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第五节

长对话和短文理解你可能需要明白的应急技巧

2016年6月份的六级改革中,短文的分值提升,长对话部分维持不变。做听力题的过程中,你可能会觉得因为篇幅、走神、紧张等各种原因导致“对话内容听懂了,可题目仍然做错”一不留神听过了结果,于是“全军阵亡”……其实,只要掌握了科学的做题思路和方法,在六级听力词汇量达标的基础上,每位考生在长对话和短文部分都应该用全对的标准去要求自己。因为,它们真的很简单。由于长对话和短文的答题技巧、方法有高度的相似之处,我们就一起来分享一下让长对话和短文变得简单的基本思路:

5.1 边听边做笔记,听到哪里点哪里

长对话和短文部分一定要边听边选答案。在播放问题之前,所有备选答案应该是已经在选项边进行标记,播放各个问题的过程仅仅是一个再次检查的过程。这样在做题的过程中就会减少因为走神而听漏题的现象、听懂了但题做不出来的现象、细节题每个选项都似是而非的现象……

不少考生做长对话和短文部分的时候有非常不好的听力习惯,我把它归纳为这两种:“纹丝不动型”和“闭目养神型”。“纹丝不动型”的考生在整个听的过程中,认为自己必须全神贯注地对着某一个点“集中发功”,并且“发功”过程中切忌动弹,否则将前功尽弃、走火入魔;而“闭目养神型”的考生则多为“大牛”级别的人物,采取一种“闭目养神”的方式来听长对话和短文,乍一看有如闭目修炼,当文章题目放音结束,则速战速决潇洒挥笔作答,当其他考生还在抓耳挠腮时交卷走人,在众人的仰慕眼神下匆匆离去深藏功与名……这两种类型的做题思路一定要纠正过来,因为长对话中有一半的题目考的是细节题。你肯定看过《泰坦尼克号》,被问到任何关于故事框架的问题你可能都对答如流,比如“男女主角怎么认识的?他们中是谁活下来了?沉船的原因是什么?……”但如果它是一篇长对话考题,提问就完全不一样了,比如问一个最简单的细节题:“当男女主角站在甲板上,做比翼双飞造型的时候,女主角的披肩是什么颜色的?”此时的你是不是有一种瞬间崩溃,知道故事情节但是问题完全不在注意力范围内的感觉?而这恰恰是很多考生做长对话时的状态……所以,只有在边听边跟着读到的细节在题干上适当标记,才能够把握答题的主动性。

在做短文听力的时候更要如此,有人坚信自己无法在边听的时候边写。其实原因很简单:听少了,练习少了。如果你正在学开车或者已经拿到了驾驶执照,那么你一定有这个经历(顺便提一下,在大学期间拿到驾照跟过四六级是同等重要的):在第一次开车上公路的时候,你肯定是异常紧张,浑身发抖冒汗,必须把所有的车窗紧闭来保证没有任何杂音干扰;不久后,你可以放一点音量适中的音乐;慢慢地可以开始同车上的人交谈;再接下来你可以同时开车、听音乐、交谈;现在你或许还可以刷个微博、回个微信、拍个宝贝……我甚至还听说过刷个睫毛的……(仅限举例,切勿效仿)。所以,在听英语与做笔记之间熟练问题是完全可以通过练习来获得的技能,而且很多考生将来要面对的托福考试更是如此。在托福听力考试过程中,考生事先连短文部分的题干都看不到,一篇5分钟左右的学术性独白,给你一张纸一支笔就开始放听力,放音结束后考生才知道每道题的题目和选项。经过比较后,你可能才发现四六级长对话和短文听力部分是多么的友好、善良和可爱了。

接下来跟大家分享一些笔记符号创意的原则和例子:

(1)固定

(2)最简原则

(3)尽可能少创造新的符号,而应当尽量采用已有符号进行组合

(4)一个符号代表的不是一个单词,而是一类相关的单词或事物

(5)数学等学科符号可以用在笔记中

(6)符号参考

>: larger, surpass, exceed, more than

<: less than, inferior to

=: means, be equal to, the same as

≠: be different from

↑: increase, promote, enhance, improve

↓: decrease, fall, worsen, reduce,decline

+: plus, add, besides, moreover

-: minus, deduct, except

☆: outstanding, elite, important, significant

∧: but, however, in fact, actually, yet, nevertheless

~: about/around,or so,approximately

&: and, together with, along with, accompany

→: result in, lead to, bring on

←: originate from, date back to

√: correct, good, positive, affirmative

×: wrong, incorrect, mistaken, negative

∵: because, owing to, since, due to

∴: therefore, consequently, as a result, thus, hence

population人口

water水

human/people人

two/to 2

before b4

you U

arer

5.2 “所听基本所选”和“同义替换”原则

这个原则跟短对话基本相反,特别是在六级考试中,由于难度的限制和篇幅的原因,试题的正确答案相对于原文改动较少,或者是在个别题目中进行较为简单的同义替换。接下来我们就正确答案的特征进行适当总结:

