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22. Indirect Negation

英文的一些否定句,并不一定有否定字的no或not,也不一定有准否定字的hardly、seldom、little、few等,请就这种不明显的否定句举例说明。

【解答】 在英文中表示否定的方法有两种,一种是从字面上可以看得出来的,一种是从字面上看不出来的。前者句中多包含得有not、no、never、none、little、hardly等否定的字样,或单字本身头上或尾上接有dis-(disinterested、discomfort、disappear、disbelief、disadvantage、discourage),in-(inability、incapable、inconvenient、informal),non-(nonsense、nonstop、nonchalance),un-(unable、uninterested、uninteresting、uncomfortable),-less(aimless、matchless、penniless)等的字汇,而后者便完全没有这种否定字的出现,只在含义上表示出否定来,如:

Catch me doing it?(= I shall not do it.)

She is not nearly so handsome as her sister.(= She is far from being so handsome as her sister.)

In April the metropolis is free from fog and mist.(= In April there is no fog and mist in the metropolis.)

The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.(= I cannot de-scribe the beauty of the place.)

His manners are anything but pleasant.(= His manners are not plea-sant.)

I am far from blaming him.(= I am not blaming him.)

It is beyond my power to sell it cheaper.(= I cannot sell it cheaper.)

If ever I heard the like!(= I never heard the like.)

Have I money enough?(= I haven’t enough money.)

What do I care?(= I don’t care.)

Am I my brother’s keeper?(= It is not my duty to keep my brother.)

He a gentleman?(= He is not a gentleman.)

如上举各例所示不包含negative word的否定,便叫作Indirect Negation(间接的否定),这是属于修辞范畴的一种语言现象,在英文的表现法中,用例极多。

Am I a fool?(= I am not a fool.)

What should it know of death?——Wordsworth(= The child does not know of death.)

Who knows?(= No one knows.)

所谓nominative with infinitive(主语连不定词用)的构造,也是间接否定表现法的一种:

“What!”he(Utterson)thought,“Henry Jekyll forge for a murder-er!”——Stevenson: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

I to marry before my brother,and leave him with none to take care of him!——Blackmore: Lorna Doone

由conditional clause(条件句)来表达间接否定的也不乏名家的用例,及口头用语的字句,如:beshrew me、hang me、damn me、I’ll be hanged、I’ll be damned、the devil take me等,俯拾皆是。在莎翁的剧本中也到处可以看到I am a villain(a rogue,Jew,rook,etc.)的表现法。在口语中省略main clause而只说if-clause来表否定是极普通的。在剧本的对话中这种形式也是常见的。

Well,if I couldn’t sew at your age,Peachy,without pricking my fin-gers!——Galsworthy: Joy (呀,我在你这样的年龄,是不会拿起针来缝衣服就刺了手指的!)

Catch me going with Annie Frost!——Priestley: Mr. Smeeth and His Family (我怎也不会跟安妮·弗罗斯特同去的。)

I shall rise to the occasion,see if I don’t.(= surely I shall)——Giss-ing: The New Grub Street (到时候我一定会的。)

Of course!What rubbish,Tom!As if any one ever invested money without making sure. ——Galsworthy: Joy (当然,真傻!不弄清楚就投资下去,有这样的人吗?)

As if Maurice would be a director if it wasn’t?——Galsworthy: Joy (如果不是这样毛利斯也不会当总裁的。)

Well,I’m sure!If this is English manners. ——Shaw: John Bull s Other Island (这确不是英国的礼仪作法。)

在口语中又常用反语来表否定,如说“Much I care.”,即为“I don’t care(much).”之意,他例如:

Much good that would have done. ——Galsworthy: Strife (那大大有用。)〔反语〕

又the devil、the deuce也可表示否定:

“Sit down,my good people.”But the deuce a bit would they sit down. ——Hardy: The Return of the Native (“诸位请坐。”但是他们怎也不肯坐下。) TfWIbw8wtMpkV01tS7Pi0ADtk6C5e+9UdAJ2QEqMZmTeCbpZYN3LGcNogrEin0rz

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