not read much. →Didn’t I read much？Did I not read much？
Jack is not ill. →Is not（Isn’t）Jack ill？Is Jack not ill？
2. have 用为“吃、学习”等意时，则概用 do 来作成疑问句。
例： Do you have dinner at seven？ Does Bessie have any lessons in the afternoon？
A. 将下列句子改为问句：
1. This man weighs more than that one.
2. You usually wear a coat.
3. A box of matches costs a cent.
4. Ants lay eggs.
5. Trees lives for thousands of years.
6. A coolie earns a lot of money.
7. Wasps make honey.
8. He takes the letters to the post office every day.
9. The sun shines everywhere each day.
10. We like lemonade.
11. This seat is made of leather.
12. These machines are driven by steam.
13. Flowers are grown in these fields.
14. I am often punished.
15. There are twelve months in a year.
16. John has left for Chicago.
17. This book belongs to her.
18. I think it is going to rain.
19. He drives to work every day.
20. Their class meets on the tenth floor.
21. The prisoner told the truth.
22. She dressed herself in her best clothes.
23. The sun shone brightly this morning.
24. The gardener threw a stone at the dog.
25. The soldiers fought well.
26. The boy laughed at them and thought he was very witty.
27. The servant put the lamp on the table.
28. The wind blew very hard last night.
29. The plate was broken to pieces.
30. The doctor came to see him yesterday.
B. 将下列句子依例改为问句：
例：He isn’t studying English now.
a. Isn’t he studying English now？
b. Why isn’t he studying English now？
1. William isn’t taking English lessons now.
2. Helen won’t be in class tomorrow.
3. She won’t be here on Thursday either.
4. He did not take his examination yesterday.
5. Mary does not like to study in the morning.
6. She didn’t attend the lesson this morning.
7. They don’t like to come to class so early.
8. They aren’t going to the movies tonight.
9. Mr. Smith did not come to class yesterday.
10. He will not be here on Sunday.
11. He doesn’t like to read aloud.
12. John hasn’t delivered the mail yet.
13. She does not like New York.
14. I did not study my lessons last night.
15. Marry never comes to class on time.
16. I didn’t bring my copybook with me.
17. John isn’t making goody progress.
18. John and Mary are not going to Washington.
19. Robert doesn’t eat breakfast in the cafeteria.
20. You did not speak to him this morning.
21. Mary wasn’t promoted to the next class.
22. There are not 20 persons in the house.
23. The book is not in the drawer.
24. They did not go for a walk in the park.
C. 将下列问句改为陈述句（Declarative Sentence）:
1. Have you found that kind of plant which grows in sand？
2. Did he see the event that he has described so well？
3. Does he like the scent of the rose as much as the flower？
4. Will they remain much longer in this lovely place？
5. In hot countries do men chiefly wear cotton garments？
6. Did the shepherd drive away the wolf from the flock？
7. Did he shear as many as ten sheep yesterday？
8. Will she wear the same dress that she wore before？
9. Did he write those splendid lines that I have just heard？
10. Does an elephant live for a hundred years？
11. Is an elephant the largest of all land-animals？
12. Does this seem to be fit reward for all your work？
13. Could he have done all this without assistance？
14. Did not the shepherd say that the sheep had strayed？
15. Should he not take his place among the rest？
16. Must we really start at this early hour？
17. Did he stand all day in the open air？
18. Does the sun rise at six in the season of the year？
19. Did she awake and get up when she was called？
20. Did you see by chance someone passing this way？
（3）疑问短语（Interrogative Phrases）
Isn’t she？Don’t you？etc.
这是一种缩短的问句形式，用在句尾以要求对方确认所言之事，否定句时用肯定的形式，如“does she？”等，肯定句时用否定形，如“isn’t she”等。
例：John is a good student—— isn’t he ？
She speaks English well—— doesn’t she ？
He was here at three o’clock—— wasn’t he ？
You didn’t enjoy the movie—— did you ？
注意：文中有助动词时，在缩短的问句中用该助动词；若文中无助动词时，则用 do，但动词 be 及 have 除外。
用适当的缩短问句于下列句尾：
1. You wrote that letter____
2. She speaks English very well____
3. You live in Taipei____
4. You mailed that letter for me____
5. She is a very pretty girl____
6. He works on the fourth floor____
7. He doesn’t work on the third floor____
8. He has already left for America____
9. You studied English with Miss Smith last year____
10. He said he would be here at noon____
11. She is Mr. Smith’s secretary____
12. You work in the import department____
13. You are not married____
14. Your wife doesn’t speak English____
15. This pencil is yours____
16. These exercises are not difficult____
17. This bus stops at 4th Street____
（4）否定句（Negatives）
例（1）表示凡无助动词的肯定句变为否定句时，须补上助动词 do，然后在 do 后加上 not。但用 never 时，则不需加 do。
例（2）和（3）表示 have 和 be 两动词，其否定句可不用助动词，只将 not 放在它们之后即可。
have 用 do 来构成否定句，系美国的用法。
例（4）表示凡有助动词的肯定句变为否定句时，只在第一个助动词之后加上 not 即可。
英文中只有十二个动词或助动词，not 可放在其后，兹举出以供参考：have、be、do、shall、will、can、may、must、ought、need、dare、used。
但其中 do 用为动词时，则与一般动词同，须用 do 来构成否定，如“Why don’t you do it？”。need 和 dare 亦然，如“I don’t need any more help now. ”，“I didn’t dare to go. ”。又，used not 之缩短形为 usen’t 或 usedn’t（d 不发音）。
注意：（1）用 never 来构成否定句时，则不需用 do。如“I never tell a lie. ”neither...nor 之时亦同，如“I like neither this nor that. ”。
（2）一切命令句，不论何种动词，概用 do not（don’t）来构成否定句，如“ Don’t be silly！”“ Do not go！”等。
（3）have to（= must）的否定形为 do not have to，绝不可误为 have not to。
（4）不定词及分词之否定形：将 not 放在前，如“to be or not to be” ；“ not knowing ，I cannot cry. ”。
A. 用 not 于适当的地方，变下列句子为否定句：
1. He has gone out of town.
2. They will be in class tomorrow.
3. I can meet you tonight.
4. I may be able to go with you.
5. We are going to the seashore on our vacation.
6. He will leave on the five o’clock train.
7. He is an engineer.
8. Mr. Smith has studied English for a long time.
9. You must write your exercise in pencil.
10. Mary is taking lessons from Miss Reese.
11. He will be here at five o’clock.
12. I have finished writing my exercise.
13. He is making much progress.
14. We shall see you tomorrow.
15. John used to study hard.
16. I dare ask him.
17. Mary will be promoted to the next class.
18. He has been in class since last month.
19. You ought to go.
20. I have a good library.
21. He is a man of honor.
B. 将下列句子变为否定句：
1. I felt much surprised at what I saw.
2. You sang better yesterday than today.
3. We heard of your success from your father.
4. It rained hard at twelve o’clock.
5. The sun rose at six o’clock this morning.
6. The fox fell into the trap last night.
7. The bees gathered much honey from those flowers.
8. This tree strikes its roots deep into the ground.
9. Some trees die before they are a hundred years old.
10. They told the boy to keep watch over the flock.
11. He strove to do his very best in his new class.
12. He gave as much as sixpence for that little book.
13. John made many mistakes in his examination.
14. It rains every day in New York.
15. I had time to study my lesson last night.
16. I understood everything he said.
17. He eats his lunch at twelve o’clock.
18. She wants to learn English.
19. He began his new work on the fifteenth.
20. Our classroom has three windows in it.
21. I am afraid in the dark.
22. He stayed in Taipei for a long time.
23. We need a rag in our room.
24. We use many books during our lesson.
25. John came to class ten minutes late.
26. Mary likes to study French.
27. They moved to Taichung.
28. William speaks English well.
C. 将下列否定句改为肯定句：
1. He did not see me secretly entering the room.
2. The sun does not rise at five o’clock.
3. The watchman did not run away from the thief.
4. We did not think John to be as clever as James.
5. He did not speak about the coldness of the classroom.
6. She does not think that a complaint should be made.
7. He did not feel ill during his absence from home.
8. The lightning did not strike the top of the house.
9. The noise in the street did not break my sleep.
10. He does not come here in time for his dinner.
11. They did not seek for the lamb that had been lost.
12. The dog did not hunt the deer without success.
13. The master does not expect me to finish this all at once.
14. This book does not seem to be as interesting as that.
15. He did not hear，I think，all that I said to him.
16. The child，walking along the bank，did not fall into the river.
17. This student did not strive to keep at the head of the class.
18. Bees do not gather much honey from these flowers.
19. I will not give this man any money.
（5）被动语态（Passive Voice）
be + past particple + by【with，at，in，to】
注意：例（4）的主语 they，系指一般的人，凡属此用法的 we、you、one、they 等代词为主语的句子，变为被动句时，by us、by you、by them 等通例省去。
例（5）系表示“动词 + 介词” = 及物动词一类的成语，变为被动句时绝不可将介词忘掉，如 sent for 应视为一个词处理。
例（6）疑问句时，疑问词须放在句首。
例（7）命令句时须用 Let。
A. 将下面的句子改为被动语态（Passive Voice）：
1. The movie disappointed us very much.
2. Mr. Jones manages the export division.
3. The teacher teaches us English.
4. They started a dancing class last week.
5. He bought me this book yesterday.
6. Smith has to finish that report tomorrow.
7. Who has broken this glass？
8. The police arrested five workers.
9. Columbus discovered America in 1492.
10. The doctor ordered him to take a long rest.
11. A guide showed us the city.
12. If a cat may look at a king，it may look at me too.
13. The city welcomed them back on their return from the battlefield.
14. Don’t disturb me.
15. Will not a sense of duty persuade him to work better？
16. The meeting called upon me to give my reasons.
17. Should he find me at home，I would not receive him.
18. The language that he used quite shocked me.
19. Whom did they blame for that unfortunate accident？
20. The people elected him president.
B. 将下面的句子改为自动语态（Active Voice）：
1. The town was captured by the enemy.
2. The money was stolen by an unknown person.
3. I was much hurt by his voice and manner.
4. He was struck by lightning，as he sat under a tree.
5. My brother and I were attacked by a bull.
6. The shops are closed by all the teachers.
7. The soil of India is made fertile by the annual rains.
8. The walls of the house were cracked by an earthquake.
9. Has the door been shut by you？
10. Food is being cooked by me.
（6）格（Case）
1. 主格（Nominative Case）
a. 名词的主格和宾格同形。
b. 代词的主格和宾格：I、me；he、him；she、her；we、us；they、them；who、whom；thou、thee（很少用）；you（两者同形）；it（同形）。代词主格的用途：
（1）用为主语 I will come.
（2）用在 be 动词之后为补语，That is he . 但 It is me . 现在白话中是通用的了，但只限 me 一词而已，其他的代词则不可。
代词的格有错误者改正之：
1. I have no doubt at all that it was her who spoke.
2. Her and Mrs. C. were expected here today.
3. It was her who wrote that letter，not him.
4. Him and his father were both taken ill that day.
5. Whom do men say that I am？
6. I would not do it，if I were him.
7. I was quite certain that it could not be her.
8. Who made that noise？Not him，sir，but me.
9. Were you there，or was it him that I saw？
10. Them that are idle are not wanted here.
11. Her father and me will soon find out where she is.
12. Tom，William，and me went out for a ramble.
13. Him and me were playing at marbles outside the school door.
14. May Robert and me go out for a walk by ourselves？
15. I have a son，whom I intend shall learn Greek.
2. 宾格（Accusative Case）
宾格的用途：
a. 为动词的目的语：I like her .
b. 为介词的目的语：They are laughing at me .
c. 用在“to be”之后，而“to be”之前有及物动词和其目的语时：
That man is so like Tom that I took it to be him .
d. 用在 like、unlike、near 等形容词之后，The portrait is very like him .
A. 下列句中之代词，其格（case）有错误者，改正之：
1. He asked John and I to go to lunch.
2. I knew it to be he.
3. I knew that it was her who called me.
4. He hurried Tom and I out the back door.
5. The lucky ones who received the prizes are Jenny，Collins，and me.
6. He wishes Henry and I to remain this evening.
7. We believe you and he to be entirely above suspicion.
8. The superintendent wishes to see you and I at five o’clock.
9. If I were him，I wouldn’t ask for a vacation at this time.
10. Why didn’t you tell Ira and I that you weren’t going？
11. It must have been Ella and him who rang up when we were out.
12. When he got off the train，there were John and myself waiting to greet him.
13. The secretary and myself will prepare a statement for the meeting.
14. The Entertainment Committee holds it’s meetings in Room 13.
15. For the life of me I can’t think of who to recommend.
16. John called the secretary and I into his office.
B. 用第一人称或第三人称代词填入空白处。
1. He thought the burglars were____.
2. He mistook the burglars for____.
3. William is better at his lessons than____.
4. It is____.
5. The portrait is very like____.
6. Nobody volunteered except Edward and____.
7. ____boys have formed a debating club.
8. Mr. Jones is going to give____boys a baseball field.
9. Who is there？____.
10. Between you and____I am not sorry that he has resigned，
11. If I were____I would study art.
12. Arthur likes you better than____.
13. Behind Ruth and____came the guest of honor.
14. Automobiles are not for such as____.
15. It was____that Joseph meant.
16. ____two are always together.
17. Richard dislikes everybody，____most of all.
3. Case of pronoun after“than”or“as”
用在连词 than 或 as 之后的人称代词，其格须与为其比较对象的名词或代词一致。
则知何以要用 I 或 me 了，因一为省去的动词 like 之主语，而一则为省去的动词 likes 之目的语。
至于动词为 be 之场合，则如例（1）所示，代词概为主格，因其为省去的动词 is 的主语，自不能用宾格，所以 He is taller than me . 和 He is as tall as me . 皆是错的，me 必须改为 I。
注意：用在 than 之后的关系代词“who”，必须用宾格 whom。
A. 将下列句中省去的动词补出，勿改变 than 或 as 之后的代词的格：
1. He is as clever as I，but not so clever as Tom.
2. I have not written so much or so clearly as he.
3. Tom has seen that man quite as often as I.
4. Tom has seen that man quite as often as me.
5. They take as much pleasure in work as he in idleness.
6. The dog barks more fiercely at you than at them.
7. The writer understood the subject better than they.
8. He is better off than I in money，but I am better off than he in knowing how to spend it.
9. None are so blind as they who will not see.
10. The mother likes to be admired as much as he.
11. So brave a man as he was never seen before.
12. That book impressed me more than him.
13. Few men have been more witty than Dickens.
14. He is more true to his friends than they to him.
15. In one lesson I made more faults than he in two.
B. 代词的格有错者改正之，且将省去的动词补出：
1. You had quite as good a chance of success as me.
2. A and B are better off than us in everything.
3. My partners have gained more than me by this plan.
4. Though her brother has studied more books than her，he has not so much common sense as her
in daily life.
5. He rides better than her，but she sings better than him.
6. That author wrote a much better book than him.
7. He is richer than me in cash，but not in reputation.
8. None are so deaf as them that refuse to hear.
9. I never before saw any girl so pretty as her.
10. Very few persons spoke so well as him at the meeting.
11. He is more convinced than me of the truth of that saying.
12. No one is more to be pitied than him for what has happened.
（7）人称代词的位置（Position of Personal Pronoun）
说到自己和他人时，应最后说“我”。
如 James and I had a long walk.（正）
但不可说 I and James had a long walk.（误）
至于第二人称“you”的位置，虽无一定的规则，但普遍都先说，以对对方表示恭敬。
如 You and James must be back by four o’clock.
A. 将每对句子变为一句，注意代词的位置的先后次序。
1. I rowed the boat. The boatman rowed the boat.
2. You must work harder. James must work harder.
3. You have been invited. Your father has been invited.
4. He saw the horse kick. I saw the horse kick.
5. The guests were glad of that. We were glad of that.
6. I was not afraid. The boatman was not afraid.
7. The noise alarmed us. The noise alarmed him.
8. The music delighted me. The music delighted you.
B. 代词的位置、数和格，有错误者改正之。
1. Them and me had a great deal of fun that day.
2. Me and my sister are much pleased with that song.
3. I hope you will invite my sister and I again.
4. Who have been invited？William and us.
5. Us and the three boys went out to fly the kite.
6. Me and Smith will play James and he.
7. This heavy road has tired out my pony and I.
8. It is fine now；me and my sister want to go out.
（8）指示代词（Demonstrative Pronouns）
指示代词的数，必须与其所指的名词一致。
The climate of England is cooler than that （= the climate）of India.（单数）
The fish of the sea are larger than those （= the fish）of rivers.（复数）
如果先行词名词有不定冠词且系泛指者，则须用不定指示代词 one 以代之，如 A box made of wood is larger than one （= a box）made of iron.
用适当的代词填入空白处。
1. A house built of brick lasts longer than____built of wood.
2. Do you want a knife？Yes，I want____.
3. The voice of woman is softer than____of a man.
4. He has no coat，and no money to buy____.
5. The men of Rome were more warlike than____of Athens.
6. The sting of a wasp gives less pain than____of a hornet.
7. The air of hills is cooler than____of lowlands.
8. The horns of these oxen are less crooked than____of stags.
9. The ceiling of my room is higher than____of yours.
10. I prefer your singing to____of your sister.
11. I like books on science better than____on language.
12. A glass of plain water will suit you better than____of wine.
13. He bought a knife，and lent____to me.
（9）代词与先行词（Pronouns and Antecedents）
1. 代词的人称、数及性须与其先行词一致。
2. 先行词为 one 时，其代词亦用 one。
3. 先行词为 you and I 或 he and I 时，其代词用 we；先行词为 you and he 时，代词用 you，先行词为 he and James 时代词用 they。
用适当的代词填入空白处。
1. If one is ambitious____will work hard.
2. One does not like____motives to be doubted.
3. If anybody wishes to go，____may go.
4. Every member of this class must hand in____composition.
5. Each hurries toward____home.
6. Each of us must lead____own life.
7. Miss Smith is teaching____class now.
8. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are living in____new apartment.
9. John is on____vacation.
10. Give a list of the things you wish，and I will telephone for____ .
11. Everybody thinks____own way is wise.
12. If anybody has a better plan，now is the time for____to speak.
13. It was an old-fashioned picnic，every person furnishing____share of the provisions.
14. When anybody is talking，it is bad manners to interrupt____.
15. I know both you and he have done____duty.
16. You and I have done____best.
（10）关系代词及疑问代词（Relative and Interrogative Pronouns）
1. same 之后的关系代词须用 that。
2. such 之后的关系代词须用 as。
例：This is the same man that came before.
He is not such a man as I wanted.
3. 当 as 之后的动词省略时，则 same 之后用 as。
例：This book is the same as mine（is）.
A. 用适当的关系代词填入空白处：
1. This is the boy____I recommended.
2. The boy____I recommended is a Swede.
3. The boy____brought the letter is，not the one____I recommended.
4. I told Anna，____I knew would keep my secret.
5. I told Anna，____I knew I could trust.
6. I told Anna，____I knew to be trustworthy.
7. I told Anna，____I knew intimately.
8. No one____you know lives in this street.
9. All____I can say is，I am sorry.
10. Give me the same horse____I had yesterday.
11. A dog，____showed his teeth and growled，blocked the way.
12. Choose the partner____you like best.
13. The policeman was leading a little child____had lost its mother.
14. Take such measures____you deem necessary.
15. Take____measures seem necessary.
16. Take the measures____seem to you necessary.
17. My hat is of the same size____yours.
18. This is the picture____I am so fond of.
19. This is the picture of____I am so proud.
20. The man____is talking to Henry is the one____owns this house.
B. 将 who（ever）或 whom（ever）填入空白处：
1. ____do you think will be the next Mayor of Taipei？
2. He is the student____was chosen to speak for his class.
3. Students____some teachers would call“naughty”are often very clever.
4. ____shall we have for the president of our English Club？
5. ____is that man standing on the platform？
6. To____are you sending the letter？
7. It was they____visited our school last month.
8. The company wants a man____it can trust.
9. To____did you give the book？
10. We never discovered____the thief was.
11. ____was it？
12. ____do you think will help us？
13. ____did you promise？
14. ____shall we choose secretary？
15. I know____you are.
16. You may work with____you wish.
17. You are the person____I wish to see.
18. There will be a price for____makes the highest score.
19. ____could it have been that broke the window pane？
20. We sent invitations to all____we believed to be interested in the school.
21. He asked me____was elected.
22. ____do you regard as the better scholar of the two？
23. ____did you see when you called？
24. ____do you think is the best physician in town？
25. ____do you suppose I am？
C. 用 which 或 what 填入空白处：
1. Is this the book____you want？
2. The man refused to tell me____he wanted.
3. This is the one____he means.
4. She wants to know____you are going to do tonight.
5. He took everything____he wanted.
6. She didn’t believe anything____I said to her.
7. Did he tell you____he wanted you to do？
8. I’ll do anything____he asks me to do.
9. Is this the letter____you are referring to？
10. He asked me____I was doing.
11. This is the book____Mr. Smith sent me.
12. That is the one____he wants.
13. I told him____the word meant.
14. This was a development____no one had expected.
15. These are the ones____I want.
16. Is this the book____he asked you for？
17. I couldn’t imagine____he was trying to say.
18. She has all the money____she needs.
19. He took with him everything____he needed for his trip.
20. A man is judged by the books____he reads.
21. He lost all the money____he had so carefully saved.
22. Have you taken everything____you need？
D. 依例句所示将下列句中的关系代词省去（注意变更介词的位置）：
1. The man to whom you spoke is here now.
2. I have bought the book about which I spoke to you yesterday on the telephone.
3. He is the man whom I mean.
4. I should like to buy the book at which I was looking yesterday.
5. Is this the letter for which you asked me yesterday？
6. That is a subject on which we will have to spend considerable time and money.
7. That is a question about which I must speak to you.
8. Which is the door at which you knocked？
9. That is the file out of which I got the letter.
10. That is the shelf from which I took the book down.
11. Which is the tree under which they hid the money？
12. That is the question over which they argued.
13. That is the story at which we were laughing so hard.
14. This is the room about which he enquired.
15. This is the one which he wants.
16. He is the man that I saw in the room.
17. Was Mr. Smith the man to whom you talked？
18. A simple relative pronoun must always have an antecedent to which it refers.
E. 将省去的关系代词补出：
1. It was a bold step she had taken.
2. I am not altogether unqualified for the business I have in hand.
3. His taste of books is a little too just for the age he lives in.
4. Censure is the tax a man pays to the public for being eminent.
5. Who is the wittiest man you know？
6. Morton was the only friend I had.
7. That sonata was the first piece I learned.
8. Ten dollars is the price he asks.
9. Are you the man I bought the coat of？
10. This is the book we are reading evenings.
11. Take any seat you like.
12.“Faust” is the only opera I care for.