(1)正确答案强调、重复原则

一篇短文或者长对话讨论的核心是会多次重复出现的,因此很大一部分涉及中心主题的问题,答案均在听力材料中强调到两次以上。强调的方式通常有两种,第一种是语义强调(用不同的词汇、句型、细节或者例子进行补充重复说明),第二种是语气、语调强调(包括重读emphasis/停顿stop/重复repetition)。

(2)“合理选项”小心陷阱,“不合理”答案有可能是解

所谓“合理选项”意思是:生活常识。你不需要通过听力材料,就可以发现答案同问题高度吻合。在错误选项的设置过程中,通常会编造一些特别符合问题逻辑的答案,即便选项内容跟听力材料毫不相干,也可以给考生造成非常强的误导。比如:“养育儿女是为什么?”备选答案中通常会出现“养儿防老/为了老了有人陪伴”等,而实际上正确答案是“养儿女是因为爱”。我们不难发现多数情况下正确答案同问题之间有着“跳跃性”逻辑的联系。

例如:

What do we learn about Hollywood kids?

(从原文中我们得知了哪些关于好莱坞小孩的信息?)

A)The atmosphere they live in is rather unreal.

B)Their parents put too much pressure on them.

C)It's hard for them to get along with other kids.

D)They have to live in the shadow of their parents.

请大家仔细理解每个选项的意思,假设在考场上你遇到了这么一个问题,并且文章内容听得似懂非懂,如果要你作出选择,你会选择哪个?其实很多时候,你的主观判断就占据了上风,很多同学就会根据自己的经验和感觉而非听到的客观事实内容作出选择(即使在听懂的情况下)。所以大多数同学在这道题中就会选择B(父母给了他们很大压力)或D(他们不得不生活在父母的影子之下)。不难发现这种错误选项非常具有迷惑性,因为太符合中国学生的思维了。

因此再强调一次,如果选项答案同问题构成了理所当然的逻辑或者非常符合生活常识,而不需要任何听力原文进行逻辑推理或者细节补充说明,请一定引起警惕!!!毕竟六级听力题目不是初中的阅读理解。

(3)照抄原文的多设陷阱,同义替换多是解

有时候选项中会出现照抄原文的情况,甚至是选项同文章内容一模一样地出现,那么在选择这类选项之前一定要多留一个心眼。特别是短文听力部分,正确答案多数为听力原材料的“同义替换”,多为词性的转换(例如名词在答案选项中转换成了动词)和句型转换(例如原文中肯定“晚上才有时间”,答案呈现反面否定“白天没空”)两种情况。因此,如果我们在听的过程中把读到的类似选项标记出来作为备选答案,那么在播放问题的时候,我们就可以检查自己预测的答案是否与问题吻合了。实践证明,80%以上的四六级听力长对话、短文的正确答案是基本可以在听到问题之前被选出来的。

5.3 “前三后二”原则

长对话和短文答案分布其实挺简单,按照出题者“考点均匀分布”原则,我们会很容易地发现一篇长对话或者短文听力中有需要特别引起重视的部分。“前三后二原则”是指在长对话或者短文材料的前三句和最后两句为考点的高频出处。因此,我们在长对话和短文听力考试一开始就必须进入状态,很多考生非常“慢热”,前几句话都读完了才回过神来,这样就容易导致第一个问题没有听到,后面的题目无法按照出题规律对上号,如此“全军覆没”。

5.4 顺序原则

长对话和短文听力的出题顺序基本跟谈论描述到的内容顺序一致(偶尔出现过个别有四个题目的长对话或者短文,中间两个细节题顺序不一致的情况)。因此,我们做题时心中可以有个预判,那就是第一个题的正确答案几乎不可能在听力材料的尾部听到,最后一个题的正确答案也不会是在对话一开头就出现的信息。如果遇到以上情况,应该多留个心眼,再仔细审核一次。

5.5 信号考点标志词

在六级听力中,有近63.24%的正确答案都是由“考点标志词”引导出来的,因此一篇短文听力其中涉及的“逻辑结构词”是把握文章脉络和核心的重中之重。所以通过反复大声朗读考点标志词,加强对它们的敏感度,能够让我们在听的过程中轻松“感知”到答案出题处。因此在听力中,特别是短文听力中,听到以下标志词,我们要引起高度的重视,并且集中注意力听清楚标志词前后的句子。

(1)转折对比类标志词:but/yet/while/actually/however/nevertheless…

(2)因果关系类标志词:because/so/reason/why/since/due to…

(3)最高级强调类标志词:best/the most/first/only/more/-er/-est…

(4)时间类标志词:after/then/next/will/later/going to/plan to…

另外,告诉大家四六级中最考查听力实力的部分其实是短对话。别看它们只有两句对话,但是如果对考点不敏感、注意力不集中,就会出现“开始了吗?已经结束了。”的悲剧局面。这也就是为什么我经常会说:当做听力真题自测的时候,如果你经常感觉到短对话最难,而长对话和短文相对容易的时候,那么四六级的听力部分就可以拿到一个比较满意分数。

