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结语

贡布里希在讨论画家与风景的关系时,曾经说过一句相当精彩的话,他说道:“绘画乃是一种活动,因而艺术家将倾向于看他要画的东西,而非画他看到的东西。”( Art 69)从表面上看,贡布里希指证了一个心理学事实,画家不是一面被动的镜子,照向什么就反射什么,他是一个有着高度选择性的创造主体。更重要的是,贡布里希强调每个艺术家都深受传统的制约,所以不可避免地依赖于传统所构成的“图式”来看世界。如果说古典现实主义是一种传统的话,那么,当代现实主义则建构了另一种传统,建构了当代艺术家关于艺术及其与现实关系的新“图式”。所以,现实主义在当代迥异于它的过去。

当代现实主义的新传统不是平白无故地形成的,它与再现危机密切相关。有人曾经悲观地认为,再现危机导致了现实主义的崩溃,现实主义不再流行。我的观点正相反,再现危机与当代现实主义可谓一对孪生兄弟。再现危机导致了古典现实主义的式微,却激发了当代现实主义更加多样化发展的可能性。诚然,文学史和艺术史发展的规律一再表明,历史的发展不是替代型的,而是积累型的。换言之,当代现实主义变成雅各布森所说的“主导”风格,但并不意味旧的古典现实主义风格荡然无存。今天,现实主义与其说是一个运动或风格,不如说是多种可能的再现新方式,它广泛地存在于形形色色的“家族相似”的现实主义取向中,与延续至今的古典现实主义平行发展。当然,文学史和艺术史关注的焦点往往集中在新的“主导”形态而非已有的旧现象,这也是我要写这篇文章所隐含的一个理由。

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