① The little boy broke a vase, which his father liked very much. ② When his father asked him who broke it, he couldn't help weeping. ③ The father gave him a piece of tissue. ④ The boy sobbed, "Sorry, daddy. I didn't mean it." ⑤ The father told him that crying couldn't do anything. ⑥ The boy decided to make a new vase for his father. ⑦ After a week, he gave a vase to his father, which is a little ugly. ⑧ It made him abashed. ⑨ But his father said it was the most beautiful vase. 小男孩打碎了父亲喜爱的花瓶。当父亲问 他是谁打碎花瓶的时候,他忍不住哭了起来。父亲递给他一 张纸巾。男孩呜咽着说:“爸爸,对不起。我不是故意的。” 父亲告诉他哭是解决不了问题的。男孩决定给他父亲做一 个新花瓶。一个星期以后,男孩给了父亲一只花瓶,这只 花瓶有点丑,这让他很窘迫。但父亲说这是最漂亮的花瓶。
第一句的主句是名词vase作单宾语;第二句的时间状语从句中是代词him作间接宾语,who引导的从句作直接宾语;主句是动名词weeping作单宾语;第三句中的宾语是双宾语,其中him是间接宾语,a piece of tissue是直接宾语;第六句中不定式to make作单宾语;第七句中的宾语是双宾语,其结构是“直接宾语a vase + to +间接宾语his father”;第八句是形容词作复合宾语,其中代词him是宾语,形容词abashed作宾语补足语。
简而言之,句子中的宾语成分可以分为单宾语、双宾语和复合宾语三类。
谓语动词后面只跟一个宾语 (含并列宾语) ,那这个宾语就被称为单宾语。可以作单宾语的有名词、代词、动名词。
· They will reach an agreement . 他们将达成一项协议。
· We all accept the newcomer . 我们都接受了这个新人。
· The man hurt his leg in this accident. 在这次事故中,这个男人的腿受伤了。
· After two days, the policeman caught the robber . 两天后,警察抓到了劫匪。
· The dog is so cute. We all like it . 这条狗很可爱。我们都喜欢它。
· He is a nice person and nobody hates him . 他是一个好人,没人讨厌他。
· The table is too heavy. Please help me . 这张桌子太重了。请帮帮我。
· Her son can dress himself now. 她的儿子现在会自己穿衣服了。
· The teacher is coming. Please stop talking ! 老师来了。请别说话了!
· The performance of the clown is funny. I cannot help laughing . 这个小丑的表演很滑稽。我 忍不住笑了起来。
· The TV set must avoid being placed upside down. 电视机要避免倒置。
· I like swimming . 我喜欢游泳。
有些及物动词可以接两个宾语,即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语,这样的宾语结构就被称为“双宾语”。
· I give him a bottle of juice. (him 为间接宾语, a bottle of juice 为直接宾语 )
我给了他一瓶果汁。
· He taught children German. (children 为间接宾语, German 为直接宾语 )
他教孩子们德语。
· I lend him some money. (him 为间接宾语, some money 为直接宾语 )
我借给他一些钱。
· She bought her mother a new dress. (her mother 为间接宾语, a new dress 为直接宾语 )
她给她的妈妈买了一条连衣裙。
· Mr. White gave the poor old man some food. (the poor old man 为间接宾语, some food 为 直接宾语 )
怀特先生给了这个可怜的老人一些食物。
· He buys a car for his mother as a birthday present. (a car 为直接宾语, his mother 为间接宾语 )
他给妈妈买了一辆车作为生日礼物。
· I make a model for him. (a model 为直接宾语, him 为间接宾语 )
我给他做了一个模型。
· Can you open this bottle for me? (this bottle 为直接宾语, me 为间接宾语 )
你能给我打开这个瓶子吗?
· The little girl sings a song for her mother. (a song 为直接宾语, her mother 为间接宾语 )
这个小女孩为她妈妈唱了一首歌。
· I returned the money to the owner. (money 为直接宾语, owner 为间接宾语 )
我把钱归还给了失主。
· Julia passes the salt to her mother. (salt 为直接宾语, her mother 为间接宾语 )
茱莉娅把盐递给了她妈妈。
· She read a bedtime story to her daughter. (a bedtime story 为直接宾语, her daughter 为间 接宾语 )
她给女儿读了一个睡前故事。
· Tom sends a present to his friend. (a present 为直接宾语, his friend 为间接宾语 )
汤姆送给他的朋友一份礼物。
· Let me show the office to you. (the office 为直接宾语, you 为间接宾语 )
我带你看看办公室。
★以下动词的间接宾语必须放在直接宾语后,且间接宾语前通常要加 to。
· Please return it to the owner. 请把它还给失主。
· I gave it to Jerry last week. 上个星期我把它给了杰里。
· Please wrap them up for me. 请把它们包起来给我。
· The flowers are beautiful. I will buy them for my mother. 这些花很漂亮。我要买给我妈妈。
· Mother cooks meals for all the family every day. 妈妈每天为全家人做饭。
· The child opens the door for his father . 孩子给他爸爸开门。
· Please hand your report to me . 请把你的报告给我。
· Can you show your picture to David ? 你能把你的画给大卫看看吗?