13. I have done all I can.
A. 用适当的代词填入空白处：
1. She behaved____like a lady.
2. ____must be nice to have all your sons and daughters around you.
3. Was____you who sent me the box？
4. He flattered____that he had told that tale very well.
5. ____was possible that they might not return till late the next day.
6. I think____highly probable that she should come to help us at once.
7. ____is very kind，that aunt of yours.
B. 用适当的指示代词填入空白处：
1. Our greeting was like____of old friends.
2. You must help him，and____immediately.
3. There was no objection on the part of____present.
4. ____which is good to be done must be done at once.
5. ____who believe it are very stupid.
C. 将括号中错误的词划去：
D. 将括号中错误的关系代词划去：
E. 用疑问代词填入空白处：
1. ____began the quarrel？
2. About____were you speaking？
3. ____book is this？
4. ____of the two players do you like better？
5. ____do you think I wanted？
6. ____play of Shakespeare do you like best？
7. ____did you say won the prize？
8. ____was she，do you suppose？
9. ____do you think has done it？
10. ____do men say that I am？
F. 代词的用法有错误者，改正之：
1. The grass as grows in this lawn is very coarse.
2. Such a man who came today is not fit for the work.
3. I return the book what you lent me three days ago.
4. I do not like any one as does not speak truth.
5. The class what you teach is getting on well.
6. The carpenter as made that box is a very good workman.
7. I will tell you everything what I know about it.
8. Such things which they say are not to be believed.
9. The mason as built that wall built it crooked.
10. The matter what you inquire about does not concern you.
11. Such news that you brought spread quickly through the town.
12. Friendship is the virtue what I admired most.
13. He，not I，was the man as deceived you.
14. Most of all I like such scent that comes from roses.
15. A boy as is always talking can neither learn nor work.
16. The man what does not pay his debt is not honest.
17. The same book what you read last week I am reading now.
18. A bad potato is the worst thing as you will find anywhere.
19. This is the thing as he was meaning all the time.
20. Such things that do harm should be avoided.
（11）形容词与副词（Adjectives and Adverbs）
1. 副词不一定以 -ly 为语尾，如 fast、near、hard、long、much、ill、little 等，“形”“副”同形。
2. 形容词有以 -ly 为语尾者，如 friendly、manly、cowardly，此类形容词不能加 -ly 为副词，须用副词短语的方式如 in a manly way。
A. 改正下列句中之错误（形容词或副词）：
1. He writes excellent：no one in the class can write as neat and clear as he does.
2. There is no fear：he will do it easy，even if you can’t.
3. She walks very feeble after that long illness.
4. The man who said that will pay for it dear.
5. He reads rather indistinct，and requires practice.
6. He will help you considerable，if you ask him.
7. They came to school very regular all last week.
8. He treated us all free and fair，so we can’t complain.
9. The battle raged fierce from morning till evening.
10. That was noble spoken；it pleased me to hear it.
11. They were all marvellous angry on hearing this.
12. He did it quite accidental；for he was more than half asleep.
13. I will act agreeable to your wishes in all things.
14. He spoke very intelligent；we all understood him.
15. He treated us handsome，and we ought to feel gratified.
16. I am sure he did not upset the chair intentional.
B. 将括号内错误的词划去：
1. The medicine tasted（bad，badly）.
2. You will feel（safe，safely）with him.
3. He felt（quick，quickly）in his pockets for the money.
4. He feels（strong，strongly）about that question.
5. He feels（strong，strongly）again after his illness.
6. John looked（uneasy，uneasily）standing before the class.
7. Mary kept looking（uneasy，uneasily）at the teacher.
8. The air certainly smells（fresh，freshly）this morning.
9. This cake tastes too（sweet，sweetly）for me.
10. A stranger appeared（sudden，suddenly）at the door.
11. I felt（awkward，awkwardly）standing there before everyone.
12. The man felt（awkward，awkwardly）in his pockets for the keys.
13. The man looked very（suspicious，suspiciously）to me.
14. The policeman also looked at him（suspicious，suspiciously）.
15. The flower smells（sweet，sweetly）.
16. John looks（bad，badly）after his illness.
17. This cream tastes（sour，sourly）to me.
18. Look（careful，carefully）at the picture，and you will understand what I mean.
C. 将括号内的词用为形容词或副词填于空白处：
1. The dog was quite____（friendly）.
2. He did the exercise very____（thorough）.
3. He could do it more____（easy）if he wanted.
4. He is a very____（fast）worker.
5. John worked very____（hard）this semester.
6. John did the work very____（fast）.
7. He will remain in his country____（temporary）.
8. Come____（quick）. We need your help.
9. George appears to be a very____（systematic）worker.
10. You should work more____（systematic）if you wish results.
（12）比较（Degrees of Comparison）
1. 比较的语尾变化：
a. 一音节词及某些二音节词：
比较级 + er 。如 long→long er ，wise→wis er ，big→big ger ，dry→dr ier ，noble→nobl er ，often→often er 。
最高级 + est。 如 long→long est ，wise→wis est ，big→big gest ，dry→dr iest ，noble→nobl es t ，often→often est ，happy→happ iest 。
b. 二音节以上的词：
比较级：加 more 在前，如 honest→ more honest，happily→ more happily，interesting→ more interesting。
最高级：加 most 在前，如 useful→ most useful，carefully→ most carefully，honest→ most honest，以上为有规则的变化，至于不规则变化如 good→better→best 之类，则如不规则动词一样，须一一记住方可。
2. 比较变化的用法：
a. 比较级用于比较二者之事物。
A is bigger than B.（比较级常与 than 连用）
b. 三者以上之比较时，用最高级。
He is the biggest of all.（最高级常有定冠词 the）
A. 将括号中的形客词用为比较级或最高级：
1. He is the（strong）boy in the whole school.
2. Of the two sisters Mary is the（beautiful）.
3. Ann is the（young）of my four sisters.
4. John is the（old）of all my friends.
5. This is the（good）story I have ever read.
6. Which do you like（good）tea or coffee？
7. Iron is the（useful）of all metals.
8. The Yangtse is the（large）river in China.
9. Which of the two boys is（tall）？
10. George is（bad）than his brother.
B. 下列文中有错误者，改正之：
1. Keelung is smaller to Taipei.
2. New York is the larger city in the United States.
3. He is the better student from all.
4. John is more stronger than his brother.
5. I am two years elder than my sister.
6. Which is the heaviest，you or I？
7. Which of the three girls is the elder？
8. This boy’s manners are more good than his brother’s.
9. Which of the boys is the taller to the class？
10. Mount Everest is the higher mountain of the world.
C. 将括号中正确的词填入空白处：
1. He sat down and said nothing____（farther，further）.
2. Is that the____edition of the Times （last，latest）.
3. Wash your hands if they are not____（clean，clear）.
4. A prize was given to____one of the two best students（each，every）.
5. He knows____words than his brother（less，fewer）.
6. I was____when I heard of his father’s death（angry，sorry）.
7. John is____than his cousin（higher，taller）.
8. Tom is five years old，he is too____to go to school（small，young）.
9. George is my____brother（older，elder）.
10. My brother George is____than I am（older，elder）.
（13）冠词（The Articles）
1. a 和 an 的用途：
（1） a 用于辅音之前（所谓辅音系指该词的实际读音而言）。
例： a b ox， a u seful thing（因 u = 〔ju：〕）， a ew e lamb（因 ew = 〔ju：〕）， a o ne-eyed man（因 o = 〔wʌ〕）
（2）an 用于元音之前（所谓元音指实际的读音而言）。
例： an o x， an h ou r， an h ei r， an h o nest man（因 h 不发音）
练习题（22）
下列举句中的不定冠词（a、an），如有用错者改正之。
1. There is a inkspot on that paper. Ink is an useful article.
2. He was shot by a arrow while riding an horse.
3. I never allow a organ to be played in front of my window.
4. A box of tools would be an useful present to him.
5. He gave a apple to one of them，and a orange to the other.
6. He is a untidy man，both in his work and in his dress.
7. Have you an history of America to lend me？
8. He was a African by birth，not an European.
9. He was kept two months laid up in an hospital.
10. I never saw such a thing before，it was an unique sight.
11. He was looked upon as an hero by all who knew him.
12. He was cheered with an universal shout of applause.
13. Have you a umbrella that you could lend me？
2. 关于冠词特别注意事项：
（1）冠词之反复：
a. 两个名词之前各别用冠词时，表示所指者为各别的两物（人）。
例： The poet and the statesman are dead.（两个不同的人）
The poet and statesman is dead.（同一人）
b. 修饰同一名词的两个形容词之前，各有冠词时，则指两个不同之物（人）。
例：I have a black and a white cat.（黑猫和白猫各一）
I have a black and white cat.（黑白花纹的一猫）
c. 但只用一次冠词，亦可指不同之二物（人），但名词须变为复数。
例：1. Bring me the black and the white cat .（两猫）
2. Bring me the black and white cats .（两猫）
3. Bring me the black and white cat .（一猫）
上例中1和2同表示黑和白的两只猫，3则为黑白花的一只猫。
（2）不定冠词之用法：凡指一般者而非特殊者时：
公式：A（n）+ 单数名词 = 复数名词
例： A man cannot live long without food and drink.
Men cannot live long without food and drink.
（3）定冠词之用法：指特定者用之，名词单复数皆可：
例： The book on the table is a dictionary.（特指在桌上的那本书）
The honesty of my servant is doubtful.（专指我的仆人的忠实）
The waves at that time were very rough.（专指那个时候的浪）
但“定冠词 + 单数名词”有时表示该种类全体，此时则在意义上与“不定冠词 + 单数名词”没有多大分别。
例： The horse is a noble animal.（马这种动物）
此时 The horse 改为 A horse 亦未尝不可。
A. 用适当的冠词填入空白处：
1. ____chair on which you are sitting is not comfortable.
2. There is____pencil on the desk.
3. ____customer whom Mr. Smith telephoned this morning is here now，waiting to see him.
4. There is____customer waiting to see Mr. Smith.
5. I should like to find____good book to read tonight.
6. ____book which I am reading now is a very good one.
7. ____book which gave me the greatest pleasure was“Les Miserable”.
8. ____good book is always a pleasure to me.
9. Have you____cigarette？
10. John angrily threw away____cigarette he was smoking.
B. 下列句子的空白处，若需要冠词时，用适当者填入之。
1. ____coal is mined in____many countries.
2. ____fresh air is necessary for____health.
3. ____water must be pure when used for drinking purposes.
4. ____water in the ocean is very salty.
5. Plenty of____rain and____sun are necessary for the raising of cotton.
6. ____tea will not keep you awake at night.
7. ____tea which is imported from____China is of good quality.
8. ____tea in this pot is weak.
9. ____cotton is one of____important products of____South.
10. ____tea，____cotton，and____rice come from____India.
11. ____steel in this building came from____Pittsburgh.
12. ____copper is a good conductor of____electricity.
13. New York city is____largest city in____United States.
C. 将下列句中的冠词补出：
1. Rhone River flows through Lake Geneva，which acts as filter for river.
2. Most of Chinese live on plain of Yang-tse Kiang. Many live on plain of Hwan Ho.
3. Mt. Everest is highest mountain in world.
4. In order to reach Philippine Islands from Hong Kong one must cross China Sea.
5. Mississippi is longest river in north America.
6. Panama Canal joins Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
7. First World War began in month of August，1914.
8. President of United States is elected every four years.
9. Himalayas are greatest mountain range.
10. Wolf is animal of same family as dog.
D. 将下列句子变为单数，注意加上适当的冠词：
1. Camels travel across the desert.
2. Coolies work very hard.
3. Sharks are dangerous creatures.
4. Cows do not eat flesh.
5. Monkeys have long tails.
6. Footballs are filled with air.
7. Rats are larger than mice.
8. Bicycles have two wheels.
9. Kangaroos do not lay eggs.
10. Fire engines carry ladders.
补出必需的冠词，或划去多余的冠词，或依冠词之必要而变更名词之数。
1. I have just bought a fresh copy of the Old and New Testament.
2. The five elements，according to the Hindoos，are the earth，the air，the fire，the water，and
the ether.
3. Burnt child shunts the fire.
4. The old and new method of cure failed equally with him.
5. A cool and a bracing air suits me better than anything.
6. The black and the white horse that he rides fell with him.
7. I have to keep two servant-maids for this house，a cook and housemaid.
8. The just and the merciful general spared the conquered.
9. A live ass is better than dead lion.
10. The men have a higher degree of reason than the brutes.
11. He was much respected both by the civil and military officers.
12. The greatest traders in Europe are the English，Germans，and Dutch.
13. The loyal and disloyal members were agreed on this point.
14. The two parties，the Whig and Tory，were nearly equally balanced.
15. There are in this town a club，public library，and swimming bath.
16. This book is the work of a patient and an acute observer.
（14）名词所有格（Nouns in Possessive Case）
名词的所有格由加’s（apostrophe s）于名词而构成，但在如下的场合，s 可省去，仅用“’”。
（1）有复数语尾 s 的复数名词：
如 A girls’ school；the students’ rooms.
（2）最后音节为“s + 元音 + s”的固有名词：
如 Mo ses ’ laws；for Je sus ’ sake.
（3）有 s 或 ce 语尾的单数名词，用在 for...sake 之间者。
如 For appearance’ sake ； for goodness’ sake .
合成语的所有格，’s 应加在最后一字上。
如 My mother-in-law’s child； the Queen of England’s yacht；his brother George’s wife.
将下列句子的所有格名词改为复数或单数，并作其他必要之更改。
1. My niece’s book has been left on the shelf：she is careless.
2. The thief’s trick was found out through his own carelessness.
3. The horse’s hoof will be hurt if it is not shod.
4. Did you see any lady’s cloak in this room？
5. A mistress’s order must be obeyed by her pupils.
6. Many an ox’s hide was brought into the market and sold.
7. Try to rescue that ship’s crew before the ship is lost.
8. We have found the robbers’ cave；they will soon be caught.
9. A man’s muscles are stronger than a woman’s.
10. A librarian’s salary is seldom as high as it should be.
11. The witnesses’’evidence was not to be believed.
12. The lioness’s roar was heard far and wide.
13. A hero’s exploits will always be remembered.
14. The dwarf’s arm was as short as that of a child.
15. The wife’s quarters were well planned and well built.
16. The duchess’s jewel has been found by the police.
17. I dislike to hear the goose’s cackling.
（15）所有格形容词（Possessive adjectives）
人称代词的所有格的两种用法：
1. 放在名词之前作为形容词用者，如 my、（thy）、his、her、its、our、your、their； My book、 her book、 our books。
2. 作为代词用者，如 mine、（thine）、his、hers、its、ours、yours、theirs（既系代词，故其后不用名词）。
例：a. This book is mine . That house is theirs.
b. My horse and yours （= your horse）are both tired.
c. That horse of yours is tired.
注意：所有格不能与 a（n）、the、some、any、no、this、that 等词连用，故有（c）例的表现法，因 That your horse 不是英语的语法，必须将所有格放在名词之后，而用 of 与名词相联结，但此时的所有格，系一种代词了。
A. 将括号中的代词用为适当的所有格：
1. That manner of（you）is not as good as it should be.
2. The book which you are reading is（I），not（he）.
3.（I）horse is not so strong as（you）or（he）.
4.（He）cow gives much more milk than（I）or（you）.
5. What he calls（he）property is not really（he）.
6. The poet prefers（he）own poem to（you）or（she）.
7. That house of（they）is very handsomely furnished.
8.（I）house and（you）were built on precisely the same plan.
9.（She）wishes are of no importance compared with（you）.
10. That face of（she）looks more wrinkled than（I）.
11. I wish I had seen that letter of（you）before I posted（I）.
B. 下列句子有错误者，改正之：
1. He is a my friend.
2. That your shilling is very old.
3. This his coat is well made.
4. We will lend you those our books.
5. Her that manner surprised me.
6. May I borrow some your magazines？
（16）反身代词（Reflextive Pronouns）
反身代词虽可用为动词或介词的目的语，但不可用为主语：
例：I did it myself.（正）
Myself did it.（误）（将 myself 改为 I 或在其前加上 I）
反身代词虽不能为动词的主语，但可用来加强代词或名词的意义。
例：I myself did it.
She is beauty itself .
下列句子有错误者，改正之：
1. Himself and she hurt themselves badly in falling over that rock.
2. You must have seen him；myself saw him distinctly.
3. Bees provide their selves with honey against the winter.
4. He sold umbrella，and has bought his self a new one.
5. The girl is seated in the field：herself brought the chair.
6. They，not himself，paid the penalty of his faults.
7. Both herself and Mary were wandering in the woods.
8. John his self will pay for the book that he lost.
9. Why do they injure their self in that way？
10. War，as himself avowed，was necessary to his hold on France.
11. They dressed them self out in all their best clothes.
12. Jane was waiting for them：himself saw them go in.
13. He never acted thus when himself was in office.
14. That is his book：he paid for it his self.
15. Himself and Smith witnessed it.
（17）将来时态（The Future Tenses）
（1）单纯将来
注意：you will go 单复同形，但在古文则单数形为 Thou wilt go. 又第二人称的疑问形有二，只表示将来时，须将 will 换为 shall，含有意志之时方用 will。
shall 用于第二、三人称时，则有发言者的意志、威胁、承诺、决心、希望、决定等意，will 用于第一人称则有意志之意。
如“He shall（= I will let him）live. ”。
A. 用 will 或 shall 填入空白处：
1. I____be glad to see you.
2. We____be obliged to go home early.
3. I____help you whenever you wish.
4. I promise that he____not trouble you again.
5. You____be kind enough to take your seat.
6. We____miss our train，I fear.
7. I must hurry or I____be late.
8. Robert____have as much as is good for him.
9. Arthur____disobey me in spite of all I can do.
10. Arthur____obey you，I am sure.
11. Arthur____obey me，or I____punish him.
12. If we reject these offers，we____regret it.
13. I____no longer endure his insolence.
14. ____they return in season for dinner？
15. I____have to excuse you this time，I suppose.
16. You____not leave this room until you have confessed.
17. I____gladly see you at any time.
18. He____give you the money，I feel confident.
19. He____give you the money，or I____have nothing do with him.
20. ____we allow them to do as they please？
B. 用 will 或 shall 填于空白处，并用 will 或 shall 写出答句：
1. ____you promise to do better？
2. ____you make any promise if he insists？
3. ____we miss our train？
4. ____we go？Just ask us！
5. ____I go now？I fear I am wearying you.
6. ____I tell you what I really think？
7. ____you call a cab for me，if you please？
8. ____you be glad to see him？
9. ____you see me if I call at one o’clock.
10. ____we see you this evening？
11. ____you be kind enough to open that door，or____？
12. ____you miss your brother？
13. ____we wait here，or____you relent and let us go with you？
14. ____we allow this evil to continue？
15. ____you forgive me？
C. will 或 shall 有用错者，改正之：
1. A few years hence we will find him very much improved.
2. It shall go hard with our generals，if they are misjudged by their fellow-countrymen.
3. We expect that the Government shall do what is necessary.
4. If the rain falls in time，we and our countrymen shall not suffer.
5. Who can tell what shall be the greatest event in the new century？
6. I feel assured that I will not be misunderstood.
7. The money has been stolen，but the owner thinks that he shall get it back in a day or two.
8. Great dangers are before us，unless it shall be found possible to demand a remedy.
9. This has happened before，and no doubt we will see it happen again.
10. So long as the army is mismanaged，we will never be prepared when the time of danger comes.
（2）将来进行时（The Future Continuous Tense）
shall （ will ） be taking
此时制不用被动态。
此时制用来叙述未完成的动作而仍要继续者。
例：This time tomorrow，I shall be travelling home.
