本书有五个基本假设:
假设1:美国少数族裔通过国内政治与国际关系两个路径,依托美国少数族裔人口权力与国家实力构建之间的互动关系、美国少数族裔与国际移民治理之间的互动关系、少数族裔的外交介入行为与美国外交政策之间的互动关系这三大领域,在美国外交政策及其特色的形成过程中发挥了日益重要的作用。
假设2:从人口系统变化的角度讲,少数族裔是美国维系国家实力的稳定器,少数族裔的人口规模和人口结构是影响美国在国际体系中实力地位的关键变量。
假设3:美国移民改革和移民政策制定的外交属性成为美国少数族裔移民国际合作治理的重要影响因素。
假设4:美国少数族裔外交介入行为受到来自国际体系层次、国家单元层次、次国家单元层次的因素的制约。这其中,美国少数族裔能否形成有效的选举政治威胁是少数族裔能否影响美国外交政策的极度重要的变量。
假设5:少数族裔作为影响美国外交政策构建的重要次国家行为体,在美国外交政策构建中发挥的正向作用多于负向作用。
本书分为四个部分,按照“导论→美国少数族裔人口政治通过两大路径影响外交政策构建的机理分析→美国少数族裔人口政治与外交政策之间互动的三大领域分析→总结与前景展望”的思路逐步展开研究。第一部分为导论。第二部分为第一章和第二章,分别从国内政治和国际关系两个视角切入,论述冷战后美国少数族裔人口政治的存在与发展情况,厘清了美国少数族裔人口政治通过国内政治和国际关系两个路径影响外交政策构建的机理。第三部分为横向的分系统论述,包含第三章、第四章和第五章,论述美国少数族裔人口政治影响美国外交政策构建的三大领域,其中,第三章论述美国少数族裔人口权力与国家实力构建之间的互动关系,第四章论述美国少数族裔与国际移民合作治理之间的互动关系,第五章以案例分析方法论述少数族裔的外交介入行为与美国外交政策之间的互动关系。第四部分为结束语部分,提炼美国少数族裔人口政治与外交政策构建之间的互动规律,研判美国外交的中长期走向以及对中美关系的启示。
本书的创新之处表现为以下几个方面:
1.视角的创新
考察美国少数族裔人口政治及其对美国国家安全、外交决策和对外关系长期发展的影响,是非国家行为体作用日益扩大背景下美国少数族裔人口政治学和美国外交学的一个重要交叉前沿课题。笔者把“冷战后美国少数族裔人口政治与外交政策构建”作为重点,具有现实的前瞻性和理论上的可研究性。
2.观点的创新
本书的核心创新观点是:少数族裔是影响美国外交政策构建的重要次国家行为体,其通过国内政治与国际关系两个路径,依托美国少数族裔人口权力与国家实力构建之间的互动、美国少数族裔与国际移民治理之间的互动、少数族裔的外交介入行为与美国外交政策之间的互动三大领域,在美国外交政策及其特色的形成过程中发挥了日益重要的作用。围绕此核心观点,本书提出了以下两个派生性观点:
(1)美国少数族裔人口权力是中长期内美国维系其综合实力和在国际体系中的地位的支撑性变量,美国少数族裔人口权力与美国国家实力成正相关关系。这里需要指出的是,现有相关研究认为,选举政治(包括政治投票和政治捐款)、政治游说是美国族群影响美国外交的两种主要方式,本书通过论述,提出美国少数族裔人口权力是美国国家实力的重要影响因素,这也就证明了美国少数族裔通过人口权力对美国国家安全有着重大影响,人口权力是除了选举政治、政治游说之外,美国族群影响外交的又一种重要方式。
(2)从中长期看,少数族裔与白人将围绕美国外交政策构建的主导权形成张力。在政府轨道,少数族裔支配关键外交资源的权力相对扩大,白人政治精英支配关键外交资源的权力相对缩小,少数族裔与白人的博弈是无限次重复博弈过程。在非政府轨道,少数族裔跨国关系为美国外交提供了更多的政策选项。
3.材料的创新
本书在第五章中,以“韩国裔美国人人口政治发展与‘东海并记法案’之争”为例,论证少数族裔的外交介入行为影响美国外交政策构建。综合国内学界的研究现状,韩国裔美国人通过自身政治力量对美国地方层面在“东海并记”问题上的立场施加影响这个案例是笔者引入的新案例,是对国内学界在论证美国族群外交影响力方面的有力补充。
4.方法和思路的创新
本书采用系统分析方法,把少数族裔与美国外交政策的互动关系视为一个系统,在系统的发生机理的解释方面,本书通过国内政治和国际关系两个路径对少数族裔人口政治如何影响美国外交政策构建的机制进行阐释;从子系统看,本书把这一系统分解为美国少数族裔人口权力与国家实力构建之间的互动关系、美国少数族裔与国际移民合作治理之间的互动关系、少数族裔的外交介入行为与美国外交政策之间的互动关系这三大领域,从而构建了一种具有解释力的理论框架,是在既有研究基础上的方法和思路创新。
