徐蕾
内容提要: 韦勒克与格林伍德20世纪60年代初在《新语言学》上展开了一场有关现实主义概念的争论,双方观点根植于20世纪中期冷战背景下西方学术界内广泛而持续多年的现实主义大论辩。二人立场隐含的认识论与方法论差异呼应了马克思主义理论家卢卡奇现实主义理论及其引发的辩论,他们的主要观念分歧也预见了20世纪后半期现实主义文学研究的争论焦点与发展方向。20世纪60年代语言学转向之后,西方学界针对现实主义认识论诉求与美学思想的内在矛盾性展开结构主义、解构主义以及意识形态领域的全面批判,却吊诡地激发了现实主义概念在20世纪后半期的自我发现与重构,推动了这一概念在世界文学体系范畴中的新生。
关键词: 现实主义 韦勒克 格林伍德 卢卡奇 世界文学体系
作者简介: 徐蕾,南京大学外国语学院教授,主要从事当代英语文学研究。
Title: On the Realism Debate between René Wellek and E.B.Greenwood:The Conflicted Concept of Realism in the Western Literary Scholarship since the 1960s
Abstract: A debate on the concept of realism was staged between René Wellek and E.B.Greenwood on Neophilologus in the early 1960s. Deeply rooted in the protracted realism war extensively waged in the western academia around the mid-century,their contention responded to Georg Lukacs's Marxist theorization of realism which gave rise to oppositional views on realism versus modernism.The divergences between Wellek and Greenwood,resulting from the epistemological and aesthetic incongruities inherent in the concept,anticipated the main arguments and directions for western realism scholarship to develop in the post-1960 era.As a steady stream of criticism was launched to challenge its epistemological and aesthetic foundations from structuralist,deconst-ructionist and ideological perspectives,realism has paradoxically acquired a new lease of life for its relentless efforts to rediscover and reconstruct itself in face of crushing attacks,and now emerges as a crucial concept in the world literature system.
Keywords: realism,René Wellek,E.B.Greenwood,Georg Lukacs,world literature system
Author: Xu Lei is a professor at School of Foreign Studies,Nanjing University,Nanjing,China.Her research interest is contemporary English literature.
美国评论家古德莱德(Lauren Goodlad)在学术期刊《小说》( Novel )2016年的现实主义专刊导言里称,1961年可谓现实主义批评史上的“奇迹年”(annus mirabilis):因为在这一年里,奥尔特加(Jose Ortega y Gasset)发表了《堂吉诃德的沉思》,用“诗学现实主义”诠释行走在现实和诗意两个世界之间的风车骑士形象;哈维(W.J.Harvey)在《乔治·爱略特的艺术》一书里批判了亨利·詹姆斯(Henry James)重形式、轻内容的美学倾向扭曲了19世纪中期的小说艺术;布思(Wayne Booth)的《小说的修辞》问世,从叙事的角度检视了现实主义与现代主义的分水岭;当然,还有韦勒克(René Wellek)发表在《新语言学》( Neophilologus )上的重要论文——《文学研究中的现实主义概念》(Goodlad 184-186)。不过,古德莱德没有注意的是,这篇论文发表后次年的《新语言学》上有一场围绕现实主义概念的小型学术交锋,对阵双方分别是时任耶鲁大学比较文学系教授的韦勒克与年仅28岁的英国学者格林伍德(E.B.Greenwood)。这场概念之争虽然在当时并没有引发太多关注,辩论涉及的几个焦点问题却清晰呈现了西方学界在20世纪中期关于现实主义诗学的观念交锋,二者立场隐含的认识论与方法论差异呼应了20世纪上半期卢卡奇现实主义理论要点及其引发的辩论,也预见了20世纪后半期现实主义文学研究的观念分歧与方向;与此同时,半个多世纪以来西方学界的相关研究成果也从某种意义对两位学者这场悬而未决的争论作出了隔空回应。