5.6 让做题事半功倍的秘诀

下面的内容绝对是六级出题考官最害怕让考生做的一件事情,即将了解以下方法并且按照以下方法行动的你,会在短时间内训练出可怕的题感。在每篇短文做完两遍并且核对完答案以后,拿着短文原文,问自己这么一个问题:“如果我是考官,会在这篇短文的哪些地方设置考题?”有了这个思路,再结合真题的出题点,就不难发现很多有趣的规律,比如说在每篇短文的前三句和结尾处六级考官喜欢各设置一个问题;在各种“信号考点标志词”,也就是“逻辑连词”出现的前后常出现考点;议论文中例子细节考得较少,往往多考查议论文中例子所论证的论点等等现象。

接下来,根据真题出题的考点,写出考点设置的原因。注意这个步骤必须在看答案解析之前,自己尝试分析。我用下面这篇考题原文作为例子(蓝色部分是真题中考查到的考点处,方框是后来标记出的相关考点标志词,并在考点后面标记出原因):

In Hollywood, everybody wants to be rich, famous and beautiful. Nobody wants to be old,unknown and poor. For Hollywood kids, life can be difficult because they grow up in such an unreal atmosphere(前三句多出考点,因果考点标志词出答案). Their parents are ambitious and the children are part of their parent's ambitions. Parents pay for wasteful grand parties, expensive cars and designer clothes.

When every dream can come true, kids don't learn the value of anything because they have everything. A thirteen-year-old boy, Trent Maguire, has a driver, credit cards and unlimited cash to do what he wants when he wants to. “One day, I'll earn more than my dad!” he boasts.

Parents buy care and attention for their children because they have no time to give it themselves.(分论点容易出考点,因果考点标志词出答案)Amanda's mother employs a personal trainer, a bodyguard, a singing coach and a councilor to look after all her fifteen-year-old daughter's needs. Often, there is no parent at home most days, so children decide whether to make their own meals or go out to restaurants, when to watch television or do homework. They organize their own social lives. They play no childhood games. They become adults before they're ready. Hollywood has always been the city of dreams. The kids there live unreal lives where money, beauty and pleasure are the only gods. (结尾处出考点)Will children around the world soon start to think the same? Or do they already?

下面我们来做个练习,根据考点出处提示,分析下面这篇真题原文,尝试总结出考官设置考点的原因和线索:

One of the greatest heartbreaks for fire fighters occurs when they fail to rescue a child from a burning building because the child, frightened by smoke and noise, hides under a bed or in a closet and is later found dead. Saddest of all is when children catch a glimpse of the masked fire fighter but hide because they think they have seen a monster.

To prevent such tragedies, fire fighter Eric Velez gives talks to children in his community, explaining that they should never hide during a fire. He displays fire fighters' equipment, including the oxygen mask, which he encourages his listeners to play with and put on. “If you see us,” Velez tells them, “don't hide! We are not monsters. We have come to rescue you.” Velez gives his presentations in English and Spanish.

Growing up in San Francisco, he learnt Spanish from his immigrant parents. Velez and other fire fighters throughout North America, who give similar presentations, will never know how many lives they save through their talks. But it's a fact that informative speaking saves lives. For example, several months after listening to an informative speech, Peter Gentry in North Carolina rescued his brother who is choking on food, by using the method taught by student speaker, Julie Paris.

In addition to saving lives, informative speakers help people learn new skills, solve problems and acquire fascinating facts about the exciting world in which they live.

接下来,大家看看我的分析:

One of the greatest heartbreaks for fire fighters occurs when they fail to rescue a child from a burning building because the child, frightened by smoke and noise, hides under a bed or in a closet and is later found dead. Saddest of all is when children catch a glimpse of the masked fire fighter but hide because they think they have seen a monster. (最高级-est、转折词but和因果考点标志词because后出考点)

To prevent such tragedies, fire fighter Eric Velez gives talks to children in his community,explaining that they should never hide during a fire.(不定式表目的、否定词never强调、正确答案满足“所听即所选”原则) He displays fire fighters' equipment, including the oxygen mask, which he encourages his listeners to play with and put on. “If you see us,” Velez tells them, “don't hide! We are not monsters. We have come to rescue you.” Velez gives his presentations in English and Spanish.

Growing up in San Francisco, he learnt Spanish from his immigrant parents. Velez and other fire fighters throughout North America, who give similar presentations, will never know how many lives they save through their talks. But it's a fact that informative speaking saves lives. For example, several months after listening to an informative speech, Peter Gentry in North Carolina rescued his brother who is choking on food, by using the method taught by student speaker, Julie Paris. (例子考点、正确答案满足“所听即所选”原则)

In addition to saving lives, informative speakers help people learn new skills(结尾处出考点、逻辑连词in addition表示强调、正确答案saving lives多次重复), solve problems and acquire fascinating facts about the exciting world in which they live.

再强调一次,请务必在看真题答案解析之前进行分析!经过站在考官的角度分析考点,其实不难发现中间的规律,这样往后不仅仅是在六级听力,包括在托福、雅思等听力考试中,我们都可以带着这种规律在听题的过程中预测考点,增加对考点的把握。 ZVj+9gfPLsDDNOKSY7K3ocOP+8QEDqFS5LUM/GTqZKTp4VBwCQyLaOrOHln1StFW

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