[1] 1974年,美国在基辛格(Henry Alfred Kissinger)博士主持下制订了一个当时被视为高度机密的备忘录,题目是《世界人口增长对美国国家安全和海外利益的影响》(“Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for U.S.Security and Overseas Interests”)。这份备忘录中涉及粮食政策、人口增长和战略性原材料等议题。备忘录的内容是由约翰·洛克菲勒三世(John D. Rockefeller Ⅲ)授意,理查德·尼克松(Richard Milhous Nixon)亲自布置的。这个秘密的计划在华盛顿被简称为“NSSM 200”,即《国家安全研究备忘录第200号》。1975年,杰拉德·福特(Gerald Rudolph Ford)一上任就立即签署了总统行政命令,使《国家安全研究备忘录第200号》成为美国政府的官方政策。参见Paul R.Ehrlich,John P.Holdren,and Anne H.Ehrlich, Ecoscience : Population , Resources , Environment ,San Francisco:W.H.Freeman&Co.,1978,pp.55-56。
[2] Barry Buzan,“New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century”, International Afairs ,Vol.67,No.3,1991,pp.431-451;Barry Buzan,“From International System to International Society:Structural Realism and Regime Theory Meet the English School”, International Organization ,Vol.47,No.3,1993,pp.327-352;Rita Floyd,“Human Security and the Copenhagen School’s Securitization Approach:Conceptualizing Human Security as a Securitizing Move”, Human Security Journal ,Vol.5,2007,pp.38-49.
[3] Pamela Irving Jackson and Roderick Parkes,“Globalization and the Secularization of Immigration Policy:Competing Influences on Immigrant Integration Policy in Germany,France,Britain and the United States”, Human Architecture : Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge ,Special Issue,Summer 2006,pp.31-146.
[4] Anthony M.Messina,“Securitizing Immigration in the Age of Terror”, World Politics ,Vol.66,No.3,2014,pp.530-559.
[5] Ariane Chebel D’Appollonia and Simon Reich, Managing Ethnic Diversity after 9/11: Integration , Security and Civil Liberties in Transatlantic Perspective ,Rutgers University Press,2010;Ariane Chebel D’Appollonia and Simon Reich, Immigration , Integration and Security : America and Europe in Comparative Perspective ,University of Pittsburgh Press,2008.
[6] Rita Floyd,“Human Security and the Copenhagen School’s Securitization Approach:Conceptualizing Human Security as a Securitizing Move”, Human Security Journal ,Vol.5,2007,pp.38-49.
[7] Francesca Vietti,Todd Scribner,“Human Insecurity:Understanding International Migration from a Human Security Perspective”, Journal on Migration and Human Security ,Vol.1,No.1,2013,pp.17-31.