此句意为明天此时旅行不会终了，而仍要继续旅行，即“明日此时我将在回家的途上”。
将括号中的词用为将来进行时：
1. In ten minutes the train（cross）the new bridge.
2. This time next week the new lift（work）.
3. You（rest）all next week？
4. Next summer we（construct）the new road.
5. I cannot come tomorrow because I（shoot）.
（18）现在时态（The Present Tenses）
Ⅰ. 单纯现在时态（The present tense simple）可用来表示：
a. 现在的动作：See！The bird flies .
b. 永久不变之真理：The earth goes round the sun.
c. 习惯的行为，反复的事件：He teaches English. She keeps her word. The boy goes to school everyday.
d. 将来时的代用：（1）I leave here tomorrow.（2）（在表示时及条件的副词节中）I shall not start if it rains . Please tell him so when he comes . 但在名词节时则仍须用将来时：I do not know if it will rain . I cannot tell when he will come .
e. 现在完成时的代用：（say、tell、hear、be told、write、read、find 等）My father writes （= has written）to say that I may go to Tainan. I hear （= have heard）that he will soon be married.
f. 过去事件用现在时来叙述，使其跃如眼前，故又称为历史的现在（Historical Present），或剧的现在（Dramatic Present）。
Caesar leaves there， crosses the Rubicon，and enters Italy with 5,000 men.
Ⅱ. 现在进行时态（Present continuous tense）用来表示：
1. 现在进行中的事：He is reading a book.
2. 以现在为中心而反复继续的行为：He is writing a book on electricity.
3. 动作之开端：She is dying .
4. 将来时的代用：He is coming to see me tonight.
5. 以现在为中心的习常行为：My father is always smoking .
将括号中的动词用为单纯现在或现在进行时：
1. The train（leave）the station at 4 p. m. every day.
2. At present I（stay）with my aunt.
3. Every morning I（stay）in bed.
4. The sun（rise）in the morning.
5. The monks（hold）a service now.
6. These tourists（travel）round the world.
7. The Chinese（inhabit）a large region.
8. Hark！The bells of the temple（ring）.
9. Letters（write）very quickly on a typewriter.
10. He（play）tennis better than you do.
11. They（have）a big sale on shoes at Macy’s today.
12. John often（stay）in a hotel when he（come）to town，but tonight he（stay）with us.
13. John seems very busy，I guess he（prepare）his English lesson.
14. The sun always（rise）in the east.
15. The sun（rise）in the east now.
16. The rain（fall）heavily today.
17. Listen！The clock（strike）.
18. This afternoon the children（play）in the park.
19. This careless child（lose）his clothes too often.
20. Our side（lose）in this game.
21. When you（leave）for Europe？I understand that Mr. Smith（leave）next Saturday.
22. My mother（come）to see me next week.
23. I（go）to the seashore on my vacation.
24. On what train your friends（arrive）？
25. At present they（build）many new highways in New York State.
（19）过去时态（The Past Tenses）
1. 过去时表示过去某时发生之事，其动作在当时已完成终了。
2. 过去进行时则表示在过去某时未完成未终了之行为，故此进行时，常与其他过去时连用。
如：While I was walking to work，I met Mr. Smith，I was studying when he came.
A. 将括号中的词用为过去时或过去进行时：
1. As I（walk）home yesterday，I（meet）a beggar who（ask）me for some money.
2. It（rain）hard when I（leave）home this morning.
3. John（fall）and（hurt）himself when he（ride）his bicycle yesterday.
4. At five o’clock，when I（call）at the Smith’s home，they（have）dinner.
5. When the world war（break）out，John（live）in Venice.
6. We（sit）on our front porch when Mr. Smith（drive）his new car.
7. As Mary（get）off the bus，she（slip）and（break）her leg.
8. Smith（drive）at about forty miles an hour when the accident（happen）.
9. Your telegram（come）just as I（leave）my home.
10. John（talk）with his boss when I last（see）him.
B. 将括号中的动词用为过去时或过去进行时：
（study）I____very hard last night.
I____last night when you called me on the phone.
（take）While John____his English lesson，his friend arrived.
John____his English lesson yesterday.
（sleep）I____soundly when the phone rang.
I____soundly last night.
（blow）The wind____hard when I came to work this morning.
The wind____hard this morning.
（play）Mary____the piano when I arrived.
Mary____the piano for her guests.
（20）将来完成时态（The Future Perfect Tense）
shall（will）have taken.
此时制用来叙述一种在将来某时发生的动作，但此动作到该时将被认为是过去的已完成的动作。
例：By next September we shall have visited thirty different countries.
这句话意为：到了九月十五号时，访问三十个国家的动作将是过去的、完了的事了。
We shall have finished all the exercises in this book by June.（到了六月，所有本书中的练习将是做完的了。）
A. 将括号中的动词用为适当的时态（Tense）：
1. By this time next month all the roses（die）.
2: He says that before he leaves he（see）every show in town.
3. When you are my age，you（learn）much about the weakness of man.
4. A century from now，wars，I hope，（become）a thing of the past.
B. 将下列句子改为未来完成时态，关于时的副词亦须作必要的更改：
1. By last April he had read most of the books in the library.
2. He has almost recovered from his illness now.
3. He had finished his work at eight o’clock.
4. By the end of last year he had learnt to speak French well.
5. At this time last week we had just arrived.
6. He is paying for his house now.
7. The concert starts at six o’clock.
8. In 1940 they had been married ten years.
9. He has been living in this house for six months now.
10. The games had finished when we arrived.
（21）现在完成时态（The Present Perfect Tense）
A.（1）现在完成时指过去的行为，而其结果及于现在者，即过去的动作成为经验或完成之状态以及于现在，又过去的状态一直继续至现在者，皆用现在完成时来表示。
（此时常用 already、just、now、yet、not yet 等副词以使意义明了）
（此时多用 ever、never、often、once、seldom、before 等副词）
（此时常用 all、for、these、since、from、how long 等所诱导的副词短语或 always 等词以使意明确）
（2）现在完成时不能与表示过去的副词共用，但 today、this week、this month、this year、lately、recently 等则可。
（3）疑问副词 when 不可与现在完成时共用，但用为连词时则可。
如 I shall go out when I have written these letters.
但在强意的问句时，疑问副词的 when 亦可用。
如 When have I said so？（= I have never said so.）
B. 现在完成进行时（The present perfect continuous）
此时制仅表示过去到现在的行动的继续而已。
注意：以下各种动词不可用为进行时：
状态动词 be、resemble、stand、have、possess、need、belong 等。
知觉动词 see、hear、smell 等。
感情动词 love、like、hate、fear 等。
知能动词 know、remember、understand、suppose、believe 等。
将括号中的动词，视需要用为过去或现在完成时态：
1. I（visit）Sun Moon Lake many times.
2. He（go）to Tainan last week.
3. I（read）that book several times.
4. I first（read）it while I was on my vacation last summer.
5. Smith（have）little experience in teaching that subject.
6. John（fall）as lie was crossing the street.
7. I（see）Mary a few days ago.
8. I（try）that restaurant again and again but I do not like the food there.
9. When I was a boy I often（go）fishing with my father.
10. I（complete）writing my exercise at last.
11. I hear that you（give）up the idea of studying German.
12. He（start）to study English this month.
13. I never（be）to America.
14. Mr. Smith is not in his office. I suppose he（go）out of town.
15. I（be）in Taichung many times.
16. We are now living on 72nd Street where we（live）for two years.
17. We（live）in Washington from 1925 to 1930.
18. You are very late. I（wait）a whole hour for you.
19. I myself（study）English steadily since 1950.
20. Up to the present time，I never（be）farther west than Chicago.
21. Smith（join）our English class two weeks ago. He says that he（study）English during 1952 and 1954，but not（study）since then.
（22）过去完成时态（The Past Perfect Tense）
此时制用来叙述某过去事件发生前所发生之事件，即在过去有两件事发生时，先发生者用过去完成时，但若依事件发生之先后叙述时，则两者皆用过去时亦可。过去完成时不可单独使用，须与其他过去时共用。
例：German was prepared for war by 1914. In the previous years she had made many secret alliances. She also had developed a very strong army.
Nobody knew where Smith had gone .
将括号中的动词斟酌用为过去或过去完成时态：
1. When I（call）for John，his mother told me that five minutes before.
2. When I（ask）what he（do）with the book，he refused to answer me.
3. John assured me that he（look）everywhere for the letter.
4. I saw clearly that we（take）the wrong road.
5. By the time we（reach）there all the other guests（leave）.
6. When we（reach）home，we found that someone（break）into our home and（steal）some of our furniture.
7. When they（open）the chest，the men found that someone already（take）the map.
8. How did your chief find out that you（come）to work late？
9. The message（arrive）five minutes after John（leave）the house.
10. John（spend）much time when he was in Europe visiting the places where he（stay）as a boy.
（23）完成进行时态（The Perfect Continuous Tenses）
Present perfect continuous：I have been taking .
Past perfect continuous：I had been taking .
Future perfect continuous：I shall have been taking .
此三种时态，被动态（Passive Voice）是不用的。
此三种时态的用法，与现在完成、过去完成、将来完成三者相同，不过指继续长时期的动作。
视情形需要，将括号中的动词用为现在、过去或将来完成进行时态：
1. I am sure that this youth（smoke），for I can smell tobacco.
2. Most people feel hungry when they（work）hard.
3. These girls（bathe），for they are still carrying their towels.
4. After I（read）for a long time，my eyes become tired.
5. What you（do）all the morning？
6. I（visit）my friend in hospital.
7. Your business（prosper）lately？
8. Yes，it（make）good profits.
9. Next week this building（stand）for a hundred years.
10. By December I（attend）school for ten years.
11. The rider felt stiff and sore because he（travel）all day.
12. A leak was discovered in the hull when the vessel（sail）for a few hours.
将括号中的动词用为适当的时态（Tense）：
1. Friends who（tell）us the truth are often less appreciated than those who（flatter）us.
2. I（see）Helen last Saturday but not（see）her since then.
3. Have you any idea what she（do）when I（call）her tomorrow？
4. He says the trial（take）place tomorrow.
5. When we came in，John obviously（feel）the effects of the wine he（drink）with us earlier.
6. We moved slowly but on every side the taxis（speed）along.
7. On the stage there was a magician who（do）tricks as we entered.
8. Today we（witness）a struggle between two ideologies.
9. The newspaper states that the police（capture）the kidnapper at last.
10. By the time of the summer the hardest part of our work（be）completed.
11. What you（do）when I called you last night？
12. The minute when John came in，Henry（leave）.
13. He（be）appointed last June and（be）in charge ever since.
14. While living in France，we often（take）trips by car to the Riviera.
15. When you（go）on your vacation next month？
16. We（have）very hot weather at present. It not（rain）in several weeks.
17. The Civil War（begin）in 1861，and it（end）in 1865 but not before many thousands of men（meet）their death.
18. What Mary（do）when you telephoned her？
19. She said that she（leave）before the news came.
20. I（take）a cold bath every morning during the summer.
（24）时之一致（Sequence of Tenses）
Ⅰ. 主句的动词为现在或将来时态时，从句的动词任何时态皆可用：
I know that he was ， is ，or will be angry.
I shall soon hear what he says ， said ，or will say.
Ⅱ. 主句的动词为过去时态时，从句的动词必须为过去时态：
He says he will bring the money tomorrow.
He said he would bring the money tomorrow.
破例：a. 若从句的动词指的是普遍的真理或现在仍然存在的习惯或事实，则仍用现在时态。
He was taught that the earth moves round the sun.
We were informed that his character is good.
b. 在 than 或 as much as 之后的从句，其动词任何时制皆可。
He liked you better than（or as much as）he likes ，or liked or will like me.
c. 形容词从句可用任何时态。
He did not himself see the event that he has described so well in the book which I was reading yesterday and which I shall read again tomorrow.
d. 副词从句若其所指之时异于主句者，则任何时态皆可用。
I did not hear the story because I do not listen to gossip.
e. 表示目的的副词从句中的 may，则必须依主句的时态而变化。
I am doing it so that you may benefit.
I did it so that you might benefit.
A. 将下列句子改为过去时：
1. She says she cannot do this work.
2. I think I shall finish this report by five o’clock.
3. The weatherman predicts that it will rain tomorrow.
4. She says her name is Smith.
5. She complains that she has a headache.
6. He promises that the error will not occur again.
7. I do not think I can complete this report on schedule.
8. The students think they are making sufficient progress.
9. He hopes he can get there on time.
10. I don’t think I shall see you again.
11. I am certain that the price will go up soon.
12. He tells me that prices are sure to rise.
13. She says she has lived here three years.
14. The jury declares that the prisoner is guilty.
15. They feel sure the battle will be won before nightfall.
16. I wonder what changes the new chairman will introduce.
17. He swears he has never seen the man before.
18. She says she may be late.
19. He says he is taking English lessons from Miss Smith.
20. He says that by next Tuesday he will have worked here two years.
B. 将括号中错误的词划去：
1. They told me he（will，would）be back tomorrow.
2. She said she（does not，did not）feel well today.
3. He said that he（has been，had been）a soldier for two years.
4. He promised he（will，would）come to the lesson.
5. I asked him what time it（is，was）.
6. The paper says it（will，would）rain tomorrow.
7. I didn’t know you（can，could）speak English.
8. He said he（has，had）found his book.
9. They told us they（are，were）ready to shoot.
10. She promised faithfully she（will，would）try to do better work.
11. Did he say he（will，would）call again？
12. They thought they（have，had）found the thief but they（are，were）mistaken.
（25）直接叙述和间接叙述（Direct and Indirect Narration）
改直接叙述为间接叙述应注意事项。
1. 关于时态（Tense），应遵守时之一致的各项规则。
2. 须酌量改变代词。但传达动词的主语和被传达文的主语同为 I 时，则无变更。
3. 被传达文为疑问文时，应将传达动词 say 改为 ask 或 inquire，同时将疑问句法改为陈述句法。
但若疑问文中没有疑问词如 where、when、how 等时，则须用 if 或 whether 等词诱导名词节。可用 yes 或 no 作答时用 if，否则用 whether。
4. 被传达文为命令文时，则将传达动词 say 变为 tell、ask、order、bid 等，而将被传达文的动词变为不定词（Infinitive）。
5. 被传达文为感叹文时，则将传达动词 say 改为 cry、shout 等表示惊叹的动词，或用 very。
6. 其他关于时间、场所等的副词，有时亦须看情形而做适当的改变，如 now、ago 变为 then、before；here、there 变为 there、here 等。（参考）直接叙述和间接叙述时间之关系列表如下：
但从从句所表现之事为永不变之真理，或习常行为而现在仍然者，则仍保留原来时态，又历史的事实者亦然，如“He said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.”中之 discovered，不可改为 had discovered。
直接叙述的 shall 和 will，在间接叙述中不管人称之如何，仍援用原来者，但在无意志的场合，则依人称而变化亦可。如
He says to me，“If you work hard，you will succeed. ”
He tells me that if I work hard，I shall succeed.
被传达文为条件文时，仅用现在时态者依时之一致须有改变，其他用过去时态者则无须变动。
A. 将下列句子改为间接叙述：
1. The sailor said，“The tide is ebbing. ”
2. The teacher said，“The class will not be punished. ”
3. The librarian said，“The book has been taken out. ”
4. The newspaper said，“A serious fire has occurred. ”
5.“Anybody can ride a bicycle，”he said.
6.“Nobody may leave this room，”said the detective.
7. The commitee reported，“Shansi is suffering from a drought. ”
8.“The town was destroyed by an earthquake，”said the historian.
9.“James works in the University，”said his father.
10. The farmers said，“A shower will help the crops. ”
11. The secretary said to the manager，“Somebody is waiting to see you. ”
12. The dentist told his patient，“Several of your teeth are decayed. ”
13. The guide said to the explorer，“We shall have to camp near the river. ”
14. The lady said to the cook，“There are four people coming to dinner. ”
15. The reporter said to the editor，“I have not been able to get an interview. ”
B. 将下列语句改为直接叙述：
1. They told us that we were on the wrong road.
2. I said to him that he was wrong.
3. We said to them that we had enjoyed ourselves.
4. We heard you say that you did not understand.
5. I told them that their roof would leak.
C. 将下列问句改为间接叙述，用在 He asked her...之后：
1. Where are you going？→He asked her where she was going.
2. What are you doing？
3. How are you？
4. When do you have tea？
5. Which is the best way？
6. Are you going to the pictures？
7. Why don’t you take more trouble？
8. Is your sister still going to school？
9. Is this work important？
10. When does the next train leave？
11. Did you tell him the whole story？
12. Have you been to Sun Moon Lake？
13. How far is it from Taichung？
14. Did you have a pleasant holiday？
15. May I have some milk in my tea？
D. 将下列句子改为直接叙述：
1. He asked me at what time I got up. → He said to me，“At what time do you get up？”
2. They asked us if we could hear clearly.
3. The children asked their mother if they could stay up late.
4. They asked me which was the best hotel.
5. We asked the monks if many people visited the temple.
6. I asked her if I could get her a chair.
7. I asked the stranger if he spoke English.
8. They asked the coast guard where the ship was going.
9. We asked the policeman if we might stand there.
10. They inquired where the nearest telephone was.
E. 将下列直接命令句改为间接命令句，用在 He told him 或 He asked him 之后：
1. Leave that book alone. → He told him to leave that book alone.
2. Don’t do that.
3. Write those words in your notebook.
4. Put that pen in your desk.
5. Tell that boy to put his topee on.
6. Give that book to me.
7. Be quick！
8. Don’t let the snake get away.
9. Take of those cups.
10. Drive more carefully.
11. Lend me fifty cents.
12. Don’t be fooled by them.
13. Come to the office at once.
14. Stop that man.
15. Buy a ticket for me.
16. Don’t let that door bang.
17. Send that coolie to me.
18. Stop making that noise.
19. Throw the ball to Chang.
20. Wait a moment.
（26）条件句（Conditional Sentences）
条件句有三种，即将来、现在、过去三者，每种皆由条件部和结论部而构成：条件句的动词用虚拟式（Subjunctive Mood）。
（1）将来——表示可能之事：条件从句（if-clause）用现在时，结句用将来时。
If it is （ be ）true，I shall be glad.
If it rains （ rain ）tomorrow，he will not come.
注：括号中的形式，只在文语及慎重的文体中使用。
（2）现在：表示事实现在并未如此者 if-clause 用过去时，结句用 should、would、could、might + 动词原形。
If you studied hard，you would learn English quickly. 实际含有“事实上你并不用功，所以你不会学得快”之意。
（3）过去：表示过去事实并未如此者 if-clause 用过去完成时，结句用 should、would、could、might、must + have + 过去分词。
If you had studied hard、you would have learned English quickly.
此外还有一种虚拟式，系在 if-clause 中用 should 或 would 者。
此种条件句，用来假设未来或现在极可怀疑之事。
If you should meet him，please give him this book.
If you would succeed ，you would have to do your best.
注意二：条件句不一定以 if 开始，有时条件句常可省去。例如：
Were I rich ，I would buy that book.（= If I were rich，...）
I should like to go with you（if I could）.
A. 将括号内的动词用为虚拟式的将来、现在、过去式：
例：If John（study）hard，he certainly（succeed）.
a. If John studies hard，he will certainly succeed.
b. If John studied hard，he would certainly succeed.
c. If John had studied hard，he would certainly have succeeded.
1. If I（have）the money，I（buy）that suit.
2. If Mary（study）her lessons well，she surely（pass）.
3. If Mr. Smith（call）me on the telephone，I（speak）to him.
4. If I（get）a holiday，I（return）to my native place.
5. If I（see）her，I（give）her your message.
6. If I（find）the book，I（give）it to you.
7. If you（turn）out the lights，we（be）in the dark.
8. If you（save）your money，you（be）able to go on a vacation.
9. If he（come），I（see）him.
10. If I（know）the number，I（ring）up the theater.
B. 将括号中的动词用为适当的虚拟式：
1. Your head would stop aching if you（rest）.
2. If Napoleon had crossed the Channel，England（conquer）.
3. The airman（kill）if his parachute had failed.
4. Unless they hurry they（miss）the boat.
5. The hunter（shoot）the lion if he had had his rifle.
6. The streets would be dirty，if gutters not（provide）.
7. If lightning struck your house，damage（occur）.
8. If you changed your mind，I（surprise）.
9. If the dam had collapsed，the whole district（flood）.
10. The room will be cleaner if the floor（polish）.
11. If he（die）next Thursday he（bury）on Friday.
12. If he（die）last Thursday he（bury）last Friday.
13. If the sun not（rise）tomorrow everybody（surprise）.
14. If pigs（possess）wings they（fly）.
15. If the people not（warn）they（perish）in the flood last year.
C. 将下列句子缺少的部分补出，成为完全的条件句：
1. If I were you，I____
2. If John had studied harder，he____
3. If I will drive to the country on Sunday，I____
4. If I had been in your place，I____
5. If Mary works hard，she____
6. If you had asked me，I____
7. I would gladly have lent you the money if____
8. If I had the time，I____
9. If I had known it was going to rain，I____
10. If it doesn’t rain next Sunday，we____
D. 依例所示，完成下列句子：
（现在）例：I don’t have a car，but if I had one I would（should）drive to Sun Moon Lake on my vacation.
1. I am not in Shanghai now，but if I____
2. I don’t like to swim，but if I____
3. I can’t typewrite well，but if I____
4. I have to work，but if I____
5. He doesn’t have much free time，but if he____
（过去）例：I didn’t have a car last winter，but if I had had one I would（should）have driven to Taipei on my vacation.
1. There was not a doctor present at the time of the accident，but if there____
2. I didn’t know your telephone number，but if I____
3. John didn’t study before taking his examination，but if he____
4. I wasn’t in her position，but if I____
5. I couldn’t speak English at that time，but if I____
6. He didn’t study English before he came here，but if he____
7. He didn’t wear his overcoat，but if he____
8. He didn’t come to class on time，but if he____
9. I was in Venice last winter，but if I____
10. I couldn’t afford to take a vacation last summer，but if I____
（27）Wish 后面的虚拟式（The Subjunctive After“Wish”）
（1）wish 后面的从句常用虚拟式，以表示所愿望者并非事实。
I wish I had wings，and could fly to you.（现在）
I wish I had been there.（过去）
I wish it would stop raining.（将来）
（2）wish 后面的从句为 I wish you would（n’t）...之形时，则系客气的命令句法。如：
Wait for me！
I wish you would wait for me.
