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根据不同短文文体，我们就短文再来一次进一步的深度分析：假设你是四级听力出题考官，面对一篇听力短文，你会倾向于在什么地方设置听力出题考点？课堂上我会要求同学们在短文播放后、问题播出之前针对选项选择出不超过2个的备选答案，而很多同学会在熟练考官出题秘籍后，在听到问题之前准确、轻松地选择出90%以上的正确答案。接下来，跟着我把考官出题秘籍学到手吧！
6.1 人物传记
人物历史类短文或人物传记是四级听力短文的重要组成部分，它主要包括历史人物的生平事迹、重要或有趣的历史事件以及团体、文化变迁，与故事类短文相比，它们的体裁都是叙述性的，所以时间、人物、情节、地点是这类题目的解题中心。
典型例题 （CET4-2007.12）
【预测分析】 预测三道题的选项，由选项中的 The Washington Post , publishing company, He, She等推测可知，短文可能与人物有关，而该人物又与《华盛顿邮报》和出版公司有关。
1.A）He suffered from mental illness.
B）He brought The Washington Post .
C）He turned a failing newspaper into a success.
D）He was once a reporter for a major newspaper.
2.A）She was the first woman to lead a big U.S.publishing company.
B）She got her first job as a teacher at the University of Chicago.
C）She committed suicide because of her mental disorder.
D）She took over her father's position when he died.
3.A）People came to see the role of women in the business world.
B）Katharine played a major part in reshaping Americans' mind.
C）American media would be quite different without Katharine.
D）Katharine had exerted an important influence on the world.
原文：
Katharine Graham graduated from the University of Chicago in 1938 and got a job as a news reporter in San Francisco.Katharine' father used to be a successful investment banker.In 1933 he brought a failing newspaper —The Washington Post （前三句出答案、正确答案所听即所选）.Katharine returned to Washington and got a job—editing letters in her father's newspaper.She married Philip Graham who took over his father-in-law's position shortly after and became the publisher of The Washington Post .But for many years her husband suffered from mental illness and he killed himself in 1963.
After her husband's death, Katharine operated the newspaper.In the 1970s, the newspaper became famous around the world.And Katharine was also recognized as an important leader in newspaper publishing.She was the first woman to head a major American publishing company（最高级考点标志词first，所听即所选）—The Washington Post Company.In a few years, she successfully expanded the company to include newspaper, magazine, broadcast and cable companies.
She died of head injuries after a fall when she was 84.More than 3,000 people attended her funeral including many government and business leaders.Her friends said she would be remembered as a woman who had an important influence on events in the United States and the world.Katharine once wrote, “The world without newspapers would not be the same kind of world.”After her death, the employees of The Washington Post wrote, “The world without Katharine will not be the same at all.”（结尾出考点）
6.2 记叙文
记叙文的内容一般为记叙人物经历，故事、事物发展过程、游记等。
★ 记叙文的选项特征
1.提供大量细节，选项中经常有时间、地点和人物名；
2.选项基本是完整的句子，主语常为he / she / the man / the women；
3.选项多为叙述性的句子，比一般说明文要长；
4.选项符合时间顺序，但没有逻辑关系。
★ 记叙文可能出现的考点
1）考主题、前三句后两句；2）考原因；3）考转折；4）考顺序，如时间顺序、事物发展顺序；5）考对话，可在选项旁边适当做笔记。
例如：某题A选项是短文中Tom的观点，那么就在听力播放的过程中在A选项旁边标记“T”；如果选项是人名，那么就在每个人名边上写下这个人说的话中最关键的一词。
注意：记叙文因为有明确的故事脉络，所以其故事起因、经过、发展和结果比较容易听懂，但考生必须抓住提及的细节，否则就算故事内容大意听懂了，还是无法正确答题。
★ 记叙文解题应该重视的原则
1）“所听即所选”原则，尤其重视重读现象；2）“主题”原则，段首往往是考点；3）特别重视三类标志词：因果、转折、时间。
典型例题 （CET4-2008.6）
1.A）It was located in a park.
B）Its owner died of a heart attack.
C）It went bankrupt all of a sudden.
D）Its potted plants were for lease only.
2.A）Planting some trees in the greenhouse.
B）Writing a want ad to a local newspaper.
C）Putting up a Going out of Business sign.
D）Helping a customer select some purchases.
3.A）Opening an office in the new office park.
B）Keeping better relations with her company.
C）Developing fresh business opportunities.
D）Building a big greenhouse of his own.
4.A）Owning the greenhouse one day.
B）Securing a job at the office park.
C）Cultivating more potted plants.
D）Finding customers out of town.
原文：
In February last year, my wife lost her job.Just as suddenly, the owner of the greenhouse where I worked as manager died of heart attack.His family announced that they were going to close the business because no one in the family wanted to run it.（前三句话出考点）Things looked pretty gloomy.My wife and I read the want-ads each day.
Then one morning, as I was hanging out the Going Out of Business sign at the greenhouse, the door opened and in walked a customer.（出现事情的发展变化）She was an officer manager whose company had just moved into the new office park on the edge of the town.She was looking for part of plants to place in the reception areas and offices.“I don't know anything about plants”, she said.“I'm sure in a few weeks they'll all be dead.”