[8] Astri Suhrke,“Human Security and the Interests of States”, Security Dialouge ,Vol.30,No.3,pp.265-266;Keith Krause,“Building the Agenda of Human Security”,in Moufida Goucha and John Crowley,eds., Rethinking Human Security ,Chichester,Wiley-Blackwell Publishing,p.76.
[9] Alexander Wendt,“Anarchy is What States Make of It:The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization ,Vol.46,No.2,pp.391-425;Alexander Wendt,“Collective Identity Formation and the International State”, American Political Science Review ,Vol.88,No.2,pp.384-396.
[10] Christian Leuprecht,“The Demographic Security Dilemma”, Yale Journal of International Afairs ,Spring/Summer,2010,pp.60-74.
[11] Christian Leuprecht,“The Demographic Security Dilemma”, Yale Journal of International Afairs ,2010,pp.60-74.
[12] Joel Kotkin and Erika Ozuna,“America’s Demographic Future”, Cato Journal ,Vol.32,No.1,2012,pp.55-69.
[13] Cynthia Opheim, Predicting Latino Partisanship in the United States ,https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/2945/fulltext.pdf;sequence=1.
[14] Quentin Kidd,Herman Diggs,Mehreen Farooq and Megan Murray,“Black Voters,Black Candidates,and Social Issues:Does Party Identification Matter?” Social Science Quarterly ,Vol.88,Issue 1,2007,pp.165-176.
[15] Janelle Wong,S.Karthick Ramakrishnan,Taeku Lee and Jane Junn, Asian American Political Participation : Emerging Constituents and Their Political Identities ,New York,NY:Russell Sage Foundation,2011.
[16] Don T.Nakanishi and James Lai, National Asian Pacific American Political Almanac , Fifteenth Edition ( 2014 — 2015 ),http://www.aasc.ucla.edu/aascpress/books/pa15th.aspx.
[17] Christian Collet and Pei-te Lien, The Transnational Politics of Asian Americans ,Philadephia:Temple University Press,2009;Pei-te Liean,Margraret Conway and Janelle Wong, The Politics of Asian Americans : Diversity and Community ,New York,NY:Routledge,2004;Janelle Wong,Pei-te Lien and M.Margaret Conway,“Activity Amidst Diversity:Asian American Political Participation”,in Jane Junn and Kerry Haynie,eds., New Race Politics in America : Understanding Minority and Immigrant Politics ,New York and London:Cambridge University Press,2008,pp.70-94.
[18] Amy L.Freedman, Political Participation and Ethnic Minorities : Chinese Overseas in Malaysia , Indonesia , and the Unites States ,New York,NY:Routledge,2000.
[19] Gordon H.Chang, Asian Americans and Politics : Perspectives , Experiences , Prospects ,Washington,D.C.:Woodrow Wilson Center Press,2001.
[20] Jun Xu,“The Political Behavior of Asian Americans:A Theoretical Approach”, Journal of Political and Military Sociology ,Vol.30,No.1,pp.71-89.
[21] Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,“The Future of American Power:Dominance and Decline in Perspective”, Foreign Afairs ,Vol.89,No.6,November/December 2010,pp.5-6;Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,“Immigration and American Power”, Today’s Zaman ,December 10,2012.
[22] F.Clifford German,“A Tentative Evaluation of World Power”, Journal of Conflict Resolution ,Vol.4,1960,pp.138-144.
[23] Ray S.Cline, World Power Assessment 1977 : A Calculus of Strategic Drift ,Boulder:Westview Press,1977,p.34.
[24] Yossi Shain,“Multicultural Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy ,25th Anniversary Issue,No.100,1995,pp.69-87.
[25] Yossi Shain,“Multicultural Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy ,25th Anniversary Issue,No.100,1995,pp.69-87.
[26] Thomas Ambrosio,“Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S.Foreign Policy”,in Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S.Foreign Policy ,Westport,CT:Praeger Publishers,2002,pp.200-201.