Don’t make so much noise.
I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise.
A. 将括号中的动词用为虚拟式：
1. I wish I（own）an automobile.
2. John wishes he（be）a mechanical engineer.
3. I wish I（go）to the movie with you last night.
4. I wish I（have）today off. I’d go swimming.
5. I wish I（have）yesterday off. I’d have gone swimming.
6. I wish you（live）nearer me.
7. I wish I（be）in Shanghai now.
8. I wish I（can）help you but I can’t.
9. Mary wishes she（can）drive a car.
10. I wish，when a boy，I（study）Latin instead of Greek.
B. 依（2）例所示，将下列句子用在 I wish you would（n’t）之后：
1. Come back in an hour.
2. Miss Smith，please write this letter right away.
3. Write your exercises in ink.
4. Don’t write your composition in pencil.
5. Wait a few minutes.
（28）Should 的特别用法
should 表示“义务”即应该之意时，通用于三种人称，常含有否定之意。
将括号中的动词用为 should 的现在或过去：
1. I（go）to Chicago next week.
2. I（go）to Chicago last week.
3. John（do）his homework more carefully if he wishes to pass.
4. I（call）Mr. Smith yesterday，but I forgot.
5. Everyone（do）his part to make the program a success.
6. You（begin）the study of English a long time ago.
7. You（prepare）your exercises every night，if you wish to make good progress.
8. You not（work）so hard. You（take）a vacation every once in a while.
9. You（answer）that letter as soon as you received it.
10. You（ask）permission before you took that book.
11. You（notify）the police as soon as your purse was stolen.
12. You not（smoke）so much. It is bad for your health.
13. You（hear）the President’s speech last night. It was very good.
（29）Ought to
ought 的用法和前项的 should 同，两者常可通用，但 ought 需接有 to 的不定词。
注意 ought 的过去式，系将其后的不定词变为完形，绝不是加 had 在 ought 之前。
用 ought 于下列句中，并作必需的改动：
1. I____（stay）at home and study tonight.
2. You____（go）to the opera with us last night. It was very good.
3. You____not（work）so hard. You____（take）a vacation.
4. John____not（smoke）so much.
5. You____not（send）that cable to paris. You____（send）it to London.
6. You____（ask）permission before leaving the room.
7. You____（notify）your teacher if you could not come to class.
8. John____（study）harder if he wishes to pass.
9. I____（visit）my friend who is sick in the hospital.
10. I____（stay）at home tonight and study for my examination.
11. I____not（drink）so much coffee. It is bad for my nerves.
12. I____（begin）to study English a long time ago.
（30）Should 和 have to
should 和 have to 同表示“义务”，但 should 常含否定之意，而 have to 则为肯定。
I had to work last night.（I worked）
I should have worked last night.（but I didn’t work）
看情形之需要，用 Should 或 have to 于空白处，并作其他必需的变动：
1. I____（call）Mr. Smith yesterday，but I forgot to do so.
2. I am sorry that I am so late for our appointment，but I____（go）to the bank before I came here.
3. I am sorry I couldn’t visit you last night，but I____（work）very late.
4. I really____（study）my English lesson tonight，but I am so tired that I think I shall go home and go to bed.
5. John____（take）his examination last June，but he was away on his vacation at the time.
6. I could not come to my English class yesterday because I____（attend）an important committee meeting.
7. I shall also be unable to attend class next Saturday because I____（attend）another meeting on that day.
8. I____（go）shopping this afternoon，but I think I shall wait until I am not so busy.
9. I____（write）this letter several days ago，but it entirely slipped my hand.
10. I wanted to go to the movie last night，but I____（stay）at home and prepare my English lesson.
（31）助动词的特别用法——避免重复（Special Use of Auxiliary Verbs—Avoidance of Repetition）
A. 两个句子可用 too、so、either、neither（nor）结合起来，而动词的重复则可用助动词代替而避免。
例：Mary read the book. John read the book.
a. Mary read the book and John did too .
b. Mary read the book and so did John.
c. Mary didn’t read the book and John didn’t either .
d. Mary didn’t read the book and neither （ nor ） did John.
将下列句子照上例结合起来：
1. He likes her. And I like her.
2. He speaks English. And his wife speaks English.
3. He can go. And we can go.
4. You are wrong. And he is wrong.
5. Mr. Wang has gone to America. And his wife has gone to America.
6. Mary left right after lunch. And John left right after lunch.
7. She is going. And you are going.
8. I like movies. And my sister likes movies.
9. She is making good progress. And her brother is making progress.
10. He will be here at ten o’clock. And I will be here at ten o’clock.
11. My watch is fast. And your watch is fast.
12. He wanted to do it. And Mr. Jones wanted to do it.
13. Smith was arrested. And his assistant was arrested.
14. He saw the accident. And I saw the accident.
15. She likes to read novels. And I like to read novels.
B. 在同样结构的句子中，第二分句中的动词因与第一分句者相同，免重复通例可用助动词代之：
例：Mary doesn’t like to study，but I do .
I’m not going to the party，but Mary is .
用适当的助动词填入空白处，以使陈述完全：
1. Mary can’t go tonight，but John____.
2. Mary will go，and so____Mary.
3. Mary isn’t going to the party and neither____John.
4. Mr. Smith didn’t attend the meeting，but Mr. John____.
5. Smith doesn’t want to go and neither____I.
6. John has gone away and so____Smith.
7. John studied his lesson，but I____.
8. Mary went to the movies last night and I____too.
9. John will be in class tomorrow and so____Mary.
10. John will be in class and Mary____too.
11. She won’t go，but I____.
12. Smith can speak English，but his wife____.
13. At first he thought he couldn’t go，but now he thinks he____.
14. John says he won’t go，but if we coax him，I am sure he____.
15. At first I didn’t like living in New York，but now I____.
16. My wife likes living in Taipei，but I____.
17. I knew John wouldn’t come，but I thought Mary____.
18. He shouldn’t miss so many lessons and neither____his wife.
C. 回答问题时，使用助动词作答，即无须重复问话的内容：
依上例用适当的助动词回答下列问句：
1. Ought we to study these books carefully？
Yes，of course you____.
2. Does he go fishing every Sunday？
Yes，except when it rains，he____.
3. Will they have enough money？
No，I don’t think they____.
4. Need you leave so soon？Well，no，I____.
5. Will the weather be fine tomorrow？
No，if the forecast is right，it____.
6. What is the capital of U. S. A？Washington____.
7. Which do you think are better：these or those？
Oh，these____.
8. Which ask more questions：clever children or dull children？
Clever children____.
9. What caused the fire？A Spark from a train____.
10. Who came in just now？Nobody____.
（32）不定词（The Infinitive）
不定词的各种时态如下：
自动语气（to take）
现在：to take；not to take.
现在进行：to be taking；not to be taking.
现在完成：to have taken；not to have taken.
现在完成进行：to have been taking；not to have been taking.
被动语气（进行时不用）
现在：to be taken；not to be taken.
现在完成：to have been taken；not to have been taken.
注意：在使役及知觉动词（如 see、feel、make、let）后的不定词，to 可不用。
A. 用适当的现在不定词填入空白处，以使句子完全。
1. I told him____.
2. We warned the swimmers not____.
3. I saw the monkey____.
4. They advised us____.
5. The rider made his horse____.
6. We heard the gun____.
7. He forced his father____.
8. The robbers made the peasants____.
9. They allowed us____.
10. The father let his son____.
11. You ought not____.
12. I do not want____.
13. You must not____.
14. He begged us____.
15. You should not____.
B. 1. 凡自身无现在进行时的动词，则用进行时不定词以表示之。
例：He ought to be working .
She seems to be getting better.
seem，appear，is said，is believed 等皆无进行时。
2. 现在时的不定词表示习常的行为，现在进行时的不定词则表示现在一时的行为。
The pupils ought to do their homework.（usually）
The pupils ought to be doing their homework.（now）
You seem to read a lot.（usually）
You seem to be reading a lot.（now）
C. 凡自身无过去时的动词，则用完形不定词以表示过去时。
例：You ought to have finished your work.
They should not have released him.
又用在 seem，appear，is said，is believed 等后的不定词，若其所指动作发生在主动词所指动作之先者，则不定词用完形。
例：He seems（now） to have been hurt （before）.
He seemed（then） to have been hurt （before）.
将括号中动词用为不定词的适当时态：
1. It seems（rain）every day in the summer.
2. It seems（rain）at present.
3. It seems（rain）here yesterday.
4. The rain seems（stop）already.
5. The rain seems（stop）now.
6. This child ought（send）to bed earlier at night.
7. This child ought（send）to bed ealier last night.
8. The balloon appears（descend）rapidly now.
9. The balloon is said（descend）in Poland last night.
10. He describes Hang-chow so inaccurately that I am sure he can never（visit）that place.
11. You are talking so much that you cannot（attend）to the lecture.
12. You know so little about this experiment that you cannot（attend）to the demonstration.
13. The rich banker’s son who disappeared is believed（kidnap）for ransom.
14. Everybody believes the prisoners（escape）from the country.
15. Marco Polo is said（reach）Japan.
16. The rebel army is supposed（increase）since then.
17. You should not（neglect）your work last night.
18. The rainbow is said（place）in the sky as a sign.
19. The Princes in the Tower are said（murder）by their uncle.
20. I am sorry（make）that mistake yesterday.
21. This country is supposed（prepare）its army for a war next year.
22. The prisoners should not（punish）when they had confessed.
23. You ought not（swim）while the weather is so cold.
24. This building ought（finish）soon.
25. This building ought（finish）long ago.
（33）分词（The Participles）
a. 现在分词可用来叙述与主动词同时发生的事：
例：He walked along swinging his stick.
b. 完形现在分词（如 having taken）用来叙述在主动词所指动作之前发生的事。
例： Having locked the door，they went to bed.
c. 过去分词单独使用时，则有被动之意，故不及物动词的过去分词普通不单独使用。
例：The photographs taken yesterday have come out well.
d. 名词可由分词短语和其动词分开，但代词则不可。
例：The secretary， have finished all the letters,went home.
Having finished all the letters，he went home.
A. 将括号中的动词用为适当的分词：
1. Does anybody（call）Wong live here？
2.（Start）from Venice，Marco Polo travelled to China.
3. The army，（defeat）by the enemy，ran away.
4.（Die）on 13th April，he was buried next day.
5. The（lose）money cannot be found.
6.（Arrive）at the town，we looked for a hotel.
7. I met your cousin（walk）along Chun-shan Road.
8. The burglars，（open）the safe，took away all the jewels.
9. His money all（spend），he had to beg for a living.
10. The string（break），my kite flew away.
11. Our plans（discover）by the enemy，we were defeated.
12.（Finish）all the work，they closed the shop.
13. A meeting（hold），the firm decided to close.
14. She stuck the（loose）paper together.
15. I saw an aeroplane（fly）overhead.
B. 用适当的分词填入空白处：
1. He walked down the street____a tune.
2. The____man wanted to make his will.
3. The____tree will be cut up.
4. We heard a dog____somewhere.
5. The ship____on the rock cannot be repaired.
6. A man____a black hat passed by.
7. I saw a man____in strange clothes.
8. I caught a thief____my purse.
9. The news____by the messenger was false.
10. The grass____there is very green.
11. Letters____on a typewriter are clear.
12. A house____of stone is very strong.
13. I picked up a dollar note____in the road.
14. They found some bodies of men____by bandies.
15. The room was full of girls____merrily.
16. I received the message____by my friend.
17. What is the kind of oil____in this lamp？
18. A coolie____a heavy load passed by.
19. The wounded man lay on the ground____.
20. The____points should be noted.
（34）动名词（The Gerund）
动名词的形式，完全与现在分词者同，但用法则异。
英语的动词如 enjoy、mind、stop、consider、avoid、appreciate、finish、deny、admit、risk、dislike 等，其后专用动名词而不用不定词，动名词意义上的主语，须为所有格，但名词之时则不用亦可。
A. 用一个适当的动名词填于空白处：
1. The audience enjoyed____to the orchestra.
2. No goods can enter the country without____a tax.
3. After____by all the other schools our team was in despair.
4. The athlete’s friends are astonished at his____the competition.
5. By____over the wall the convicted escaped from prison.
6. After____water on the fire for three hours the firemen put it out.
7. The car upset on account of a wheel’s____off.
8. Good advice will never prevent others from____mistakes.
9. He could not succeed in____secret.
10. Exercise is good for____fat.
11. This machine is capable of____forty cans a minute.
12. Nobody succeeded in____the puzzle.
13. The pilot could not stop the aeroplane from____.
14. I have bought some land for the purpose of____a cottage.
15. He spent all his time in____himself instead of____for the race.
B. 将括号中的动词用为动名词，注意补上必需的介词：
1. Were you successful（see）Mr. Chang？
2. Is Mary fond（swim）？
3. He needs much more drill（spell）.
4. There’s no use（telephone）Mr. Chang. He’s not at home now.
5. There is little chance（see）him today.
6. That book is well worth（read）.
7. He was prevented（finish）his work by his illness.
8. It is a question（find）the right man for the position.
9. Mr. Smith always takes great pleasure（help）others.
10. We are thinking（move）to Taichun.
11. He insisted（help）me with the report.
12. He has had very little experience（teach）.
13. Mr. Smith spoke this morning（start）a new class.
14. We are all looking forward（see）Mr. Jones next week.
（35）不定词乎？动名词乎？（Infinitive or Gerund？）
a. 可接不定词或动名词的动词：start、begin、fail、continue、regret、like、neglect、hate、cease、love、prefer、intend、decline 等。
b. 只接不定词的动词：choose、care、refuse、forget、hope、seek、persuade、forbid 等。
c. 接动名词而需加介词的动词：think of、decide on、succeed in、persist in，insist on、despair of、repent of、refrain from、abstain from、prohibit from、prevent（keep、hinder）from。
将括号中的动词看情形之需要，用为不定词或动名词：
1. Who can help（laugh）at his folly？
2. I shall refrain（express）my opinion.
3. I have forbidden the boy（smoke）.
4. I tried to persuade him（adopt）some other course.
5. I prohibited the boy（smoke）.
6. Help me（put）away these books.
7. He assists me（edite）the paper.
8. He persisted（refuse）my request.
9. He insisted（know）what I had done with the money.
10. I began to despair（attain）my object.
11. Men used（fight）with bows and arrows.
12. This boy is quite used（answer）the telephone.
13. I regret（say）that I am not in a position to help you.
14. He carefully avoid（give）me offence.
15. I think（go）home very soon.
16. I remember（meet）him somewhere.
17. I forget（tell）you about it.
18. They failed（find）me in the crowd.
19. The child never ceases（cry）till it has ceased（wonder）.
20. It has stopped（rain）.
21. It is no use（try）to deceive him.
22. It is not worth while（make）a trial.
23. I felt like（cry）.
24. There is no（account）for tastes.
25. A book that is worth（read）at all，is worth（read）twice.
26. Such book are not worthy（read）by students.
27. He is quite capable（do）such a thing.
28. He is content（live）in obscurity.
29. I am anxious（know）the result.
30. I am confident（get）an appointment.
（36）介词（Prepositions）
A. 用适当的介词填入空白处：
1. A wise man profits____experience.
2. I have a picture similar____yours.
3. You may rely____what he says.
4. He has no taste____music.
5. You will be sorry____your mistake.
6. His face is familiar____me.
7. His sister died____consumption.
8. He is married____my cousin.
9. The jury found him guilty____murder.
10. Take care____your health.
11. My sister is fond____fairy tales.
12. The dog is faithful____his master.
13. This house is suitable____a large farm.
14. He is always in need____money.
15. Never yield____temptations.
16. His face reminds me____his father.
17. This rose differs____that.
18. He is very different____what I expected.
19. I cannot agree____your proposal.
20. Wisdom is often compared____gold.
21. He was born____Shanghai____humble parents.
22. I prefer coffee____tea.
23. We should be thankful____god____all his gifts.
24. He was warned____the danger.
25. The old woman is weary____life.
26. Attend____your work.
27. I must inquire____the matter.
28. I congratulate you____your success.
29. I will comply____your request.
30. I am obliged____you—your kindness.
B. 补出任何省去的介词：
1. Morning school begins half past eight.
2. Christmas Day is December.
3. The western sky is very beautiful sunset.
4. I come school by bus every day.
5. The birds begin to twitter sunrise.
6. It is healthy to have a swim early the morning.
7. He was born the fourh of June the year 1894.
8. We have a half holiday Wednesday.
9. The ship left midnight.
10. Summer begins June 21st.
11. We have breakfast eight o’clock.
12. The farmers plant their rice February and July.
13. You should not work so late night.
14. It is very cold winter.
15. In the tropics it is good to rest the afternoon.
16. I will search my lost pen.
17. I suffered a painful disease.
18. I live No. 52，Hopen road.
19. We are satisfied our new servant.
C. 将错误的介词划去：
填入适当的介词或副词：
1. The man who spoke was standing____me.
2. There are others____me who believed that.
3. Put the two books side____side.
4. Everyone was listening____him.
5. He lived here____the year 1950 and 1953.
6. Their plans have completely broken____.
7. The soldiers came in two____two.
8. That book was written____Dickens.
9. That is a book____Greece and the Greek people.
10. I ran____the thief but couldn’t catch him.
11. He who is not for us is____us.
12. He has written ten books and there is not a single good one____them.
13. The mother divided the apple____the two boys.
14. Who is looking____you？
15. Jane is very good____English.
16. He did that____my wishes.
17. I bought that____the butcher’s.
18. He put his hand____his back.
19. That ought to cost sixpence or____the very most ninepence.
20. I hoped it would be fine but it poured____all afternoon.
21. My shoes are made____leather；beer is made____barley.
22. I can’t get this ring____my finger.
23. He put the book____the table and sat____a chair.
24. He has 10,000 men working____him.
25. What country do you come____？
26. He walked____the room and sat____his desk.
27. I shan’t be away long；I’ll be back____a year.
28. The ship rocked____side to side.
29. I don’t like to be____debt；that is to be____danger.
30. It is cold____this room now that the fire has gone____.
31. You must make the best____it.
32. The petrol is all running____；turn the tap____.
33. There are houses____both sides____the street.
34. I bought a bicycle____＄30.
35. You must try to look at it____my point of view.
36. I shouldn’t be____such a hurry if I were____your place.
37. A friend____mine went with me to the Tower____London.
38. Help me____my coat.
39. I went there____business；I have to work____my living.
40. ____reply____your letter____the 15th of November，we wish to state that we are____need____a traveler____the London district.
41. Someone left a box____the garden and I fell____it____the dark.
42. I stood____the corner____the road and hundreds____cars went____.
43. Walk____the town____me and then we will come home and sit____the fire.
44. I have been____London____the 25th____July.
45. We went____France____our way____Spain.
46. This coat is wet. Hold it____the fire____a few minutes.
47. That is the first step____getting the matter cleared____.
48. I can’t use my office____business____present；it is____repair.
49. I had never had a lesson____English until I came____London.
50. That stream never dries____even____the middle ____summer.
51. Come and stay____us____a few days____Christmas and bring your wife____you.
52. I did not approve____his action and what he did was done____my consent.
53. You need not to pay____the money you borrowed all____once. The payment can be spread____a number____years.
54. Drake sailed____the world____the reign____Queen Elizabeth.
55. The motor boat cut____the water____a terrific speed.
56. I have been____America____six months but have had lessons only____April.
57. I lived quite close____the church；in fact next door____it.
58. It was somewhere____five o’clock____the afternoon when he called____me.
59. ____the circumstances，I will not give you any extra work.
60. You could see____a glance there was someone____home；the house was all lit____.
（37）词的顺序（Word-Order）
基本原则：
1. Subject + Verb.
2. Verb + Object.（动词和其宾语之间，不可有任何字句介入）
3. Adjective（participle）+ Noun.
4. Antecedent + Relative.（关系代词应尽可能靠近其先行词）
5. Noun + Demonstrative Pronoun（指示代词所指之事物需先提到）
6. not...but，not only...but also，not more...than，both...and，either...or，neither...nor 之后，必须用同一的词类。
总则：凡意义上应联在一起的事，应放在一起。
下列句子若有安排不妥之处，改正之（参照副词的位置）。
1. The chair cost ten shillings on which he sat.
2. He shot the mad dog after driving it out of the house with a gun.
3. He left the house where he had slept next morning mounted on a horse.
4. He repeated those lines after he had read them only once with perfect accuracy.
5. The judge saw more clearly that the man was innocent than the jury did.
6. English is not only difficult to speak，but also to spell.
7. I am neither an ascetic in theory nor practice.
8. His daily custom is to tell anecdotes which amuse or excite the company after dinner.
9. Some paintings by lady artists，well worthy of inspection，will be exhibited tomorrow.
10. The general ordered the deserters to be shot indignantly.
11. In European languages we keep more the tongue in the bottom of the mouth.
12. He has been two years here，or perhaps it is more even than that.
13. I have read Platon’s writings，who was a disciple of Socrates.
14. A gang of robbers entered the house at night armed from head to foot.
15. The daughter of a civil officer retired from India，brought up in England，seeks employment.
16. His body was found floating lifeless on the water at a short distance from where the boat was upset by a fisherman.
17. His last journey was to Madrid，whence he was never destined to return.
18. Our correspondent saw several soldiers dead or wounded riding over the battlefield.
19. Paradise Lost is the name of Milton’s great epic poem on the loss of Paradise divided into twelve separate parts.
20. Before we pay them，let us see what work the men have done.
（38）副词的位置（The Position of Adverbs）
1. Adverb + Adjective（或 Preposition，Conjunction，Adverb）
即副词之修饰形容词、介词、连词或其他副词者，必须放在其所修饰的词类之前。
2. Intransitive Verb + Adverb.（但指不定时的时间的副词则放在动词之前）
例：He always laughed heartily at a good joke.
