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人称代词是用来指人、动物或事物的代词。它有数和格的变化，数是指人称代词的单数和复数，格是指人称代词有主格和宾格之分。
They do well in their lessons. 他们功课学得好。（主语）
It is she who is often late. 经常迟到的是她。（表语）
May I ask you a few questions?我可以问你几个问题吗？（动宾）
Jessica bought a gift for me . 杰茜卡给我买了一个礼物。（介宾）
—I like Beijing. 我喜欢北京。 — Me too. 我也喜欢。
She talked with Luke, not me . 她和卢克谈了话，不是和我。
物主代词是表示所属关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。
相当于形容词，放在名词前作定语。
That man with his hands in his pockets is my teacher. 手放在口袋里的那个人是我的老师。
相当于名词，在句中作主语、表语和宾语。
This isn't my chair. Mine is over there. 这不是我的椅子，我的在那边。（主语）
That pen is hers, not yours . 那支钢笔是她的，不是你的。（表语）
Use your own ruler; don't use his . 用你自己的尺子，不要用他的。（宾语）
反身代词指动作的承受者是动作执行者本身，或强调所涉及的人称或代词，表示“我自己、你自己”等。
在句中作动词或介词的宾语、表语和同位语。
Do you enjoy yourself at school? 你在学校快乐吗？（动宾）
You'd better do it by yourself . 你最好亲自做这件事。（介宾）
I am not quite myself today. 我今天不是很舒服。（表语）
I gave the letter to the teacher himself . 我把信交给老师本人了。（同位语）
enjoy oneself过得快乐 express oneself表达自己的意图
help oneself to 随便吃，随便用 be oneself（人）处于正常状态
make oneself at home别拘束 talk to oneself 自言自语
teach oneself 自学，自修 dress oneself 穿衣
introduce oneself 自我介绍 by oneself 独自，单独地
相互代词是指表示相互关系的代词，有each other，one another两种，意为“互相，相互”。each other用于两者之间，one another用于三者或三者以上之间。所有格形式为each other's和one another's。
The twins help each other at home. 这对双胞胎在家里互相帮助。
Students should learn from one another . 学生之间应该相互学习。
You can use each other's dictionaries. 你们可以使用对方的词典。
We don't know one another's names. 我们不知道彼此的名字。
指示代词是指用来指示人或事物的代词，主要有四个，即this/that/these/those。另外such，so，the same也可以充当指示代词。
This is a robot and that is a computer. 这是一个机器人，那是一台电脑。（主语）
What the girl likes is that . 那个女孩喜欢的就是那个。 （表语）
Do that and you'll succeed in the end. 那样去做，你最终一定会成功。（动宾）
The boy is interested in these . 那个男孩对这些感兴趣。（介宾）
Those songs are all old ones and I like these ones. 那些都是老歌，我喜欢这些。（定语）
—What's this? —It's a photo. 这是什么？是一张照片。
These are useful. Please value them . 这些很有用，请珍惜他们。
The population of China is larger than that of Japan . 中国的人口比日本的多。
The flowers here are more beautiful than those in the park . 这里的花比公园里的花更漂亮。
What I want to say is this : online shops are popular. 我要说的是：网店很受欢迎。
He is ill again. That makes mother worried. 他又病了，那很让妈妈担忧。
● 英语中打电话时，常用this指自己，that指对方。
Hello. This is Tom. Who is that speaking? 喂，你好！我是汤姆。你是哪位？
● that可代替不可数名词，也可替代可数名词的单数，等于the one；those只可代替可数名词复数，等同于 those ones或the ones。
This dress is larger than that /the one on the shelf. 这件衣服比架子上的那件大。
Such is his school life. 这就是他的学校生活。
such必须放在a/an之前，但需置于no，one，two，three，another，several，some，many，all等词之后。
Such a book is my favourite. 这样一本书是我最喜欢的。
I have three such schoolbags. 我有三个这样的书包。
—Will the head teacher come to our party? 班主任会来参加我们的聚会吗？
—I think so./I don't think so. 我认为她会来。/我认为她不会来。
She is always telling the same story. 她总是讲同一个故事。
用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词叫疑问代词，主要包括what，which，who，whom，whose等。
What 's your own idea? 你自己是怎么想的？
What 're they talking about? 他们在谈论什么？
What magazine would you like to buy? 你想买什么杂志？
What time will your mom come back? 你妈妈什么时候回来？
Which is heavier, this cellphone or that one? 这个手机和那个手机哪一个更重？（主语）
Which are heavier, these boxes or those? 这些箱子和那些箱子，哪些更重？（主语）
Which do you prefer? 你愿意要哪一个？（宾语）
Which toy do you like best? 你最喜欢哪个玩具？
Which fruits would she like? 她喜欢哪些水果？