[27] Anne-Marie Slaughter,“America’s Edge:Power in the Networked Century”, Foreign Affairs ,Vol.88,No.1,January/February 2009,pp.103-104,112.
[28] 代表性研究文献可参阅:Tony Smith, Foreign Attachments : The Power of Ethnic Groups in the Making of American Foreign Policy ,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2005;John J.Mearsheimer and Stephen M.Walt,“The Israel Lobby and U.S.Foreign Policy”, Middle East Policy ,Vol.13,No.3,2006,pp.29- 87;Khalil Marrar, The Arab Lobby and US Foreign Policy—The Two-State Solution,New York:Routledge,2009;Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan,Ethnicity:Theory and Experience ,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1975;Samuel P.Huntington,“The Erosion of American National Interest”,Foreign Afairs ,September/Octomber,1997;Eric Uslaner,“Crackers in the Armor?Interest Groups and Foreign Policy”,in Allan J.Cigler and Burdett A.Loomis,Interest Group Politics ,Washington,D.C.:CQ Press,2002;Patrick Haney and Walt Vanderbush,“The Role of Ethnic Interest Groups in U.S.Foreign Policy:The Case of the Cuban American National Foundation”,International Studies Quarterly ,Vol.43,1999。
[29] Tony Smith, Foreign Attachments : The Power of Ethnic Groups in the Making of American Foreign Policy ,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2005,p.5.
[30] Tony Smith, Foreign Attachments : The Power of Ethnic Groups in the Making of American Foreign Policy ,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2005,p.44.
[31] John J.Mearsheimer and Stephen M.Walt,“The Israel Lobby and U.S.Foreign Policy”, Middle East Policy ,Vol.13,No.3,2006,pp.29-87.
[32] Khalil Marrar, The Arab Lobby and US Foreign Policy — The Two-State Solution ,New York:Routledge,2009,p.86.
[33] Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Ethnicity : Theory and Experience ,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1975,p.19.
[34] Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity , Race , and American Foreign Policy : A History ,Boston:Northeastern Press,1992,p.193.
[35] Samuel P.Huntington,“The Erosion of American National Interest”, Foreign Afairs ,September/Octomber,1997,https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1997-09-01/erosion-american-national-interests.
[36] Eric Uslaner,“Crackers in the Armor?Interest Groups and Foreign Policy”,in Allan J.Cigler and Burdett A.Loomis, Interest Group Politics ,Washington,D.C.:CQ Press,2002,p.356.
[37] Patrick Haney and Walt Vanderbush,“The Role of Ethnic Interest Groups in U.S.Foreign Policy:The Case of the Cuban American National Foundation”, International Studies Quarterly ,Vol.43,1999,pp.334-335.
[38] John J.Mearsheimer and Stephen M.Walt,“The Israel Lobby and U.S.Foreign Policy”, Middle East Policy ,Vol.13,No.3,2006,pp.29- 87;Tony Smith, Foreign Attachments:The Power of Ethnic Groups in the Making of American Foreign Policy ,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2000,p. 94.
[39] Yossi Shain,“Ethnic Diasporas and U.S.Foreign Policy”, Political Science Quarterly ,Vol.109,No.5,Winter,1994—1995,pp.811-841.
[40] Terrence Lyons,“Conflict-Generated Diasporas and Transnational Politics in Ethiopia”, Conflict , Security , and Development ,Vol.7,No.4,2007.
[41] Scott McConnell,“Not So Huddled Masses:Multiculturalism and Foreign Policy”, World Afairs ,Spring,2009,http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/not-so-huddled-masses-multiculturalism-and-foreign-policy.
[42] Fiona Adamson and Madeleine Demetriou,“Remapping the Boundaries of ‘State’and‘National Identity’”, European Journal of International Relations ,Vol.13,No.4,2007,p.497.
[43] William Safran,“Diasporas in Modern Societies:Myths of Homeland and Return”, Diaspora ,Vol.1,No.1,1991,pp.83-84.