内容提要： 现实主义是艺术家再现现实的方式，它始终处于不断演变的历史过程中。关于现实主义的理论，也随着现实主义嬗变而发展。西方现实主义传统以福楼拜和库尔贝为分野，区分为古典现实主义与当代现实主义两个长时段，现实主义的观念和方法出现了许多值得关注的变化。尤其是19世纪下半叶以来出现的再现危机，一方面颠覆了古典现实主义的许多原则，另一方面又激发了当代现实主义更具探索性和实验性的变革。当代现实主义的观念转变不仅出现在文学领域，也广泛地呈现在造型艺术和戏剧等其他艺术领域。因此采用艺术（绘画和戏剧）与文学的互证式分析，可以更加广阔地揭示文学中的当代现实主义观念和方法的变迁。再现危机非但没有摧毁现实主义，反倒给现实主义的当代变革提供了内驱力，进而导致了从古典现实主义聚焦现实的再现，转向当代现实主义彰显艺术特性的现实再现。这一转变不但改变了现实主义再现之重心，同时也改变了古典现实主义的观念和惯例，推动当代现实主义文学艺术趋向于对现实的重构，使当代现实主义从“可读的文本”转向“可写的文本”。

关键词： 再现危机 古典现实主义 当代现实主义 范式转型

作者简介： 周宪，南京大学艺术学院教授，主要从事美学、文学理论、艺术学理论、视觉文化研究。

Title： The Crisis of Representation and the Concept of Realism—From the Perspective of Mutual Corroboration between Western Art and Literature

Abstract： As a mode for artists to represent reality，realism is in the historical progress of constant changes.Accordingly，theories about realism evolve along with the transformations of realism.Taking Flaubert and Courbet as the division，this essay distinguishes two long phases of realism—classical realism and contemporary realism.It explores how the crisis of representation since the second half of the 19 ^th century compels realism to move from its classical orientation towards contemporaneity，and realizes its paradigm shift.In terms of research methodology，this essay reveals through the analysis of mutual corroboration between art and literature the common problems occurring in the realist paradigm shift，and the representation of reality swerving to the representation of art.Such a shift not only alters the priority in realist representation，but also changes realist beliefs and norms.It thus facilitates contemporary realist literature and art to move towards the reconstruction of reality rather than the mirror reflection.

Keywords： crisis of representation，classical realism，contemporary realism，paradigm shift

Author： Zhou Xian is a professor at School of Arts，Nanjing University，China.His research interests are aesthetics，literary theory，art theory，and visual culture. qt3Ny53tOS8ENNGNfq3/gbSWy3jLax7CWIwLQzqBzkd0Vb+IrzE0Qb+CTX4z5LQ/