（即在及物动词时，副词或放在动词之先，或其宾语之后）
例：He bore his losses cheerfully .
He briefly explained his meaning.
4. 有助动词之时，则副词可放在助动词和主动词之间。
5. 句中有两个以上的副词时，其顺序为：
Adverb of Place + Adverb of Manner + Adverb of Time.
例：You came here quickly yesterday .
注：时间的副词常在句末，但在强意时，也有置于句首者。
6. 副词和及物动词连用时，其宾语若为名词，则放在宾语之前或后皆可，但若系代词，则必须放在副词之前。
例：Take your hat off 或 Take off your hat
The box is heavy；help me to lift it up .（绝不可说 lift up it）
A. 将括号中的副词放在适当地方：
1. This work is new to me.（entirely）
2. The aeroplane flew to the landing ground.（straight）
3. I went to London to see my friend.（yesterday）
4. John is coming.（tomorrow，here）
5. You came.（quickly，on Friday，here）
6. We went.（yesterday，there）
7. Take your hat.（off）
8. I want to write these notes.（down）
9. Pick it.（up）
10. Write them.（down）
11. I do that.（never）
12. I have done that.（always）
13. He will speak.（badly，always）
14. She has been here.（often）
15. They have been early before.（never，so）
16. Food like this is good for me.（always，enough）
17. The children felt happy.（soon，quite）
18. If he likes you he will ask you to stay.（perhaps，longer）
19. What I like,you like.（most，least）
20. I stay at my office working.（often，late）
B. only 的位置有错误者，改正之：
1. We have only lost one game.
2. He only was married yesterday.
3. I am only left.
4. These people only seem to live for pleasure.
5. We only had one orange between us.
6. She only writes on one side of the paper.
7. Only I drink water.
8. John was only punished；the others were not.
9. I only have one dollar left.
10. Please lend me your newspaper；I only want to read it.
C. 副词或副词短语（Adverbial phrase）的位置有错误者，改正之：
1. I can speak very well English.
2. I like very much music.
3. A beginner cannot speak correctly English.
4. The teacher explained very well the problem.
5. The hunter shot with his gun a lion.
6. He put into his pocket the money.
7. I sent to my mother a letter.
8. He learnt by heart the poem.
9. I received from my uncle a nice present.
10. He shut quickly the book.
11. I always am on time.
12. It rains seldom in the desert.
13. We went yesterday there.
14. I am not enough tall.
15. He begged the teacher to not punish him.
16. I told him many times to not get angry.
17. He will have not finished his work by tomorrow.
18. The question is asked often by student.
19. John yesterday did not come to school.
20. I won almost the game.
（39）常易混淆的副词（Adverbs often Confused）
A. 用 very 或 too 填入空白处：
1. It is____cold today.
2. He is____old to work.
3. I can’t drink the milk：it’s____sweet.
4. Sugar is____sweet.
5. This hat is____small for me.
6. The aeroplane flies____fast.
7. My little brother____young to go to school.
8. I felt____tired to study.
9. He is____rich：he is a millionaire.
10. The tower is____high.
B. 用 very 或 much 填入空白处：
1. I am____sorry that you cannot come.
2. I was____pleased to meet him.
3. She was____afraid of failing in English.
4. It was a____amusing game.
5. I feel____tired.
6. He plays____better than his brother.
7. His composition is____worse than yours.
8. It is a____interesting book.
9. I was____interested to hear what he said.
10. We are____astonished at the news.
C. 用 very much 或 too much 填入空白处：
1. I like oranges____.
2. Thank you____.
3. I can’t study here：there is____noise.
4. Ten shillings is____for that book.
5. He drank____and became sick.
6. I was____astonished to hear of his coming.
7. She speaks____：she is a chatterbox.
8. I am____obliged to you.
9. She was____interested in the subject.
10. He helped us____.
（40）常易混淆的形容词（Adjectives often Confused）
A. 用 some 或 any 填入空白处：
1. I have____new books at home.
2. There are not____flowers in the garden.
3. Have you____brothers in school？
4. Did you buy____stamps from him？
5. Have I____letters this morning？
6. This magazine has____beautiful pictures.
B. 用 interesting 或 interested 填于空白处：
1. I am____in English.
2. Was the film____last night？
3. The book is____from beginning to end.
4. She is a most____lady.
5. Are you____in sports？
6. Stamps are____only to those who are____in them.
C. 将括号中不正确的词划去：
1. He sat down and said nothing（farther，further）.
2. This girl is（older，elder）than I am.
3. My（older，elder）brother is called John.
4.（Every，each）one of the two boys was wrong.
5. They have（less，fewer）books than I have.
6. What is the（last，latest）news of the war？
7. Wash your hands if they are not（clean，clear）？
8. John is（higher，taller）than his cousin.
D. 用 much 或 many 填入空白处：
1. How____does this book cost？
2. ____drops of water go to make up the stream.
3. There isn’t____food in the house.
4. He hasn’t____money.
5. Are there____pupils absent today？
6. He doesn’t know____English.
E. 用 few 或 a few，little 或 a little 填入空白处：
1. Will you have____wine？
2. He is very ill；there is____hope for him.
3. There are____apples in the basket，help yourself to some.
4. He did____work and got____prizes.
5. As he did not speak clearly，____people understood what he said.
6. A clever student has____difficulty in doing this.
7. ____days ago there was an accident at this corner.
8. There were still____books to be sold.
9. Though the wind was strong____damage was done.
10. It was so cold that there were____people about.
（41）常易混淆的动词（Verbs often Confused）
A. 用 lie 或 lay 的恰当形式填入空白处：
1. I shall go and____down.
2. The book was ____on the floor.
3. The hen____five eggs in the grass.
4. She should have____in bed for two weeks.
5. ____the paper on my desk，please.
6. The jewels have____in the box for many years.
7. I____the book on the table.
8. He ordered his men to____down.
9. He____to the teacher yesterday.
10. My sister____down on the sofa and caught a heavy cold.
B. 用 sit、set、seat 的恰当形式填入空白处：
1. The sun rises in the east and____in the west.
2. The sailor____the sails to catch the wind.
3. Did you____your watch this morning？
4. The clock____quietly on the shelf.
5. Please____it on the table.
6. Please____down.
7. Please____yourself.
8. Please be____.
9. The teacher____the boys as they came in.
10. The boat will____twenty people.
C. 用 rise 或 raise 的恰当形式填入空白处：
1. Many great men had____from the poor families.
2. He promised to____the man’s wages.
3. The river____from a spring in the mountain.
4. The price of rice has____recently.
5. Should we____the price of our goods？
6. He was too weak to____.
7. The balloon____high in the sky.
8. The students____their hats to the teacher.
9. He____from his seat and left the room.
10. The teacher told him to____his voice.
D. 用 hung 或 hanged 填入空白处：
1. He was found guilty and____.
2. The maid servant____the clothes up to dry.
3. The picture____on the wall.
4. The criminal was____.
5. He____his hat up.
E. 用 borrow 或 lend 的恰当形式填入空白处：
1. May I____your pen for a minute？
2. From whom did you____the money？
3. Please____me your book.
4. He is willing to____you his knife.
5. You should avoid____things from others.
F. 用 steal 或 rob 的恰当形式填入空白处：
1. They____the house and fled.
2. Someone has____his books.
3. When the bank was____，the robbers escaped.
4. The cat will____the dog’s meat.
5. Robin Hood used to____rich merchants and priests.
G. 用 refuse 或 deny 的恰当形式填入空白处：
1. He____to go down.
2. Smith____that he had seen her.
3. Do you____that you broke the window？
4. She____to take the money.
5. I asked her to come with us，she____.
H. 用 hear 或 listen 的恰当形式填入空白处：
1. I____carefully but____nothing.
2. He cannot____very well.
3. I was____ing to the music.
4. The deaf cannot____.
5. Let us____to the story.
I. 用 fall 或 fell 的恰当形式填入空白处：
1. Did the child____from the chair？
2. The aeroplane____into the sea yesterday.
3. He____down and broke his leg.
4. The men were busy____old trees.
5. I____him with a single blow.
J. 用 can 或 may 的恰当形式填入空白处：
1. ____I carry the ice cream home？
2. ____a good house be built without a solid foundation？
3. He wishes to know if he____ride the pony？
4. This is a rule which____be applied in every case.
5. Don’t think you____write good English without studying grammar.
K. 将括号中不正确的词划去：
1. Who（discovered，invented）the telephone？
2. The judge was（persuaded，convinced）that the man was guilty.
3. He（took，received）a prize for his diligence.
4. My elder brother（learns，studies）at the university.
5. At what time do you（sleep，go to bed）？
6. She did not（accept，agree）to go.
7. Many ships have been（drowned，sunk）in the Mediterranean Sea.
8. Please（remind，remember）me to give the money back.
9. The judge（revenged，avenged）the wrong done to the child.
10. When will the meeting（take place，take part）？
将左边的词分别填入空白处：
（42）词类的构成（Word-formation）
A. 将下列名词改为其相当的形容词：
例：victory→victorious
1. ability
2. reason
3. absurdity
4. accident
5. advantage
6. adventure
7. affection
8. progress
9. aristocrat
10. athlete
11. dirt
12. fever
13. quarrel
14. calmness
15. character
16. chastity
17. circle
18. commerce
19. brevity
20. crime
21. contradiction
22. courtesy
23. empire
24. essence
25. favour
26. question
B. 将下列动词改为其相当的名词：
例：abolish→abolition
1. accept
2. accuse
3. add
4. admit
5. adopt
6. apply
7. appreciate
8. annoy
9. ally
10. arrive
11. advance
12. move
13. allow
14. argue
15. choose
16. civilize
17. compare
18. sign
19. tempt
20. reveal
21. assist
22. attend
23. behave
24. believe
25. confer
26. condense
27. consider
28. conquer
29. try
30. reside
C. 写出下列名词相应的动词、形容词及副词：
例：abundance：abound abundant abundantly
1. admiration
2. life
3. appearance
4. attraction
5. memory
6. beauty
7. terror
8. certainty
9. obedience
10. peace
11. correction
12. courage
13. purity
14. deceit
15. difference
16. explosion
17. reality
18. grief
19. haste
20. laughter
（43）语句的结合（Combination of Sentences）
Ⅰ. 结合数单句为一单句
结合的方法：
（1）用分词来形容主语或宾语：
（2）用独立的分词：
（3）用介词短语：
（4）用不定词来代替动词：
（5）用同格名词或短语：
A. 依照（1）的方式将下列各组句子结合为一单句（斜体词指结合后的主动词）：
1. He wrote down all the answers. He still had time to revise them.
2. He held his walking stick under his arm. He walked up and down the street.
3. He arrived in town in the forenoon. He went at once to the best shop.
4. The dogs are placed in different kennels. So they cannot quarrel.
5. The travellers hung up their hats. They sat down to rest.
6. Her father was a successful tradesman. He was able to leave her a great deal of money.
7. He bought a good house. He furnished it well. He brought his family to live in it.
8. I dislike the noise of London streets. I returned to my quiet house in the country.
9. He was much pleased with the cleverness of the answer. He forgave the rudeness.
10. He was inspired with hope. He climbed up the precipice. He reached the top in safety.
B. 依照（2）的方式，将下列各组句子结合为一单句（斜体词指结合后的主动词）：
1. The spring is now well advanced. We shall soon hear cuckoo’s voice again.
2. The war was over. The country was pacified. The volunteers were sent back to their homes.
3. He remained behind. The rest set off at 2 o’clock P. M.
4. The admiral brought all his ships into port. The crews had little recreation on shore.
5. He called for his gun. He took a good aim. The mad dog was shot .
6. He refused to open the door. The unwelcome visitors went away .
7. Every farmer has been provided with a yoke of oxen. The fields will soon be ploughed up for the next harvest.
8. They have reached a place of safety. No further danger need now be expected.
9. The judge entered the court. He took his seat at the bench. The trial proceeded .
10. A brief halt was made for luncheon. The army then resumed its march.
C. 依照（3）的方式，将下列各组句子结合为一单句（斜体词表示结合后的主语及动词，但用其他适当者亦可）：
1. He drives a bullock cart. He carries goods from place to place. By this means he earns his living.
2. He declined to open his door to these visitors. He gave no reason for his refusal.
3. The men made very little profit. Their industry was useless.
4. Their brother disguised himself as a sailor. He knocked at the front door.
5. There was an old Greek fable about king Midas. Every thing touched by him turned into gold.
6. The people crowded the streets to see him. His progress was very much impeded.
7. The soldier appeared on the scene. He had a bayonet in his right hand. The bayonet was held over his shoulder.
8. He was an eloquent speaker. He was also a successful man of business.
9. The traveller returned in safety from the Arctic seas. His friends were much relieved.
10. The parents took a great deal of trouble. They wished to make every child happy as well as useful.
D. 依照（4）的方式，将下列各组句子结合为一单句（斜体词表示结合后的主语及动词，但用其他适当者亦可）：
1. He has now fifteen pupils in his class. He must teach. He must prepare them for the next examination.
2. He had no money left. He could not carry on the business any longer.
3. He drew up his forces in battle army. The enemy were marching towards him. He had to meet them.
4. He stayed at home. He looked after his aged parents. This was his reason for staying there.
5. A tired man enjoys the fresh breezes of the sea. It is very good for his health.
6. He must sign his name. Otherwise the cheque will not be cashed.
7. He should make the best use of the short time left to him. My advice to him was this.
8. The sailors allowed no rats to be killed on the ship. It was their custom.
9. The pigeons flew down . They wish to pick up the grains. They wish to satisfy their hunger.
10. He was ill. For this reason he could not go to school on that day.
E. 依照（5）的方式，将下列各组句子结合为一单句（斜体词指结合后的主语及动词）：
1. Washington is the federal capital of the United States. It is called after General Washington. He led the forces of the American colonies. He founded the great American Republic.
2. Oliver Cromwell was succeeded by his son. His son’s name was Richard.
3. That law has caused us a great deal of trouble. It has produced much discontent. It must be repealed at no distant date.
4. He has many of the qualities of a great commander. He has coolness of judgment in sudden emergencies. He has skill in directing the movements of troops.
5. He fled from his creditors. This was very dishonest act.
6. John Banyan wrote a well known book. It is called the Pilgrim’s Progress . It is an allegory describing the trials and temptations of a Christian on his way to the Land of Promise.
7. Beside him sported on the green his little granddaughter. Her name was Wilhelmine.
8. Cromwell assumed the powers of a king. He had once being a private gentleman. Next he was a popular leader in the Long Parliament. Then he was commander of the Parliamentary forces.
9. Lord Clive was formerly a writer in a merchant’s office at Madras. He founded the British Empire in India.
10. Brutus conspired with Cassius and others to put Julius Caesar to death. Brutus was the enemy of kingly government of every form and kind. Julius was the first man to make himself emperor of Rome. He was the first citizen to acquire an absolute power equal to that of a king.
Ⅱ. 结合单句为并列句
结合的方法：用并列连词（Coordinating Conjunctions）如 and，but，for，therefore；both...and，not only...but also 等。
用适当的并列连词结合下列各组句子为并列句：
1. They could not decide the point themselves. They asked a third person to decide it for them.
2. They despised my warning. They shall eat of the fruit of their own way.
3. Her ways are ways of pleasantness. All her paths are peace.
4. He is a rich man. He is not proud of his wealth. He makes no distinction between rich and poor.
5. The feet of a cat are furnished with long sharp claws. A bird or mouse，once caught，cannot escape.
6. An honest man will speak out. He will not be afraid of consequences.
7. In all labour there is profit. The talk of the lips tends only to penury.
8. Life has few enjoyments. We cling to it.
9. They died on the battlefield. They lay on a bed of honour.
10. At this time of the year I do not rise at five o’clock in the morning. I rise at seven or eight.
Ⅲ. 结合单句为复句
结合的方法：用从属连词（Subordinate Conjunctions）who，which，that，when，where，what 等。
A. 用适当的连词将下列各组句子结合为一复句，须含有名词从句：
注：斜体表示结合后的主动词。
1. He will come at some time or other. No one knows the time.
2. Rain will fall today. This is quite evident.
3. I shall never clearly understand this. So I think .
4. The school will open in ten days’ time. So we heard .
5. The air is never quite at rest. You must know this.
6. He says something. We cannot rely on it.
7. You were taken ill. This was very unfortunate.
8. He was a man of fine character in all points except one. He was rather timid.
9. What do you desire to have？I will grant you anything.
10. It was your duty to make the best use of your time at school. You found out this too late.
B. 用适当的从属连词将各组句子结合为一复句，须含有形容词从句：
1. We lived in a house. The house has fallen down.
2. This is the story. I heard it ten years ago.
3. Shakespeare was born in a certain house. I have seen it.
4. You are telling me a certain story. Surely it is not true.
5. A small rest house stood at the foot of the hill. We stopped there for the night.
6. He had received a good education. This raised him above many men of his own age and rank.
7. In our ramble through the forest we came upon a thatched cottage. A fine cedar tree was growing by its side. The trees stood forty or fifty feet high.
8. The doctor came with his wife. He’s young. He’s at that table.
9. The students speak formally. They’re in my class.
10. The story is interesting. It’s short. It’s about baseball.
C. 用适当的从属连词将各组句子结合为一复句，须含有副词从句：
1. It is now late. Let us go to bed.
2. He walked with care. He was afraid of stumbling.
3. I agree to this. But you must sign your name.
4. He may punish me. Yet I will trust him.
5. He returned home. He had finished the work.
6. He persevered steadily. Success was the result.
7. He is sixty years old. Yet his eyesight is excellent.
8. They deserted their former associate. He had become poor and unfortunate.
9. We left the house at a certain time. It has not ceased raining ever since that time.
10. He may give me leave. He may not give me leave. I shall go back to my parents in either case.
（44）语句的转换（Transformation of Sentences）
（1）变短语为从句：
A. 将下列句子的斜体部分改为名词分句：
1. We were surprised at his strength .
2. The President is said to be ill .
3. Can you tell me how to get to the town ？
4. We must hope for better times .
5. We know the name of the writer of the letter .
6. Tell us the height of this tower .
7. I do not believe in the truth of this story .
8. The murderer is believed to have been arrested .
9. I do not expect him to return .
10. It is not right for us to idle away our time .
B. 将下列句中的分词短语变为形容词从句：
1. The trees growing there are pines.
2. I heard a dog barking somewhere.
3. Is that your brother getting out of that bus？
4. Where is the money received yesterday？
5. What was the agreement signed last week？
6. There was a hat hanging on the peg.
7. Give me the books lying on the table.
8. We saw some farmers planting rice.
9. The message sent yesterday was received safely.
10. What is the animal moving in that bush？
C. 将下列句中的短语变为副词从句：
1. Climbing the hill . I saw a snake.
2. He is very angry because of your disobedience .
3. He got back very late on account of a puncture .
4. He refused to go out for fear of rain .
5. During his absence nobody did any work.
6. He found the house after a long search .
7. I shall go before his return .
8. In case of fire ，break the glass and pull the alarm.
9. You cannot do anything well without taking trouble .
10. I have not seen him since his arrival .
（2）比较之互换：
依上例变换下列句中的比较：
1. The younger brother is cleverer than the elder.
2. Gold is one of the heaviest of metals.
3. I know better than to do such a thing.
4. Bad health is a more terrible enemy than poverty.
5. It is easier to imagine this scene than to describe it.
6. A live ass is stronger than a dead lion.
7. I would as soon die as injure a friend.
8. He is in no respect superior to you.
9. You know his character quite as well as I do.
10. He knows no more than a child how to keep his temper.
（3）否定和肯定的互换：
将下列句子变为肯定句：
1. You are not taller than he is.
2. This was too great an honour not to excite any of his rivals.
3. No one but a coward would flee from his duty.
4. He left no plan untried.
5. Never again will I revisit the shores of France.
6. Great men are of no one nation，nor of one particular class.
7. As long as the fair continued，not a man lost his temper.
8. Learned man are not always judicious.
9. He cannot but give me thanks that I deserved.
10. Nowhere does France come so near to England as at the Straits of Dover.
（4）词类之变换：
A. 将下列句中的斜体词变为动词：
1. He promised his assistance to the project.
2. I have an engagement today at four o’clock.
3. He talked to us very amusingly .
4. St. Paul was by birth a citizen of Rome.
5. Reliance on such a traitor as that would be foolish.
6. He successfully strove to win the first prize.
7. The plan is apparently a good one.
8. He was presumptuous enough to expect the first place.
9. If you desire admission to my service you must put your signature to this bond.
10. He forcibly made his way through the crowd.
B. 将下列句中的斜体词变为名词：
1. What does he mean by such impertinence？
2. A spider is wonderfully sagacious .
3. I left my house at six o’clock because he desired it.
4. I believe that the accused is entirely innocent .
5. His mind is so active that he succeeded in everything.
6. He was sensible enough to mind his own business.
7. The journey was not very expensive.
8. Whatever he may have intended ，he has disappointed us.
9. Her dress is so simple that it adds to her beauty.
10. He is at times inclined to act dishonestly .
C. 将下列句中的斜体词变为形容词：
1. He was absolutely ruined by that unlucky business.
2. Theft in former times was a crime to be punished with death.
3. He is a man of remarkable industry .
4. A man inclined to vice will never prosper .
5. To eat and drink temperately is the way to preserve health.
6. He is an unusually good speaker.
7. He was so given to suspision ，that he looked upon every man as his secret enemy.
8. He had not the politeness to stand aside.
9. Every one was pleased with his fearlessness and independence .
10. He presumes to think that his opinion has more weight than mine.
D. 将下列句中的斜体词变为副词：
1. It was not his intention to do you that injury.
2. It is probable that rain will fall tomorrow.
3. I signed this bond with great reluctance .
4. He led a temperate and regular life.
5. The doctor made a very careful and patient study of the invalid’s case.
6. He was very generous in his treatment of the prisoners.
7. He was ordered to leave the room in an instant .
8. There is no meaning in what he says.
9. He is careless in every thing that he does.
（5）变单句为并列句：
方法：将短语扩充为对等分句：
用适当的并列连词将下列单句改为并列句：
1. The agreement having been signed，all were satisfied.
2. The judge believes with me in his innocence.
3. He fled away，to escape being killed.
4. He will be dismissed in the event of his doing such a thing again.
5. He persevered，in spite of all men being against him.
6. He was honoured in virtue of his health.
7. He worked night and day out of ambition to excel.
8. To our great disappointment，we failed to carry out our purpose.
9. To add to his difficulties，he lost his health.
10. He spoke the truth from fear of the disgrace of falsehood.
（6）变单句为复句：
方法：将短语扩充为从句：
例：a）名词从句：
I am certain of giving you satisfaction.