While I was helping her select her purchases, my mind was racing.Perhaps as many as a dozen firms have recently opened offices in the new office park, and there were several hundred more acres with construction underway.That afternoon, I drove out to the office park.By 6 o'clock that evening, I had signed contracts with seven companies to rent plants from me and pay me a fee to maintain them,within a week, I had worked out an agreement to lease the greenhouse from the owner's family.Business is now increasing rapidly, and one day, we hope to be the proud owners of the greenhouse.（结尾处出考点）
6.3 议论文
★ 议论文的选项特征
1）选项多为概括性的句子；2）选项有表明观点的作用；3）选项有内在逻辑关系。
★ 议论文的文章特点
1）在三大要素中（论点、论证、论据），论点和论据是文章的重点。论点一般在文章开头，篇尾也会点题；2）文章通俗易懂，道理浅显，说理的过程叙事化；3）主题明确，围绕一个论点展开；4）层次结构清楚，一般为总分总结构。
★ 议论文的常见考点
1）考论点，中心论点和分论点都是必考的；2）考问答，文章中出现设问及其回答都是很重要的；3）考观点：如think…，suppose …；4）标志词，包括最高级标志词、唯一级标志词、原因项标志词、转折项标志词等；5）独白针对某个话题进行讲解、评述或议论，有倾向性的把观点表达出来。比如：涉及大学课堂讲座，讲师先介绍某学科概念、现象或者成果，然后稍加议论。
典型例题 （CET4-2009.6）
1.A）The atmosphere they live in is rather unreal.
B）Their parents put too much pressure on them.
C）It's hard for them to get along with other kids.
D）They have to live in the shadow of their parents.
2.A）He always boasts about his rich father.
B）He will grow up to be good for nothing.
C）He has too much to know the value of things.
D）He is too young to manage his inherited property.
3.A）She wants Amanda to get professional care.
B）She has no experience in raising children.
C）She wants to show off her wealth.
D）She has no time to do it herself.
4.A）The lifestyle depicted in Hollywood movies.
B）The worship of money, beauty and pleasure.
C）The attention the media focuses on them.
D）The pursuing of perfection in performance.
原文：
In Hollywood, everybody wants to be rich, famous and beautiful.Nobody wants to be old, unknown and poor.For Hollywood kids, life can be difficult because they grow up in such an unreal atmosphere（前三句多出考点，因果考点标志词出答案）.Their parents are ambitious and the children are part of their parent's ambitions.Parents pay for wasteful grand parties, expensive cars and designer clothes.
When every dream can come true, kids don't learn the value of anything because they have everything.A thirteen-year-old boy, Trent Maguire, has a driver, credit cards and unlimited cash to do what he wants when he wants to.“One day, I'll earn more than my dad!” he boasts.
Parents buy care and attention for their children because they have no time to give it themselves.（分论点容易出考点，因果考点标志词出答案）Amanda's mother employs a personal trainer, a bodyguard, a singing coach and a councilor to look after all her fifteen-year-old daughter's needs.Often, there is no parent at home most days, so children decide whether to make their own meals or go out to restaurants, when to watch television or do homework.They organize their own social lives.They play no childhood games.They become adults before they're ready.Hollywood has always been the city of dreams.The kids there live unreal lives where money, beauty and pleasure are the only gods.（结尾处出考点）Will children around the world soon start to think the same? Or do they already?
6.4 说明文
★ 说明文的选项特征
1）选项简洁概括、不完整句子居多，最多有一至二道细节题；2）选项往往比较抽象，一般以 it / they / man / woman等抽象名词做主语；3）选项往往是表达因果、目的、手段的小词如：because / by / to；4）选项具备科学性和客观性的特点，但选项之间缺乏逻辑关系。
★ 说明文的常见考点
1）在每个层次的启承处判断各层次的启承主要有两种方法：一种是听序数项标志词，如：on the other hand / another / second，等等；第二种是听“气”，即语速、语音、语调有所变化的地方。2）段落开头、结尾处，“前三后二”，科技类、说明文重点注意三个-age，即 advantage 优势／disadvantage 劣势／usage 用途；环境类说明文，重点在于产生环境问题的原因及解决方法。
典型例题 （CET4-2011.12）
1.A）They help us see the important values of a culture.
B）They guide us in handling human relationships.
C）They help us express ourselves more effectively.
D）They are an infinite source of human knowledge.
2.A）Their wording may become different.
B）The values they reflect may change.
C）Their origins can no longer be traced.
D）They may be misinterpreted occasionally.
3.A）Certain values are shared by a large number of cultures.
B）Some proverbs are assuming more and more importance.
C）Old proverbs are constantly replaced by new ones.
D）Certain values have always been central to a culture.
原文：
Proverbs, sometimes called sayings, are examples of folk wisdom.They are little lessons which older people of a culture pass down to the younger people to teach them about life.Many proverbs remind people of the values that are important in the culture.（前三句多出考点、总论点考点）Values teach people how to act, what is right, and what is wrong.Because the values of each culture are different, understanding the values of another culture helps explain how people think and act.
Understanding your own cultural values is important too.If you can accept that people from other cultures act according to their values, not yours, getting along with them will be much easier.Many proverbs are very old.So some of the values they teach may not be as important in the culture as they once were.（分论点考点、举例考点for example前后多出考点）For example, Americans today do not pay much attention to the proverb “Haste makes waste”, because patience is not important to them.But if you know about past values, it helps you to understand the present.
And many of the older values are still strong today.Benjamin Franklin, a famous American diplomat, writer and scientist, died in 1790, but his proverb “Time is money” is taken more seriously by Americans of today than ever before.A study of proverbs from around the world shows that some values are shared by many cultures.In many cases though, the same idea is expressed differently.（结尾处多出考点）