● what泛指“哪一类”，没有具体的范围，后不跟of；which常在具体范围内进行选择，后可跟of。 What tea would you like? 你想要什么茶？（没有指定选择范围） Which tea would you like? 你想要哪种茶？（在指定的茶水中选择）
Who will come to the opening? 谁将要来参加开幕式？（主语）
Whom/Who are you talking with? 你在和谁说话？（宾语）
With whom do you often practise English? 你经常和谁一起练习英语？（介宾）
Whose new bike is this? 这辆新自行车是谁的？（定语）
Whose is the front seat? 前面的座位是谁的？（表语）
不明确指代某个（些）人或某个（些）事物的代词叫作不定代词。不定代词有名词和形容词的特征，没有主格和宾格之分，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
one 指代可数名词，既可指人，也可指物。one既可单独使用，也可以放在单数可数名词之前作定语。其复数形式为ones，所有格形式为one's，反身代词为oneself。
One should love one's hometown. 一个人应该热爱自己的家乡。
He is not one who is lazy. 他不是一个懒惰的人。
This is the one I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那一个。
This maths problem is harder than that one . 这道数学题比那道更难。
I prefer red roses to white ones . 我喜欢红玫瑰胜过白玫瑰。
● one与it
one与 it都可替代上文出现过的名词。it指上文出现过的同一事物，而one则代替与前面事物同属一类的事物，并非同一个事物。试比较：
I lost my bike so I have to buy another one . 我丢了自行车，所以得再买一辆。（one与上文的bike同属一类，但不是前面提到的那一辆）
I drew a picture, but I lost it. 我画了一幅画，但把它弄丢了。（it指上文提到的画）
● one与that
one/ones和that/those都可以代替上文出现的名词。one代替单数可数名词，而that既可以代替单数可数名词，又可以代替上文出现的不可数名词；one 可以代替上文出现的人或物，that一般只代替物（但those可以指代人）。
The weather here is warmer than that in Beijing. 这儿的气候比北京暖和。（that代替weather）
Who is Jim, the one behind you? 哪位是吉姆，你后面的那个吗？（the one指人，不用that）
I prefer this bike to the red one . 与那辆红色自行车相比我更喜欢这一辆。（定语在前，不用that）
no one只能指代人，回答who开头的问题；none 指代人或物，可代替可数名词的单数和复数，也可代替不可数名词，回答how many/much开头的问题。
—Who are in the reading room? 谁在阅览室里？
— No one . 没有人。
—How much money have you got on you? 你手头上有多少钱？
— None . 一点也没有。
Either toy is good, so you can choose either of them. 两个玩具都很好，你可任选一个。
Neither is in the library now. 两个现在都不在图书馆里。
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错了就是我错了。
Neither Linda nor her parents are at home. 琳达和她父母都不在家。
All （of） the desks and chairs are new. 所有的桌椅都是新的。
Both of us went to the English party. 我们两个都去参加了那次英语晚会。
All is going on well now. 现在一切进展顺利。
All are honest, so you can believe what they said. 他们都很诚实，你可以相信他们的话。
each 和every都表示单数概念，意为“每一个”，与单数可数名词连用。
Each of the rivers is clean now. 现在每条河流都很干净。（主语）
Every student has a dictionary. 每个学生都有一本词典。（定语）
There are tea shops on each side of the street. 街道两旁都有茶叶店。（不用every）
Every river runs to the sea. 每条河流都奔向大海。
● each可与of搭配，但every 不能与of搭配。
Each of us gets a present every month. 每个月我们每个人都会得到一份礼物。
● every与not连用，表示部分否定，意为“并非每一个”。
Every book here is not cheap. 并非这儿的每本书都便宜。
1）“other+可数名词复数”表示泛指，意为“另外……，其他……”。
I have no other friends in Shanghai. 我在上海没有其他朋友。
2）others是other的复数形式，some…others…表示“一些……，另一些……”。
My parents often help others . 我父母经常帮助别人。
Some people love sports, and others love music. 有些人热爱运动，另一些则热爱音乐。
3）the other 作形容词或代词时，指两者中的另一个或另一部分；the others用作代词，表示“剩下的、其余的”，特指一定范围以内的其余人或物。
One of her daughters is a teacher, and the other is a nurse. 她的一个女儿是教师，另一个是护士。
We are in the classroom, but the others ran out. 我们在教室里，但其余的人都跑出去了。
I don't like this shirt. Please show me another . 我不喜欢这件衬衫，请再给我拿另一件。
She needs another dictionary to help her with study. 她还需要另外一本词典帮助她学习。
She has two erasers, and she needs another two . 她有两块橡皮了，还需要两块。
这几个词都表示“少”的概念，（a） few与复数名词搭配，（a） little与不可数名词搭配。alittle和a few带有肯定含义，little和few带有否定意义。
Few of the workers know French. 这些工人中几乎没人懂法语。
Hurry up. There is little time. 快点，时间不多了。
Only a few students have cellphones in my class. 我班里只有几名同学有手机。