I am certain that I shall give you satisfaction.
b）形容词从句：
He paid off his father’s debts .
He paid off the debts which his father had contracted .
c）副词从句：
On reaching manhood you will have to work for your living.
As soon as you have reached manhood ，you will have to work for your living.
A. 将下列单句扩充为复句，须含有名词从句：
1. I was glad to hear of your having succeeded so well.
2. He is generally believed to have died of poison.
3. No one can tell the time of his coming.
4. He shouted to his neighbours to come to his help.
5. We can place no confidence in any of his words.
6. His death at so young an age is much to be regretted.
7. We must hope for better times.
8. All his statements should be accepted.
9. The greatness of his labour could be seen from the result.
10. He was reported to have lost most of his money.
B. 将下列单句扩充为复句，须含有形容词从句：
1. That was a fault not to be forgiven.
2. Our present house suits us exactly.
3. Their explanation cannot be true.
4. He was not a man to tell a lie.
5. Joseph remained a long time in prison，utterly forgotten.
6. Is this the way to learn your lessons？
7. The benefits of his early training were thrown away.
8. The troubles besetting him on all side did not daunt him.
9. Egypt was the first country to become civilized.
10. After a storm the weather is generally calm.
C. 扩充下列句子为复句，须含有副词从句：
a）用原因从句：
1. In the absence of any other helpers，we must accept his aid.
2. They were much surprised to hear him confess his fault.
3. He was ashamed at being unable to give an answer.
b）用结果从句：
4. The problem was too difficult to be solved.
5. He worked very well，to the astonishment of every one.
6. He fell under suspicion by becoming suddenly rich.
c）用目的从句：
7. He labours day and night with a view to becoming rich.
8. He started by night to escape being seen by any one.
9. He purposes to become rich by sticking steadily to his work.
d）用条件从句：
10. Without leave from the teacher，we should not go out.
11. He would be very thankful to be relieved of all this trouble.
12. Turning to the right，you will find the house.
13. In the absence of the master，the whole house would have been burned to the ground.
e）用比例从句：
14. He is strong for a child of eight.
15. With every man who came in，another went out.
f）用时间从句：
16. He was very sorry on finding out his mistake.
17. With every cough he felt a good deal of pain.
18. In the absence of the cat the mice play.
19. Since the receipt of this news，every one has been happy.
20. Till the arrival of the Saxons，English was not spoken in Britain.
英文语法练习手册习题解答
A. 1. They are here.
2. The gates are locked.
3. We are very tired.
4. Where are they going?
5. We are very sorry for it.
6. My books are lost.
7. The fish（es）are swimming.
8. My feet are sore.
9. My teeth are aching.
10. The children are happy.
B. 1. Sheep were grazing here.
2. Those were cool valleys.
3. The children were asleep.
4. The eggs were cracked.
5. When were we admitted?
6. How old were they?
7. Deer were in the wood.
8. Geese were standing there.
9. There were no proofs.
10. Wolves were seen there.
C. 1. The loaf is baked.
2. The rat is caught.
3. No box is here.
4. Where is the box?
5. The fly is very harmful.
6. I am very tired.
7. The ox is resting.
8. Why is he so careless?
9. I am fond of play.
10. The bird is roosting.
D. 1. Some man was hurt.
2. Was the thief caught?
3. The horse’s tail was cut.
4. This mouse was caught.
5. The goose was not found.
6. The pony was sent away.
7. The loaf was served up.
8. The lady was seated.
9. There was one girl in this class.
10. Here was the house.
E. 1. They have long been gone.
2. Have we seen you before?
3. Have the cats been found?
4. The thieves have been caught.
5. We have done our best.
6. The glasses have been broken.
7. The roofs have been mended.
8. The loaves have been cut.
9. The wolves have been shot.
10. The mice have run away.
F. 1. The goose has been found.
2. My tooth has been aching.
3. His son has left him.
4. I have left school.
5. The ox has come home.
6. I have arrived.
7. The deer has fled.
8. The bird has flown.
9. The sheep has been lost.
10. My foot has been in pain.
G. 1. We do not like him.
2. They do not like me.
3. Do the boys work hard?
4. The boys do not know me.
5. Geese do not fly.
6. Do my friends know me?
7. Do the fires burn well?
8. They do not learn much.
9. Do they keep a dog?
10. The men do not work.
H. 1. I do not go today.
2. Does he keep a horse?
3. They keep a horse，so do I.
4. I do not understand you.
5. He does not go to school.
6. Does he wish to see me?
7. A wolf does not come here.
8. Our cow does not thrive.
9. I do not see you often.
10. I do not want your help.
1. is
2. are
3. is
4. are
5. were；was
6. is
7. was
8. have
9. has（因 sum and substance 表示一个概念）
10. have
11. have
12. do
13. does
14. does
15. does
16. do
17. do
18. has；have
19. do
20. has
21. is（因系指一物，即穿有线的针）
22. is
23. is
1. is
2. are
3. have
4. have
5. has
6. are
7. does
8. are
9. have
10. is
11. am
12. does
13. have
14. are
1. was
2. is
3. has
4. have
5. has
6. is
7. are
8. is
9. is
10. are
11. are
12. was
13. is
14. is
15. have
16. is
17. is
18. is（was）
1. is
2. am
3. have
4. has
5. is
6. are
7. is
8. have
9. has
10. are
1. are
2. does
3. is
4. are（were）
5. are（were）
6. has
7. are（were）
8. does
9. are，have
10. is
11. were
12. was
13. are
14. have
15. is
16. do
17. do
18. are
19. does
20. are
21. are（were）
22. does
a.1. You were … weren’t you?
2. Good news has come…
3. Neither reward nor punishment is to be…
4. A carrier with his horse and dog has just…
5. Every man and every horse was …
6. Is either of these horses yours？No，neither of them is …
7. Not a word of these lectures was read out…
8. None of the men selected were found…
9. A large number of cattle are grazing…
10. The audience were not agreed…
11. The carriage and the horse are both…
12. When pain or grief attacks us，…
13. The poultry in your yard are picking up…
14. There’ re four or five persons…
15. A white and a grey rabbit have run…（因指白的和灰的两个）
16. There’ re as many as fifty sheep…
17. The poet and painter that lived here is dead.（因冠词之省略而指一人，即画家兼诗人）
18. Either James or you are sure to win…
19. My box as well as my book has been taken away.
20. The sum of twenty shillings a week was paid to him.
21. A garden full of flowers looks very beautiful.
22. They，and not he， have to pay the fine.
23. Both are clear writers；neither of them makes mistakes.
24. Every man of the boat’s crew except two was taken ill.
25. A large number of men have come…
26. To write well，to speak well，or to act well is difficult.
27. Energy and hopefulness，like faith， remove mountains.
28. Each and all of them were shocked…
29. Nothing but rain and clouds was seen…
30. The sum and substance of the matter was …（因 The sum and substance=The gist［要点］，表示一个概念）
b. 1. has
2. is
3. is
4. are
5. is
6. has
7. are；have
8. are
9. is
10. have
11. is
12. are
13. do
14. is
15. has
16. is（was）
17. are（were）
18. is
19. is
20. are
21. is
22. have
23. is
24. are
25. am
26. is
27. is
28. is
29. are
30. is
31. is
32. are（were）
33. is
34. were
35. was
36. are
37. is
38. are
39. are
40. are；is
A. 1. Does this man weigh more than that one?
2. Do you usually wear a coat?
3. Does a box of matches cost a cent?
4. Do ants lay eggs?
5. Do trees live for thousands of years?
6. Does a coolie earn a lot of money?
7. Do wasps make honey?
8. Does he take the letters to the post office every day?
9. Does the sun shine everywhere each day?
10. Do we like lemonade?
11. Is this seat made of leather?
12. Are these machines driven by steam?
13. Are flowers grown in these fields?
14. Am I often punished?
15. Are there twelve months in a year?
16. Has John left for Chicago?
17. Does this book belong to her?
18. Do I think it is going to rain?
19. Does he drive to work every day?
20. Does their class meet on the tenth floor?
21. Did the prisoner tell the truth?
22. Did she dress herself in her best clothes?
23. Did the sun shine brightly this morning?
24. Did the gardener throw a stone at the dog?
25. Did the soldiers fight well?
26. Did the boy laugh at them and think he was very witty?
27. Did the servant put the lamp on the table?
28. Did the wind blow very hard last night?
29. Did the plate broken to pieces?
30. Did the doctor come to see him yesterday?
B. 1. a. Isn’t William…?
b. Why isn’t William…?
2. a. Won’t Helen be…?
b. Why won’t Helen be…?
3. a. Won’t she be…?
b. Why won’t she be…?
4. a. Did he take…?
b. Why did he not take…?
5. a. Does Mary not like…?
b. Why does Mary not like…?
6. a. Didn’t she attend…?
b. Why didn’t she attend…?
7. a. Don’t they like…?
b. Why don’t they like…?
8. a. Aren’t they going…?
b. Why aren’t they going…?
9. a. Did Mr. Smith not come…?
b. Why did Mr. Smith not come…?
10. a. Will he not be…?
b. Why will he not be…?
11. a. Doesn’t he like…?
b. Why doesn’t he like…?
12. a. Hasn’t John delivered…?
b. Why hasn’t John delivered…?
13. a. Does she not like…?
b. Why does she not like…?
14. a. Did I not study…?
b. Why did I not study…?
15. a. Does Mary never come…?
b. Why does Mary never come…?
16. a. Didn’t I bring…?
b. Why didn’t I bring…?
17. a. Isn’t John making…?
b. Why isn’t John making…?
18. a. Are John and Mary not going…?
b. Why are John and Mary not going…?
19. a. Doesn’t Robert eat…?
b. Why doesn’t Robert eat…?
20. a. Did you not speak…?
b. Why did you not speak…?
21. a. Wasn’t Mary promoted…?
b. Why wasn’t Mary promoted…?
22. a. Are there not…?
b. Why are there not…?
23. a. Is the book not…?
b. Why is the book not…?
24. a. Did they not go…?
b. Why did they not go…?
C. 1. You have found that…
2. He saw the event…
3. He likes the scent…
4. They will remain…
5. In hot countries men chiefly wear…
6. The shepherd drove away…
7. He sheared as many as…
8. She will wear the same…
9. He wrote those…
10. An elephant lives for…
11. An elephant is the largest…
12. This seems to be…
13. He could have done…
14. The shepherd did not say…
15. He should not take…
16. We must really start…
17. He stood all day…
18. The sun rises at six…
19. She awoke and got up…
20. You saw by chance…
1. didn’t you?
2. doesn’t she?
3. don’t you?
4. didn’t you?
5. isn’t she?
6. doesn’t he?
7. does he?
8. hasn’t he?
9. didn’t you?
10. did he?
11. isn’t she?
12. don’t you?
13. are you?
14. does she?
15. isn’t it?
16. are they?
17. doesn’t it?
A. 1. He has not gone…
2. They will not be…
3. I can not meet…
4. I may not be…
5. We are not going…
6. He will not leave…
7. He is not an engineer…
8. Mr. Smith has not studied…
9. You must not write…
10. Mary is not taking…
11. He will not be…
12. I have not finished…
13. He is not making…
14. We shall not see…
15. John used not to study hard.
16. I dare not ask him.
17. Mary will not be promoted…
18. He has not been…
19. You ought not to go.
20. I have not a good library.
21. He is not a man…
B. 1. I did not feel much…
2. You did not sing better…
3. We did not hear of…
4. It did not rain hard…
5. The sun did not rise at…
6. The fox did not fall into…
7. The bees did not gather much…
8. This tree does not strike its roots…
9. Some trees do not die before…
10. They did not tell the boy…
11. He did not strive to do…
12. He did not give as much as…
13. John did not make many…
14. It does not rain every day…
15. I had not（I did not have）time…
16. I did not understand everything…
17. He does not eat his lunch…
18. She does not want to…
19. He did not begin his…
20. Our classroom has not（does not have）…
21. I am not afraid…
22. He did not stay in…
23. We do not need a fan…
24. We do not use many…
25. John did not come to…
26. Mary does not like to…
27. They did not move to…
28. William does not speak…
C. 1. He saw me…
2. The sun rose…
3. The watchman ran away…
4. We thought John…
5. He spoke about…
6. She thinks that…
7. He felt ill…
8. The lightning stroke the top…
9. The noise in the street broke my sleep.
10. He comes here…
11. They sought for…
12. The dog hunted the deer…
13. The master expects me…
14. This book seems to be…
15. He heard,I think，…
16. The child,walking along the bank,fell into…
17. This student strove to keep…
18. Bees gather much honey…
19. I will give this…
A. 1. We were very much disappointed in the movie.
2. The export division is managed by Mr. Jones.
3. We are taught English by the teacher. English is taught us by the teacher.
4. A dancing class was started by them last week.
5. I was bought this book by him yesterday. This book was bought me by him yesterday.
6. That report has to be finished by Smith tomorrow.
7. By whom has this glass been broken?
8. Fine workers were arrested by the police.
9. America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.
10. He was ordered to take a long rest by the doctor.
11. We were showed the city by a guide. The city was showed us by a guide.
12. If a king may be looked at by a cat,I may be looked at by it too.
13. They were welcomed back by the city on their return from the battlefield.
14. Let me not be disturbed.
15. Will not he be persuaded to work better by a sense of duty?
16. I was called upon to give my reasons by the meeting.
17. Should I be found at home by him,he would not be received by me.
18. I was quite shocked by the language that he used.
19. Who was blamed by them for that unfortunate accident?
20. He was elected president by the people.
B. 1. The enemy captured the town.
2. An unknown person stole the money.
3. His voice and manner hurt me much.
4. A lightning struck him,as he sat under a tree.
5. A bull attacked my brother and me.
6. All the butchers close the shops.
7. The annual rains fertilize the soil of India.
8. An earthquake cracked the walls of the house.
9. Have you shut the door?
10. I am cooking food.
1. I have no doubt at all that it was she who spoke.
2. She and Mrs C. were expected here today.
3. It was she who wrote that letter,not he .
4. He and his father were both taken ill that day.
5. Who do men say that I am?
6. I would not do it,if I were he .
7. I was quite certain that it could not be she .
8. Who made that noise? Not he , sir, but I .
9. Were you there, or was it he that I saw?
10. They that are idle are not wanted here.
11. Her father and I will soon find out where she is.
12. Tom,William and I went out for a ramble.
13. He and I were playing at marbles outside the school door.
14. May Robert and I go out for a walk by ourselves?
15. I have a son, who I intend shall learn Greek.
A. 1. He asked John and me to go to lunch.
2. I knew it to be him .
3. I knew that it was she who called me.
4. He hurried Tom and me out the back door.
5. The lucky ones who received the prizes are Johnny, Collins and I .
6. He wishes Henry and me to remain this evening.
7. We believe you and him to be entirely above suspicion.
8. The superintendent wishes to see you and me at five o’clock.
9. If I were he , I would ask for a vacation at this time.
10. Why didn’t you tell Ira and me that you were going?
11. It must have been Ella and he who rang up when we were out.
12. When he got out off the train, there were John and I （myself）waiting to greet him.（myself 一类的 self 代词，不能当作 I, he 等单纯代词用）
13. The secretary and I （myself）will prepare a statement for the meeting.
14. it’s 改为 its, 因 it’s 是 it is 的缩写，it 的所有格是 its。
15. For the life of me I can’t think of whom to recommend.
16. John called the secretary and me into his office.
B. 1. they, we
2. them, us
3. I, she；we, they
4. I（me）, she, he；we, they
5. me, him（在形容词 like, near 之后的名词或代词须为宾格）
6. me, him
7. we
8. us
9. I
10. me
11. he
12. me（因 me 是省去了的 he likes 的目的语），I（因 I 是省去了的 like you 的主语）
13. me
14. we, they（are）
15. he
16. They
17. me
A. 1. He is as clever as I am , but not so clever as Tom is .
2. I have not written so much or so clearly as he has .
3. Tom has seen…as often as I have .
4. Tom has seen…as often as he has seen me.
5. They take…as he does in idleness.
6. The dog barks…than it barks at them.（用 does 以代 barks 亦可）
7. The writer understood…than they understood .（用 did 来代 understood 亦可）
8. He is…than I am …，but I am…than he is …
9. None are…as they are …
10. The mother likes…as he does .（does 即等于 likes to be admired）
11. So brave a man as he was was never seen before.
12. That book impressed…than it impressed him.
13. Few men have…than Dickens had .
14. He is…than they are to him.
15.…I made…than he did in two.
B. 1. You had…as I had .
2. A and B are…than we are in everything.
3. My partners have gained…than I have by this plan.
4. Though her brother has studied…than she has , he has not…as she has in daily life.
5. He rides…than she does , but she sings…than he does .
6. That author wrote…than he did .
7. He is…than I am in cash, but…
8. None are…as they are that…
9. I never before saw…as she is .
10. Very few persons spoke…as he did at the meeting.
11. He is more convinced than I am of the truth…
12. No one is more…than he is for what…
A. 1. The boatman and I rowed the boat.
2. You and James must work harder.
3. You and your father have been invited.
4. He and I saw the horse kick.
5. The guests and we were glad of that.
6. The boatman and I were not afraid.
7. The noise alarmed him and us.
8. The music delighted you and me.
B. 1. They and I had a great deal of fun that day.
2. My sister and I are much pleased with that song.
3. I hope you will invite my sister and me again.
4. Who have been invited? William and we .
5. The three boys and we went out to fly the kite.
6. Smith and I will play James and him.
7. This heavy road has tired out my pony and me .
8. It is fine now； my sister and I want to go out.
1. one
2. one
3. that
4. one
5. those
6. that
7. that
8. those
9. that
10. that
11. those
12. one
13. it
1. one
2. one’s
3. he
4. his
5. his
6. his
7. her
8. their
9. his
10. them
11. his
12. him
13. his
14. him
15. your
16. our
A. 1. that（whom）
2. that（whom）
3. who（that）, that（whom）
4. who
5. whom
6. whom
7. whom
8. that（whom）
9. that
10. that
11. which
12. that（whom）
13. who（that）
14. as
15. whatever
16. that（which）
17. as
18. that
19. which
20. who（that），that（who）
B. 1. who
2. who
3. whom
4. whom
5. who
6. whom
7. who
8. whom
9. whom
10. who
11. Who
12. Who
13. Whom
14. Whom
15. who
16. whomever
17. whom
18. whoever
19. Who
20. whom
21. who
22. Whom
23. Whom
24. Who
25. Who
C. 1. which
2. what
3. which
4. what
5. which
6. which
7. what
8. which
9. which
10. what
11. which
12. which
13. what
14. which
15. which
16. which
17. what
18. which
19. which
20. which
21. which
22. which
D. 1. The man you spoke to is here now.
2. I have bought the book I spoke to you about…
3. He is the man I mean.（为及物动词的目的语的关系代词常可省去）
4. I should like to buy the book I was looking at yesterday.
5. Is this the letter you asked me for yesterday？
6. That is a subject we will have to spend considerable time and money on .
7. That is a question I must speak to you about.
8. Which is the door you knocked at ？
9. That is the file I got the letter out of .
10. That is the shelf I took the book down from .
11. Which is the tree they hid the money under ?
12. That is the question they argued over .
13. That is the story we were laughing so hard at .
14. This is the room he inquired about .
15. This is the one he wants .
16. He is the man I saw in the room .
17. Was Mr. Smith the man you talked to ?
18.…an antecedent it refers to .
E. 1. It was a bold step that she had taken.
2.…the business which I have in hand.
3.…the age in which he lives 或 the age which he lives in.
4.…the tax which a man pays to…
5.…the wittiest man that you know?
6.…the only friend that I had.
7.…the first piece which I learned.
8.…the price which he asks.
9.…the man of whom I bought the coat. 或 the man whom I bought the coat of.
10.…the book which we are reading evenings.