· On the bus, we should give our seats to the old people and gravidas . 在公交车上,我们应 该把座位让给老人和孕妇。
· I seldom write letters to my old friends . 我很少给老朋友们写信。
· She rented the house to a poor old man . 她把房子租给了一个可怜的老人。
· He draws a picture for his little cute daughter . 他为他可爱的小女儿画了一幅画。
★有的动词后接双宾语时,既不能用介词 to 也不能用介词 for 引出间接宾语,如 allow、ask、cause、charge、cost、refuse 等。
· I asked her some questions. 我问了她一些问题。
· I'm sorry that my dog caused you much trouble. 很抱歉我的狗为你带来了许多麻烦。
· This car cost me much money. 这辆小汽车花了我很多钱。
在英语中,有些及物动词接了宾语之后还需接宾语补足语来对宾语进行补充说明,否则句子的意思就不完整。宾语和宾语补足语合称为“复合宾语”。可用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、现在分词、动词不定式、介词短语等。
· The man often drinks, so we call him alcoholic. 这个人经常喝酒,所以我们叫他“酒鬼”。
· Her grandfather named her Dora. 她外祖父给她取名为多拉。
· We made these bottles artistic handworks. 我们把这些瓶子做成了手工艺品。
· We all call him uncle. 我们都叫他叔叔。
· You must keep your bedroom clean. 你必须使你的卧室保持整洁。
· This thing made her embarrassed. 这件事使她很窘迫。
· I find it wrong. 我发现它错了。
· Reading makes us happy. 读书使我们快乐。
· He kept me waiting a long time. 他让我等了很长时间。
· I hear somebody singing in the classroom. 我听见有人在教室里唱歌。
· I saw her cooking in the kitchen. 我看见她在厨房做饭。
· I found him smoking in the office. 我发现他在办公室吸烟。
· She often asks me to do something. 她经常让我去做一些事。
· He told me to butt out. 他让我别插手。
· I want him to go with me. 我想让他跟我一起去。
· He teaches children to read. 他教孩子们读书。
· I often see him reading a book. 我经常看到他在读书。
· I watch him throw a piece of bread. 我看见他扔了一块面包。
· He made the little girl cry. 他把这个小女孩弄哭了。
· Let me help you do it. 让我来帮你做吧。
· I put the book on the desk. 我把书放在了桌子上。
· The boy found his shoes under the bed. 这个男孩在床下找到了他的鞋子。
· The birds make their nests in the tree. 小鸟在树上筑巢。
· The teacher wrote some words on the blackboard. 老师在黑板上写了一些字。
在双宾语中,直接宾语和间接宾语之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,是两个独立的部分;在复合宾语中,宾语和宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,两者缺了一个,句子所表达的意思就不完整。
· We elected Bart leader. ( 两者间有主谓关系,所以 leader 为句子的宾语补足语 )
我们选巴特作领导。
— Bart is a leader. 巴特是领导。
· He made the girl laugh. ( 两者间有主谓关系,所以 laugh 为宾语补足语 )
他使这个女孩大笑。
— The girl laughed. 女孩笑了。
· I bought you a book. ( 两者间没有主谓关系,所以 you、a book 为双宾语结构 )
我给你买了一本书。
· He lent me some money. ( 两者间没有主谓关系,所以 me、some money 为双宾语结构 )
他借给我一些钱。
· I find a purse on the ground. ( 两者间有主谓关系,所以 on the ground 为宾语补足语 )
我在地上捡到了一个钱包。
— A purse is on the ground. 钱包在地上。
在双宾语中,直接宾语是表示物的名词或代词,间接宾语是表示人的名词或代词;而在复合宾语中,宾语补足语则可以是名词、代词、形容词、动名词、动词不定式、过去分词等。
· Please pass the salt to me. ( 双宾语结构,直接宾语 salt 是名词,间接宾语 me 是人称代词 )
请把盐递给我。
· He lets me call him uncle. ( 复合宾语结构,宾语补足语 call him uncle 是不带 to 的动词不定式 )
他让我叫他叔叔。
· I often ask him to help me. ( 复合宾语结构,宾语补足语 to help 是动词不定式 )
我经常让他帮忙。
· Can you take a photo for me? ( 双宾语结构,直接宾语 a photo 是名词,间接宾语 me 是人称代词 )
你能帮我照张相吗?
· You must keep your mother calm. ( 复合宾语结构,宾语补足语 clam 是形容词 )
你必须让你的妈妈保持冷静。