There are many trees in the schoolyard and many of them are tall. 学校校园里有很多棵树，其中许多都很高。（定语、主语）
I have much homework to do today. 今天我有许多家庭作业要做。（定语）
Jane has many more net friends than I. 简的网友比我的多得多。
Bert has much more money than I. 伯特的钱比我的多得多。
A good many foreigners like Chinese food. 许多外国人喜欢中餐。
Many a student has been late. 许多学生迟到了。
You needn't drink too much wine. 你没必要喝太多的酒。
They are much too late this time. 这次他们来得太晚了。
I'd like some hot porridge if you have any . 如果你有，我想喝点热粥。
She doesn't have any money left. 她没钱了。
Do you have any close friends? 你有一些密友吗？
Would you like some coffee, sir? 先生，你想喝咖啡吗？
Any child needs love and care. 任何儿童都需要爱和关怀。
I have been to some shop in this street. 我去过这个街道的某个商店。
somebody，someone表示“某人”，多用于肯定句中；anybody，anyone表示“任何人”，多用于否定句和疑问句中；something意为“某事（物）”；anything意为“任何事（物）”。some开头的不定代词多用于肯定句，或表示征求意见、邀请，并期望对方给予肯定答复的疑问句中；any开头的不定代词多用于否定句、疑问句以及条件句中。
I don't know anybody here. 在这里我不认识任何人。
Does someone here know our teacher's email address? 这里有人知道我们老师的邮箱地址吗？
I didn't eat anything this morning. 今早我没吃任何东西。
● somebody和anybody可表示“有一点地位或小有名气的人物”；“nobody指没有地位的人或默默无闻的人物”；“something指了不起的事物”；nothing指“没什么了不起的事物”。
The young man thinks himself somebody . 那个年轻人认为自己是个了不起的人物。
People think the Great Wall something. 人们认为长城是个了不起的工程。
I bought a basketball, but I have lost it . 我买了一个篮球，但我把它弄丢了。
She has taken the medicine, but it didn't help. 她吃了药，但没起作用。
—Who is knocking at the door? — It 's me, Mary. 是谁在敲门？是我，玛丽。
The baby is always crying. Maybe it 's ill. 孩子总是哭，可能是生病了。
It 's cold in winter in the north. 北方冬季很冷。
It was only five minutes' walk. 步行只有五分钟的路程。
How is it going with your parents? 你父母近来情况怎么样？
It 's good for us to walk to school. 步行去上学对我们有好处。
It 's great fun walking after supper. 晚饭后散步很有趣。
It is a pity that the weather is too bad today. 可惜今天天气太糟糕。
● It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
● It's one's duty to do sth. 做某事是某人的职责
● It's good/bad manners to do sth. 做某事礼貌/不礼貌
● It's a pity/shame/pleasure to do sth. 做某事很遗憾/很羞愧/是乐趣
● It is no use/no good doing sth. 做某事没用/没好处
● It is well-known that… 众所周知……
● It is said/reported that… 据说/据报道…… It is suggested that… 有人建议……
● It seems/appears that… 好像……
● It is strange that… ……很奇怪 It is likely/possible that… 有可能……
I find it fun to play sports . 我发现运动很有趣。
He has made it a rule that he goes to bed on time . 他准时睡觉已成为习惯。
I hate it when people say bad words about their friends. 我讨厌有人说自己朋友的坏话。
The teacher likes it that everyone passed the exam. 所有人都通过了考试，老师很开心。
It takes me fifteen minutes to walk to school. 我步行去上学要花15分钟。
It's time that you stopped/should stop playing that kind of games. 你早就该停止玩那种游戏了。
It's the first time that he has seen such a big snow. 这是他第一次见到这么大的雪。
It is/has been five years since I left home. 我离开家已有五年了。
It was a long time before the fire was put out. 过了好长时间大火才被扑灭。
It will not be long before you take an examination. 过不了多久你们就会考试的。
“It is/was +被强调部分 + that（被强调部分指人时可以用who/whom）+句子的其他成分”，是英语中最常用的强调句型。
She met a Frenchman in the park yesterday.→
It was she that/who met a Frenchman in the park yesterday. 是她昨天在公园遇到了一名法国人。（强调主语）
It was a Frenchman that/whom she met in the park yesterday. 她昨天在公园遇到的是一名法国人。（强调宾语）
It was in the park that she met a Frenchman yesterday. 昨天她是在公园遇见一名法国人的。（强调地点状语）
It was yesterday that she met a Frenchman in the park. 就是昨天她在公园遇见了一名法国人。（强调时间状语）