11.…Take any seat that you like.
12.…the only opera which I care for. or the only opera for which I care.
13.…all that I can.
A. 1. herself
2. It
3. it
4. himself
5. It
6. it
7. She
B. 1. that
2. that
3. those
4. That
5. Those
C. 1. some
2. some
3. any
4. any
5. both
6. it
7. his
D. 1. who
2. which, who
3. who, that
4. that
5. which
6. that
7. that
8. that
9. that
10. which, what
E. 1. Who
2. whom
3. whose
4. Which
5. Whom
6. Which
7. Who
8. Who
9. Who
10. who
F. 1. The grass which （that）grows…
2. Such a man as came…
3. I return the book which （ that） you lent me…
4. I do not like any one who （ that ）does…
5. The class which （ that ）you teach…
6. The carpenter who （ that ）made…
7. I will tell you everything that I know…
8. Such things as they say…
9. The mason who built…
10. The matter which （ that ）you inquire about…
11. Such news as you brought…
12. Friendship is the virtue which （ that ）I admire most.
13.…the man who （ that ）deceived you.
14.…such scent as comes…
15. A boy who is…
16. The man who （ that ）does…
17. The same book that you read…
18.…the worst thing that you will…
19. This is the thing that he was…
20. Such things as do…
A. 1. He writes excellently ：…can write as neatly and clearly …
2. He will do it easily …
3. She walks very feebly …
4.…will pay for it dearly .
5. He reads rather indistinctly …
6. He will help you considerably …
7. He came to school very regularly …
8. He treated us all freely and fairly …
9. The battle raged fiercely …
10. That was nobly spoken…
11. They were all marvellously angry…
12. He did it quite accidentally …
13. I will act agreeably …
14. He spoke very intelligently …
15. He treated us handsomely …
16.…the chair intentionally .
B. 1. badly
2. safely
3. quick
4. strongly
5. strongly
6. uneasily
7. uneasy
8. freshly
9. sweetly
10. sudden
11. awkwardly
12. awkward
13. suspiciously
14. suspicious
15. sweetly
16. badly
17. sourly
18. careful
C. 1. friendly
2. thoroughly
3. easily
4. fast
5. hard
6. fast
7. temporarily
8. quickly
9. systematic
10. systematically
A. 1. strongest
2. more beautiful
3. youngest
4. oldest
5. best
6. better
7. most useful
8. largest
9. taller
10. worse
B. 1. smaller than
2. the largest city
3. the best student of all
4. John is stronger than his sister
5. two years older than
6. the heavier
7. the oldest
8. are better than
9. the tallest of （ in ）
10. the highest
C. 1. further
2. latest
3. clean
4. each
5. fewer
6. sorry
7. taller
8. young
9. elder
10. older
1. an inkspot； a useful
2. an arrow； a horse
3. an organ
4. a useful
5. an apple； an orange
6. an untidy
7. a history
8. an African； a European
9. a hospital
10. a unique
11. a hero
12. a universal
13. an umbrella
A. 1. The
2. a
3. The
4. a
5. a
6. The
7. The
8. A
9. a
10. the
B. 1.—
2.—
3.—
4. The
5.—
6.—
7. The,—
8. The
9.—, the, the
10.—
11. The,—
12.—
13. the, the
C. 1. The Rhone River…for the river.
2. Most of the Chinese live on the plain of the Yangtse Kiang. Many live on the plain of the Hwan Ho.
3.… the highest mountain in the world.
4.…to reach the Philippine Islands…cross the China Sea.
5. The Mississippi is the longest…
6. The Panama Canal joins the Pacific…
7. The first… the month…
8. The president of the United States…
9. The Himalayas are the greatest…
10. The wolf is an animal of the same family as the dog.
D. 1. A camel travels across the desert.
2. A coolie works very hard.
3. The shark is a dangerous creature.
4. The cow does not eat flesh.
5. The monkey has a long tail.
6. A football is filled with air.
7. The rat is larger than the mouse.
8. A bicycle has two wheels.
9. The kangaroo does not lay an egg.
10. The fire engine carries a ladder.
1. 1 have just bought a fresh copy of the Old and New Testaments .
2. The five elements, according to the Hindoos, are earth, air, fire, water and ether.
3. A burnt child shunts the fire.
4. The old and new methods of cure failed equally with him.
5. A cool and bracing air suits me better than anything.
6. The black and white horse that he rides fell with him.
7. I have to keep two servant-maids for this house, a cook and a housemaid.
8. The just and merciful general spared the conquered.
9. A live ass is better than a dead lion.
10. Men have a higher degree of reason than brutes.
11. He was much respected both by the civil and the military officers.
12.…are the English, the Germans, and the Dutch.
13. The loyal and the disloyal members…
14. The two parties, the Whig and the Tory,…
15.…a club, a public library and a swimming bath.
16.…of a patient and acute observer.
1. My nieces’books have been left on the shelf : they are careless.
2. The thieves’tricks were found out through their own carelessness.
3. The horses’hoofs will be hurt if they are not shod.
4. Did you see any ladies’cloaks in this room?
5. Mistresses’orders must be…by their pupils.
6. Many oxen’s hides were brought…
7.…those ships’crew before the ships are lost.
8.…the robber’s cave；he will be…
9. Men’s muscles are stronger than women’s.
10. Librarians’salary is seldom…
11. The witness’s evidence…
12. The lionesses’roar was heard…
13. Heroes’exploits will always…
14. The dwarfs’arms were as short as those of children.
15. The wives’quarters were…
16. The duchesses’jewels have been…
17.…the geese’s cackling.
A. 1. yours
2. mine, his
3. My, yours, his
4. His, mine, yours
5. his, his
6. his, yours, hers
7. theirs
8. My, yours
9. Her, yours
10. hers, mine
11. yours, mine
B. 1. He is a friend of mine.
2. That shilling of yours is very old.
3. This coat of his is well made.
4. We will lend you those books of ours.
5. That manner of hers surprised me.
6. May I borrow some magazines of yours?
1. He and she hurt…
2.…； I saw him distinctly.
3. Bees provide themselves with…
4.…bought himself a new one.
5.… she brought the chair.
6. They, not he , paid the penalty of his faults.
7. Both she and Mary were…
8. John himself will pay…
9.…injure themselves in that way.
10. War, as he avowed, was…
11. They dressed themselves out…
12.… he saw them go in.
13.…when he was in office.
14.…paid for it himself .
15. He and Smith…
A. 1. shall
2. shall
3. will
4. shall
5. will
6. shall
7. shall
8. shall
9. will
10. shall
11. shall, will
12. shall
13. will
14. Will
15. shall
16. shall
17. will
18. Will
19. Shall, shall
20. Shall
B. 1. Will；I will
2. Shall；I shall
3. Shall；We shall
4. Will；We will
5. Shall；You shall
6. Shall；You Shall
7. Will；I will
8. Shall；I shall
9. Will；I will
10. Shall；We shall
11. Will, shall；I will. You shall
12. Shall；I shall
13. Shall, will；You shall. I will（not）.
14. Shall；You shall（not）
15. Will；I will
C. 1.…we shall find…
2. It will go…
3.…the Government will do…
4.…our countrymen will not suffer…
5.…what will be…
6.…I shall…
7.…he will get…
8.…unless it will be found…
9.…we shall see…
10.…we shall never be…
1.…will be crossing…
2.…will be working…
3. Shall you be resting…?
4.…shall be constructing…
5.…shall be shooting.
1. leaves
2. am staying
3. stay
4. rises
5. is holding
6. are travelling
7. inhabit
8. are ringing
9. are written
10. plays
11. are having
12. stays, comes, is staying
13. is preparing
14. rises
15. is rising
16. is falling
17. is striking
18. are playing
19. loses
20. is losing
21. do you leave, is leaving
22. is coming
23. am going
24. are your friends arriving
25. are building
A. 1. was walking, met, asked
2. was raining, left
3. fell, hurt, was riding
4. called, were having
5. broke，was living
6. were sitting, drove
7. was getting, slipped, broke
8. was driving, happened
9. came, was leaving
10. was talking, saw
B.（study）I studied very hard…
I was studying last night…
（take）While John was taking his English lesson…
John took his English lesson yesterday.
（sleep）I was sleeping soundly when…
I slept soundly last night.
（blow）The wind was blowing hard when…
The wind blew hard last night.
（play）Mary was playing the piano when…
Mary played the piano for her guests.
A. 1. will have died
2. will have seen
3. will have learned
4. will have become
B. 1. By next April he will have read most…
2. He will have completely recovered from his illness by that time .
3. He will have finished his work by eight o’clock.
4. By the end of next year he will have learnt to speak French well.
5. By this time next week we shall have already arrived.
6. He will have paid for his house by that time .
7. The concert will have started at six thirty .
8. In 1960 they will have been married thirty years .
9. He will have lived in this house for six months by that time .
10. The games will have finished before we arrive.
1. have visited
2. went
3. have read
4. read
5. has had
6. fell
7. saw
8. have tried
9. went
10. have completed
11. have given
12. has started
13. I have never been to America
14. has gone
15. have been
16. have lived
17. lived
18. have waited
19. have studied
20. I have never been
21. joined，studied，but has not studied
1. called, had left
2. asked, had done
3. had looked
4. had taken
5. reached, had left
6. reached，had broken，（had）stolen
7. opened，had already taken
8. had come
9. arrived, had left
10. spent, had stayed
1. has been smoking
2. have been working
3. have been bathing
4. have been reading
5. What have you been doing
6. had been visiting
7. Has your business been prospering lately?
8. has been making
9. will have been standing
10. shall have been attending
11. had been travelling
12. had been sailing
1. tell, flatter
2. saw, have not seen
3. will be doing, call
4. will take
5. was obviously feeling, had drank
6. were speeding
7. was doing
8. have witnessed
9. has captured
10. will have been completed
11. What were you doing
12. left
13. was, has been
14. took
15. shall you go
16. have, has not rained
17. began, ended, had met
18. What was Mary doing
19. had left
20. take
A. 1. She said she could not do this wash.
2. I thought I should finish this report by five o’clock.
3.…predicted that it would rain…
4. She said her name was Smith.
5. She complained that she had…
6. He promised that the error would not occur again.
7. I did not think I could complete…
8. The students thought they were making sufficient progress.
9. He hoped he could get there on time.
10. I didn’t think I should see you again.
11. I was certain that the price would go up soon.
12. He told me that prices were sure to rise.
13. She said she had lived here three years.
14. The jury declared that the prisoner was guilty.
15. They felt sure the battle would be won before nightfall.
16. I wondered what changes the new chairman would introduce.
17. He swore he had never seen the man before.
18. She said she might be late.
19. He said he was taking English lessons from Miss Smith.
20. He said that by next Tuesday he would have worked here two years.
B. 1. will
2. does not
3. has been
4. will
5. is
6. would
7. can
8. has
9. are
10. will
11. will
12. have, are
A. 1. The sailor said that the tide was ebbing.
2. The teacher said that the class would not be punished.
3. The librarian said that the book had been taken out.
4. The newspaper said that a serious fire had occurred.
5. He said that anybody could ride a bicycle.
6. The detective said that nobody might leave that room.
7. The committee reported that Shansi was suffering from a drought.
8. The historian said that the town had been destroyed by an earthquake.
9. James’s father said that he（James）worked in the University.
10. The farmer said that a shower would help the crops.
11. The secretary told the manager that somebody was waiting for him.
12. The dentist told his patient that several of his teeth were decayed.
13. The guide told the explorer that they should have to camp near the river.
14. The lady told the cook that there were four people coming to dinner.
15. The reporter told the editor that he（reporter）had not been able to get an interview.
B. 1. They said to us,“You are on the wrong road. ”
2. I said to him,“You are wrong. ”
3. We said to them,“We have enjoyed ourselves. ”
4. We heard you say,“I don’t understand. ”
5. I said to them,“Your roof will leak. ”
C.2. He asked her what she was doing.
3. He asked her how she was.
4. He asked her when she had tea.
5. He asked her which the best way was.
6. He asked her whether（if）she was going to the pictures.
7. He asked her why she didn’t take more trouble.
8. He asked her whether（if）her sister was still going to school.
9. He asked her whether（if）this work was important.
10. He asked her when the next train left.
11. He asked her whether（if）she had told him the whole story.
12. He asked her whether（if）she had been to Sun Moon Lake.
13. He asked her how far it was from Taichun.
14. He asked her whether（if）she had a pleasant holiday.
15. He asked her whether（if）he might have some milk in his tea.
D.2. They said to us,“Can you hear clearly?”
3. The children said to their mother,“Can we stay up late?”
4. They said to me,“Which is the best hotel?”
5.“Do many people visit the temple?”, we said to the monks.
6. I said to her,“Can I get you a chair?”
7. I said to the stranger,“Do you speak English?”
8.“Where is the ship going?”，they said to the coastguard.
9. We said to the policeman,“May we stand there？”
10.“Where is the nearest telephone？”，asked they.
E.2. He told him not to do that.
3. He told him to write those words in his notebook.
4. He told him to put that pen in his desk.
5. He asked him to tell that boy to put his topee（hat）on.
6. He asked him to give that book to him.
7. He told him to be quick.
8. He told him not to let the snake get away.
9. He told him to take off those cups.
10. He told him to drive more carefully.
11. He asked him to lend him fifty cents.
12. He told him not to be fooled by them.
13. He asked him to come to the office at once.
14. He told him to stop that man.
15. He asked him to buy a ticket for him.
16. He told him not to let that door bang.
17. He told him to send that coolie to him.
18. He told him to stop making that noise．
19. He asked him to throw the ball to Chang.
20. He told him to wait a moment.
A. 1. have, had, had had；shall buy, should buy, should have bought
2. studies, studied，had studied; will surely pass, would surely pass, would surely have passed
3. calls, called, had called；shall speak, should speak, should have spoken
4. get, got, had got；shall return, should return, should have returned
5. see, saw, had seen；shall give, should give, should have given
6. find, found, had found；shall, should, should have given
7. turn, turned, had turned；shall be, should be, should have been
8. save, saved, had saved；will be, would be, would have been
9. comes, came, had come；shall see, should see, should have seen
10. know, knew, had known；shall ring, should ring, should have rung
B. 1. rested
2. would have been conquered
3. would have been killed
4. will miss
5. would have shot
6. were not provided
7. would occur
8. should be surprised
9. would have been flooded
10. is polished
11. should die, would（will）be buried
12. had died, would have been buried
13. rose, would be surprised
14. possessed, would fly
15. had not been warned, would have perished
C. 1. I should not go with her
2. he would have succeeded in the examination
3. if it is fine
4. I should not have done that
5. she will surely pass
6. I should have told you
7. if you had asked me
8. I would（should）type the letter for you
9. I should not have gone out
10. we shall go on a picnic
D.（现在）
1. I were there, I should（would）be very glad.
2. I did, I should（would）go swimming everyday.
3. I could, I should（would）buy a typewriter.
4. I had to, I should（would）work hard.
5. he had, he would go with us.
（过去）
1. if there had been one，he would have been saved.
2. if I had known it，I would（should）have rung you up.
3. if he had studied, he would have passed.
4. if I had been, I should（would）have done differently.
5. if I had been able to，I should（would）have spoken to her.
6. if he had studied it, he would have spoken it well.
7. if he had worn it, he would not have taken cold.
8. if he had come，he would have won the prize.
9. if I had been there, I should（would）have seen a good opera.
10. if I had been able to, I should（would）have gone to Venice.
A. 1. owned
2. were
3. had gone
4. had
5. had had
6. lived
7. were
8. could
9. could
10. had studied
B. 1. I wish you would come back in an hour.
2. Miss Smith, I wish you would please write this letter right away.
3. I wish you would write your exercises in ink.
4. I wish you wouldn’t write your composition in pencil.
5. I wish you would wait for a moment.
1. should go
2. should have gone
3. should do
4. should have called
5. should do
6. should have begun
7. should prepare
8. should not work, should take
9. should have answered
10. should have asked
11. should have notified
12. should not smoke
13. should have heard
1. ought to stay
2. ought to have gone
3. ought not to work, ought to take
4. ought not to smoke
5. ought not to, have sent, ought to have sent
6. ought to have asked
7. ought to have notified
8. ought to study
9. ought to visit
10. ought to stay
11. ought not to drink
12. ought to have begun
1. should have called
2. had to go
3. had to work
4. should study
5. should have taken
6. had to attend
7. have to attend
8. should go
9. should have written
10. had to stay
1. a. He likes her and I do too.
b. He likes her and so do I.
c. He doesn’t like her and I don’t either.
d. He doesn’t like her and neither（nor）do I.
2. a. He speaks English and his wife does too.
b. He speaks English and so does his wife.
c. He doesn’t speak English and his wife doesn’t either.
d. He doesn’t speak English and neither（nor）does his wife.
3. a. He can go and we can too.
b. He can go and so can we.
c. He can’t go and we can’t either.
d. He can’t go and neither（nor）can we.
4. a. You are wrong and he is too.
b. You are wrong and so is he.
c. You aren’t wrong and he isn’t either.
d. You aren’t wrong and neither（nor）is he.
5. a. Mr. Wang has gone to America and his wife has too.
b. Mr. Wang has gone to America and so has his wife.
c. Mr. Wang hasn’t gone to America and his wife hasn’t either.
d. Mr. Wang hasn’t gone to America and neither（nor）has his wife.
6. a. Mary left right after lunch and John did too.
b. Mary…and so did John.
c. Mary…didn’t leave…and John didn’t either.
d. Mary…and neither（nor）did John.
7. a. She is going and you are too.
b. She is going and so are you.
c. She isn’t going and you aren’t either.
d. She isn’t going and neither（nor）are you.
8. a. I like movies and my sister does too.
b. I like…and so does my sister.
c. I don’t like movies and my sister doesn’t either.
d. I don’t like…and neither（nor）does my sister.
9. a. She is making good progress and her brother is too.
b. She is…and so is her sister.
c. She isn’t making good progress and her sister isn’t either.
d. She isn’t…and neither（nor）is her sister.
10. a. He will be here at ten o’clock and I will too.
b. He will…and so will I.
c. He won’t be here at ten o’clock and I won’t either.
d. He won’t be…and neither（nor）will I.
11. a. My watch is fast and yours is too.
b. My watch is…and so is yours.
c. My watch isn’t fast and yours isn’t either.
d. My watch isn’t…and neither（nor）is yours.
12. a. He wanted to do it and Mr. Jones did too.
b. He…and so did Mr Jones.
c. He didn’t want to do it and Mr. Jones didn’t either.
d. He didn’t…and neither（nor）did Mr. Jones.
13. a. Smith was arrested and his assistant was too.
b. Smith…and so was his assistant.
c. Smith wasn’t arrested and his assistant wasn’t either.
d. Smith wasn’t…and neither（nor）was his assistant.
14. a. He saw the accident and I did too.
b. He…and so did I.
c. He didn’t see the accident and I didn’t either.
d. He didn’t…and neither（nor）did I.
15. a. She likes to read novels and I do too.
b. She…and so do I.
c. She doesn’t like to read novels and I don’t either.
d. She doesn’t…and neither（nor）do I.
1. can
2. will
3. is
4. did
5. do
6. has
7. didn’t
8. did
9. will
10. will
11. will
12. can’t
13. can
14. will
15. do
16. don’t
17. would
18. should
1. ought
2. does
3. will
4. needn’t
5. won’t
6. is
7. are
8. do
9. did
10. did
1. to come
2. to swim
3. play
4. to go
5. run
6. fire
7. to pay
8. cry
9. to enter
10. fool around
11. to laugh
12. to work
13. steal
14. to stay
15. waste your time
1. to rain
2. to be raining
3. to have rained
4. to have stopped
5. to be stopping
6. to be sent
7. to have been sent
8. to be descending
9. to have descended
10. have visited
11. have attended
12. attended
13. to have been kidnapped
14. to have escaped
15. to have reached
16. to have increased
17. have neglected
18. to be placed
19. to have been murdered
20. to have made
21. to be preparing
22. have been punished
23. to swim
24. to be finished
25. to have been finished
A. 1. called
2. Starting
3.（being）defeated
4. Having died
5. lost
6. Arriving
7. walking
8. having opened
9.（being）spent
10. having broken
11.（being）discovered
12. Having finished
13. being held
14. loosing
15. flying
B. 1. humming
2. dying
3. fallen
4. barking
5. having struck
6. wearing
7. dressed
8. stealing
9. brought
10. growing
11. typed
12. built
13. walking
14. killed
15. chatting
16. sent
17. contained
18. carrying
19. dying
20. following
A. 1. listening
2. paying
3. being defeated
4. joining
5. jumping
6. spraying
7. coming
8. making
9. keeping
10. growing
11. making
12. solving
13. falling
14. building
15. dressing, preparing
B. 1. in seeing
2. of swimming
3. in spelling
4. telephoning
5. of seeing
6. reading
7. from finishing
8. of finding
9. in helping
10. of moving
11. on helping
12. in teaching
13. of starting
14. to seeing
1. laughing
2. from expressing
3. to smoke
4. to adopt
5. from smoking
6.（to）put
7. in editing
8. in refusing
9. on knowing
10. of attaining
11. to fight
12. to answering
13. to say
14. giving
15. of going
16. meeting
17. to tell
18. to find
19. to cry, to wonder
20. raining
21. trying
22. making
23. crying
24. accounting
25. reading, reading
26. of reading
27. of doing
28. to live
29. to know
30. of getting
A. 1. by
2. to
3. on
4. in
5. for
6. to
7. of
8. to
9. of
10. of
11. of
12. to
13. for
14. of
15. to
16. of
17. from
18. from
19. to
20. to
21. in，of
22. to
23. to，for
24. of
25. of
26. to
27. into
28. on
29. with
30. to，for
B. 1. at half past eight
2. in December
3. at sunset
4. to school
5. at sunrise
6. in the morning
7. on the fourth of June in the year 1894
8. on Wednesday
9. at midnight
10. on June 21st
11. at eight o’clock
12. in February and July
13. at night
14. in winter
15. in the afternoon
16. search for my lost pen
17. suffered from a painful disease
18. at No. 52
19. satisfied with
C. 1. at
2. for
3. on
4. on
5. of, at
6. with
7. for
8. against
9. for
10. in
11. in
12. into
13. with
14. with
15. from
16. of
17. with
18. for
19. to
20. on
21. at
22. on
23. for
24. for
25. by
26. on
27. for
28. by
29. for
30. from
31. from
32. by
33. to
34. at
35. to
36. on
37. for
38. to
39. by
40. to
41. with
42. from
43. at
44. by
45. than
46. for
47. for
48. for
49. of
50. to
51. for
52. at
53. than
54. for
55. for
56. from
57. with
58. in
59. in
60. on
61. from
62. of
63. to
1. near 或 beside
2. besides
3. by
4. to
5. in 或 during
6. down
7. by
8. by
9. about 或 on
10. after
11. against
12. among
13. between
14. after
15. at
16. against
17. at
18. behind
19. at
20. down
21. of, from
22. off
23. on, on
24. for
25. from
26. into, in
27. within
28. from
29. in, in
30. in, out
31. of
32. out（away）, off
33. on, of
34. for
35. from
36. in, in
37. of, of
38. off, with
39. on, for
40. in, to, of, in, of, for（in）
41. in, over, in
42. at, of, of, by（past）
43. to（round）, with, by（at）
44. in, since, of
45. through, on, to
46. to, for
47. towards, up
48. for, at, under
49. in, to
50. up, in, of
51. with, for, at, with
52. of, without
53. back, at, over, of
54. round, in（during）, of
55. through, at
56. in, for, since
57. to, to
58. about, in, for
59. in 或 under
60. at, at, up
1. The chair on which he sat cost ten shillings.
2. He shot the mad dog with a gun after driving…
3. Next morning mounting on a horse ，he left the house…
4. He repeated those lines with perfect accuracy after he had…
5. The judge saw that the man was innocent more clearly than …
6. English is difficult not only to speak but also to spell .
7. I am an ascetic neither in theory nor in practice .
8. His daily custom is to tell after dinner anecdotes which amuse or excite the company.
9. Some of lady artists’paintings ,…
10. The general indignantly ordered the deserters…
11.…we keep the tongue more in…
12. He has been here two years ,…it is even more than…
13. I have read the writings of Plato , who was…?
14. A gang of robbers, armed from head to foot , entered the house…
15. A lady brought up in England , the daughter of a civil officer retired from India, seeks employment.
16. A fisherman found his body floating lifeless on the water at a short distance from where the boat was upset.
17.…whence he was destined never to return.
18. Riding over the battlefield , our correspondent saw several soldiers dead or wounded.
19. Paradise Lost , divided into twelve separate parts , is the name of Milton’s great epic poem on the lost of paradise.
20. Before we pay the men , let us see what work they have done.
A. 1.…is entirely new to me.
2.…flew straight to the landing ground.
3. I went to London to see my friend yesterday .
4. John is coming here tomorrow .
5. You came here quickly on Friday .
6. We went there yesterday .
7. Take your hat off. 或 Take off your hat.
8.…to write down these notes. 或 to write these notes down .
9. Pick it up.
10. Write them down .
11. I never do that.
12. I have always done that.
13. He will always speak badly .
14. She has often been here.
15. They have never been so early before.
16. Food like this is always good enough for me.
17. The children soon felt quite happy.
18. If he likes you perhaps he will ask you to stay longer .
19. What I like most , you like least .
20. I often stay at my office working late .
B. 1. We have lost only one game.
2. He was married only yesterday.
3. Only I am left.
4. These people seem to live only for pleasure.
5. We had only one orange between us.
6. She writes only on one side of the paper.
7. I only drink water. 或 I drink water only .
8. Only John was punished.
9. I have only one dollar left.
10. Please…；I want only to read it.
C. 1. I can speak English very well.
2. I like music very much.
3. A beginner cannot speak English correctly.
4. The teacher explained the problem very well.
5. The hunter shot a lion with his gun.
6. He put the money into his pocket.
7. I sent a letter to my mother.
8. He learnt the poem by heart.
9. I received a nice present from my uncle.
10. He shut the book quickly.
11. I am always on time.
12. It seldom rains in the desert.
13. We went there yesterday.
14. I am not tall enough.
15. He begged the teacher not to punish him.
16. I told him not to get angry many times.
17. He will not have finished his work by tomorrow.
18. The question is often asked by students.
19. John did not come to school yesterday.
20. I almost won the game.
A. 1. very
2. too
3. too
4. very
5. too
6. very
7. too
8. too
9. too
10. very
B. 1. very
2. much（very）
3. much
4. very
5. very
6. much
7. much
8. very
9. much
10. much
C. 1. very much
2. very much
3. too much
4. too much
5. too much
6. very much
7. too much
8. very much
9. very much
10. very much
A. 1. some
2. any
3. any
4. any
5. any
6. some
B. 1. interested
2. interesting
3. interesting
4. interesting
5. interested
6. interesting, interested
C. 1. farther
2. elder
3. older
4. Every
5. less
6. last
7. clear
8. high
D. 1. much
2. Many
3. much
4. much
5. many
6. much
E. 1. a little
2. little
3. a few
4. little, few
5. few
6. little
7. A few
8. a few
9. little
10. few
A. 1. lie
2. lying
3. laid
4. lain
5. Lay
6. lain
7. laid
8. lie
9. lied
10. lay
B. 1. sets
2. sets
3. set
4. sits
5. set
6. sit
7. seat
8. seated
9. seated
10. seat
C. 1. risen
2. raise
3. rises
4. risen
5. raise
6. rise
7. rose
8. raised
9. rose
10. raise
D. 1. hanged
2. hung
3. hung
4. hanged
5. hung
E. 1. borrow
2. borrow
3. lend
4. lend
5. borrowing
F. 1. robbed
2. stolen
3. robbed
4. steal
5. rob
G. 1. refused
2. denied
3. deny
4. refused
5. refused
H. 1. listened, heard
2. hear
3. listening
4. hear
5. listen
I. 1. fall
2. fell
3. fell
4. felling
5. fell
J. 1. May
2. Can
3. may
4. may
5. can
K. 1. discovered
2. persuaded
3. took
4. learns
5. sleep
6. accept
7. drowned
8. remember
9. revenged
10. take part
1. He was well aware of…，and yet conscious of…
2. A miser can easily satisfy his needs but can…his desires .
3. A custom of industry…the habit of keeping…
4. The hermit was as famous for…as the robber was notorious for…
5.…opportunities of observing his character, but I never remark that particular trait.
6. China is a great country, containing many large cities…
7. Let us stop …and stay here …
8. He was as strict …as he was severe …
9. Society is divided into…The lowest is separated from…
10.…becomes empty …，and assume the vacant title…
11. I know an instance …, who is an example …
12. We grant …and give him…
13. He felt much gratitude …by the thankfulness …
14.…into four parts …, and each…received his portion .
15.…set at liberty , they have now perfect freedom …
16.…a timid man, he repelled that cowardly assault…
17. A person may forgive …；…cannot pardon a criminal.
18. He sent a reply …；…contained no answer to…
19. He proceeded on…，but he had not advanced for,…
20. To change a dress…，to alter one is…
21. As he had no arms ，…which he used as weapons .
22.…your first attempt ，…but try again.
23. He was liberal …，and had generous feelings…
24. He made a solemn promise…most serious attention…
25. He was a very fit man…，…were not suitable for…
26. I apprehended …，but could not understand …
27. He is a little below me…any means beneath me…
28. Be so good as to bring the book…I will fetch the footstool…
29. Savages clothe …；moderns dress …
30. Let this plant be put …and placed in…
A. 1. able
2. reasonable
3. absurd
4. accidental
5. advantageous
6. adventurous
7. affectionate
8. progressive
9. aristocratic
10. athletic
11. dirty
12. feverish
13. quarrelsome
14. calm
15. characteristic
16. chaste
17. circular
18. commercial
19. brief
20. criminal
21. contradictory
22. courteous
23. emperial
24. essential
25. favorable
26. questionable
B. 1. acceptance
2. accusation
3. addition
4. admittance
5. adoption
6. application
7. appreciation
8. annoyance
9. alliance
10. arrival
11. advancement
12. movement
13. allowance
14. argument
15. choice
16. civilization
17. comparison
18. signature
19. temptation
20. revelation
21. assistance
22. attention
23. behavior（-viour）
24. belief
25. conference
26. condensation
27. consideration
28. conquest
29. trial
30. residence
C. 1. admire admirable admirably
2. live lively, life-like, live livelily
3. appear apparent apparently
4. attract attractive attractively
5. memorize memorable memorably
6. beautify beautiful beautifully
7. terrify terrible terribly
8. certify certain certainly
9. obey obedient obediently
10. pacify peaceful peacefully
11. correct correct correctly
12. encourage courageous courageously
13. purify pure purely
14. deceive deceitful deceitfully
15. differ different differently
16. explode explosive explosively
17. realize real really
18. grieve grievous grievously
19. hasten hasty hastily
20. laugh laughable laughably
A. 1. Writing down all the answers he still had time to revise them.
2. Holding his walking-stick…he walked up and down the street.
3. Arriving in town…he went at once to the best shop.
4. Being placed in different kennels, the dogs cannot quarrel.
5. Having hung up their hats, the travellers sat down to rest.
6. Being a successful tradesman, her father was able to leave her a great deal of money.
7. Having bought a good house and furnished it well, he brought his family to live in it.
8. Disliking the noise of London streets I returned to my quiet house in the country.
9. Being much pleased with…he forgave the rudeness.
10. Being inspired with hope he climbed up the precipice and reached the top in safety.
B. 1. The spring being now well advanced, we shall soon hear the cuckoo’s voice again.
2. The war being over and the country pacified, the volunteers were sent back to their homes.
3. He having remained behind, the rest set off at 2 o’clock p. m.
4. The admiral having brought…，the crews had a little recreation on shore.
5. He having called for his gun and taken a good aim, the mad dog was shot.
6. He having refused to open the door, the unwelcome visitors went away.
7. Every farmer being provided…，the fields will soon be ploughed up for the next harvest.
8. They having reached a place of safety, no further danger need now be expected.
9. The judge having entered the court and taken his seat, the trial proceeded.
10. A brief halt having being made for luncheon, the army then resumed its match.
C. 1. He earns his living by（means of）driving a bullock cart to carry goods from place to place.
2. He declined to open his door to these visitors without giving any reason（for his refusal）.
3. The men made very little profit by their industry.
4. Their brother, in the disguise of a sailor, knocked at the front door.
5. According to an old Greek fable about King Midas, every thing touched by him turned into gold.
6. His progress was very much impeded by the people crowding the street to see him.
7. The soldier appeared on the scene with his right hand holding a bayonet over his shoulder.
8. Besides being an eloquent speaker, he was also a successful man of business.
9. To his friends, great relief, the traveller returned in safety from the Arctic seas.
10. The parents took a great deal of trouble in wishing to make every child happy as well as useful.
D. 1. He has now fifteen pupils in his class to teach and to prepare them for the next examination.
2. He had no money to carry on the business any longer.
3. He drew up his forces in battle array to meet the enemy marching towards him.
4. He stayed at home in order to look after his aged parents.
5. It is very healthy for a tired man to enioy the fresh breezes of the sea.
6. He must sign his name to ensure the cheque to be cashed.
7. My advice to him was to make the best use of the short time left to him.
8. It was the sailors’custom to allow no rats to be killed on the ship.
9. The pigeons flew down to pick up the grains to satisfy their hunger.
10. He was too ill to go to school on that day.
E. 1. Washington, the federal capital of the United States, is called after General Washington, the leader of the forces of the American colonies and the founder of the great American Republic.
2. Oliver Cromwell was succeeded by his son, Richard by name.
3. That law, the cause of much trouble and discontent, must be repealed at not distant time.
4. He has many of a great commander’s qualities, such as coolness of judgment in sudden emergences and skill in directing the movements of troops.
5. He fled from his creditors, a very dishonest act.
6. John Bunyan wrote a well known book, Pilgrim’s Progress by name, an allegory describing the trials and temptations of a Christian on his way to the Land of Promise.
7. Beside him sported on the green his little granddaughter Wilhelmine.
8. Cromwell, first a private gentleman, next a popular leader in the Long Parliament, then commander of the Parliamtary forces, assumed the power of a king.
9. Lord Clive, formerly a writer in a merchant’s office at Madras, founded the British Empire in India.
10. Brutus, the enemy of kingly government of every form and kind, conspired with Cassius and others to kill Julius Caesar, the first man to make himself emperor of Rome and the first citizen to acquire an absolute power equal to that of a king.
1. They asked a third person to decide the point for them；for they can not decide it themselves.
2. They despised my warning, and therefore they shall eat of the fruit of their own way.
3. Her ways are ways of pleasantness and all her paths are peace.
4. He is a rich man, but he is not proud of his wealth and makes no distinction between rich and poor.
5. The feet of a cat are furnished with long sharp claws, and so a bird or mouse, once caught, cannot escape.
6. An honest man will both speak out and not be afraid of consequences.
7. In all labour there is profits, but the talk of the lips tends only to penury.
8. Life has few enjoyments, yet we cling to it.
9. They died on a battlefield, and consequently they lay on a bed of honour.
10. At this time of the year I do not rise at five o’clock in the morning, but rise at seven or eight.
A. 1. No one knows when he will come.
2. It is quite evident that rain will fall today.
3. I think that I shall never clearly understand this.
4. We heard that the school would open in ten days’time.
5. You must know that the air is never quite at rest.
6. We cannot rely on what he says.
7. It was very unfortunate that you were taken ill.
8. He was a man of fine character in all points except that he was rather timid.
9. I will grant you whatever you desire to have.
10. You find out too late that it was your duty to make the best of your time at school.
B. 1. The house in which we lived has fallen down.
2. This is the story that I heard ten years ago.
3. I have seen the house where Shakespeare was born.
4. The story which you are telling me is surely not true.
5. We stopped for the night at a small rest house which stood at the foot of the hill.
6. His good education raised him above many men of his own age and rank. 或 The good education which he had received raised him…
7. In our ramble through the forest we came upon a thatched cottage beside which a fine cedar tree of forty or fifty feet high was growing.
8. The young doctor who’s at that table came with his wife.
9. The students who’re in my class speak formally.
10. The short story（which is）about baseball is interesting.
C. 1. Let us go to bed, as it is now late.
2. He walked with care, because he was afraid of stumbling.
3. I agree to this, if you sign your name.
4. Even if he may punish me, yet will I trust him.
5. He returned home, after he had finished the work.
6. He persevered so steadily, that he succeeded.
7. Although he is sixty years old, his eyesight is still excellent.
8. They deserted their former associate, because he had become poor and unfortunate.
9. It has not ceased raining, since we left the house.
10. Whether he gives me leave or not, I shall go back to my parents.
A. 1. We were surprised that he had strength.
2. It is said that the president is ill.
3. Can you tell me how I shall get to the town?
4. We must hope that better time will come.
5. We know who wrote the letter.
6. Tell us how high this tower is.
7. I do not believe that the story is true.
8. It is believed（They believe）that the murderer has been arrested.
9. I do not expect that he will return.
10. It is not right that we should idle away our time.
B. 1. The trees which grow there are pines.
2. I heard a dog which was barking somewhere.
3. Is that your brother who is getting out of that bus?
4. Where is the money which was received yesterday?
5. What was the agreement which had been signed last week?
6. There was a hat which hung on a peg.
7. Give me the books which lie on the table.
8. We saw some farmers who were planting rice.
9. The message which was sent yesterday was received yesterday.
10. What is the animal that is moving in that bush?
C. 1. When I climbed the hill, I saw a snake.
2. He is very angry because you do not obey.
3.…because a puncture happened.
4.…lest it should rain.
5. While he was absent…
6.…after he had made a long search.
7.…before he returns.
8. If a fire break（s）out,…
9.…if you do not take trouble.
10.…since he arrived.
1. The elder brother is not so clever as the younger.
2. Gold is heavier than any other metals. 或 No other metals are so heavy as gold.
3. I am not such a fool as to do such a thing.
4. Poverty is not so terrible an enemy as bad health.
5. It is not so easy to describe this scene as to imagine it.
6. A dead lion is not so strong as a live ass.
7. I would sooner（rather）die than injure a friend.
8. You are as good as he in every respect.
9. I do not know his character any better than you do.
10. A child knows as well as he how to keep his（its）temper.
1. He is as tall as you are.
2. This was so great an honor as to excite some of his rivals.
3. A coward alone would flee from his duty.
4. He tried all plans.
5. For ever will I quit the shores of France. 或 This shall be the last time I visit the shores of France.
6. Great men are of all nations and of all classes.
7. As long as the fair continued every man kept his temper.
8. Learned men are sometimes silly.
9. He has to give me thanks that I deserved.
10. France comes nearest to England at the Strait of Dover.
A. 1. He promised to assist in the project.
2. I am engaged today at five o’clock.
3. He amused us very much by talking. 或 His talk amused us very much.
4. St. Paul was born in Rome.
5. To rely on such a traitor as that would be foolish.
6. He strove to win the first prize and succeeded. 或 He succeeded in striving to win the first prize.
7. The plan appears to be a good one.
8. He insolently presumed to expect the first place.
9. If you desire to be admitted to my service, you must sign this bond.
10. He forced his way through the crowd.
B. 1. What is the meaning of his such impertinence?
2. The sagacity of a spider is wonderful.
3. I left my house at six o’clock because of（owing to；by）his desire.
4. The entire innocence of the accused is my belief.
5. The activity of his mind caused his success in everything.
6. He had the good sense to remind his business.
7. The journey did not incur much expense.
8. Whatever his intention may have been, he has caused us disappointment.
9. Her simplify in dress adds to her beauty.
10. He is at times inclined to act with dishonesty.
C. 1. He suffered an absolute ruin by that unlucky business.
2. Theft in former times was a crime punishable with death.
3. He is a remarkably industrious man.
4. A man inclined to be vicious will never be prosperous.
5. To be temperate in eating and drinking is the way to preserve health.
6. His proficiency in speaking is unusual.
7. He was so suspicious that he looked upon every man as his secret enemy.
8. He was not so polite as to stand aside.
9. Every one was pleased with him for being fearless and independent.
10. He was presumptuous enough to think that his opinion has more weight than mine.
D. 1. He didn’t do you that injury intentionally.
2. Probably rain will fall tomorrow.
3. I signed this bond very reluctantly.
4. He lived temperately and regularly.
5. The doctor studied the invalid’s case very carefully and patiently.
6. He treated the prisoners very generously.
7. He was ordered to leave the room instantly.
8. He says things meaninglessly. 或 He talks meaninglessly.
9. He does every thing carelessly.
1. The agreement was signed and all were satisfied.
2. The judge believes in his innocence and so do I.
3. He fled away, or he would be killed.
4. He must not do such a thing again；otherwise he will be dismissed.
5. All men were against him, yet he persevered.
6. He was honoured, for he had health.
7. He has ambition to excel, therefore he worked night and day.
8. We failed to carry out our purpose, and so we were greatly disappointed.
9. He not only had difficulties, but he also lost his health.
10. He spoke the truth；for he feared the disgrace of falsehood.
A. 1. I was glad to hear that you had succeeded so well.
2. It is generally believed that he has died of poison.
3. No one can tell when he will come.
4. He shouted that his neighbours would come to his help.
5. We can place no confidence in what he says.
6. That he died at so young an age is much to be regretted.
7. We must hope that better times will come.
8. What he stated should be accepted.
9. We could see from the result that his labor was great.
10. It was reported that he had lost most of his money.
B. 1. That was a fault which could not be forgiven.
2. The present house that is ours suits us exactly.
3. The explanation which they have given cannot be true.
4. He was not a man who would tell a lie.
5. Joseph who had remained a long time in prison was utterly forgotten.
6. Is this the way in which you learn your lessons?
7. The benefits which he obtained by his early training were thrown away.
8. The troubles which beseted him on all sides did not daunt him.
9. Egypt was the first country that became civilized.
10. The weather that follows a storm is generally calm.
C. a. 1. Since we have no other helpers we must accept his aid.
2. They were much surprised, because they heard him have confessed his fault.
3. He was much ashamed, as he was unable to give an answer.
b.4. The problem was so difficult that it could not be solved.
5. He worked so well that every one was astonished.
6. He became rich so suddenly that he fell under suspision.
c.7. He labors day and night（so）that he may become rich.
8. He started by night lest he should be seen by any one.
9. He sticks steadily to his work in order that he may become rich.
d.10. Unless we get leave from the teacher, we should not go out.
11. He would be very thankful if he was relieved of all this trouble.
12. If you turn to the right, you will…
13. Had the master been absent, the whole house would have…
e.14. He is strong, considering that he is a child of eight.
15. Another went out as every man came in.
f.16. He was very sorry when he found out his mistake.
17. He felt a good deal of pain as he coughed every time.
18. When the cat is absent, the mice play.
19. Every one has been happy since this news was received.
20. English was not spoken in Britain, till the Saxon arrived.