① Catherine is a newcomer to the company. ② She is a fresh graduate from a local college of business administration. ③ Her daily routine is to answer the phone and to get feedback from customers. ④ To get promoted is her dearest wish. ⑤ One of her colleagues asks her to go shopping together after work. ⑥ Shopping is her favorite pastime. 凯瑟琳是这 家公司的新职员。她刚从当地的一所工商管理学院毕业。 她的日常工作就是接电话,并且从顾客那里获得反馈意 见。升职是她的最大心愿。她的一个同事请她下班后一 起去购物。购物是她最喜欢的消遣方式。
上文中,第一句是专有名词Catherine作主语,第二句是代词she作主语,第三句是名词短语her daily routine作主语,第四句是不定式to get promoted作主语,第五句是名词所有格结构one of her colleagues作主语,第六句是动名词shopping作主语。
简言之,主语即为句子所要说明的人或事物,置于句首,通常是由名词、代词、不定式结构、动名词结构或是相当于名词的短语来充当。
· Ms. Rawlings is used to staying up late. 罗林斯女士习惯于熬夜。
· Michael is said to be the most hardworking student in the class. 据说,迈克尔是班上学习最 刻苦的学生。
· Dora is the most talkative girl in our company. 多拉是我们公司最健谈的女孩。
· Mr. Smith usually goes to work on foot. 史密斯先生经常步行去上班。
· Megan wants to buy a big house. 梅根想买一栋大房子。
★人名前若有尊称或头衔,则其尊称或头衔的第一个字母也要大写。
· President John F. Kennedy, if memory serves, is the 35th president of the USA. 如 果我没有记错,约翰 •F• 肯尼迪是美国的第 35 位总统。
· Dr. Johnny is very experienced in surgical operation. 强尼医生在外科手术上很有经验。
· Professor Nina has given me great help during my college. 大学期间,妮娜教授给予 了我极大的帮助。
· McDonald's achieves great success as a chain of fast food restaurants. 作为快餐连锁店, 麦当劳取得了极大的成功。
· Downing Street is actually a great distance from here. 事实上,唐宁街距离此处很远。
· Westminster Abbey is very famous in the world for its Poets' Corner. 威斯敏斯特教堂以“诗 人角”闻名于世。
· Hollywood is the dreamland for many film-goers and film-makers. 好莱坞是众多影迷和电影 制作人的梦想之地。
· Empire State Building is one of the popular tourist attractions in New York. 帝国大厦是纽 约的著名旅游景点之一。
★有些专有名词前,可以有定冠词 the 修饰。名词置于句首作主语时, the 的首字母也要大写。
· The Louvre Museum , as is known to all, is located in Paris. 众所周知,卢浮宫位于巴黎。
· The Taj Mahal is an imposing Indian architecture. 泰姬陵是一座宏伟的印度建筑。
· The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built in the year of 1173. 比萨斜塔始建于 1173 年。
· London , the capital city of the United Kingdom, is also the largest city in the country. 英国 首都伦敦也是其国内最大的城市。
· America is known as one of the world powers. 美国被认为是世界强国之一。
· Detroit , once the biggest city in Michigan, was known as the Motor City. 底特律曾是 密歇根州最大的城市,被称为“汽车之城”。
· Holland is notable for the windmill and tulip. 荷兰因风车和郁金香而闻名。
· Australia is coined as "the country riding on the sheep's back". 澳大利亚被称为“骑在羊背 上的国家”。
· Christmas is just around the corner. 圣诞节即将到来。
· September should be the best time to go on a visit. 9 月应当是旅游的最佳时间。
· Saint Valentine's Day is a festival to express your love to your lover. 情人节是向爱人表达 爱意的节日。
· January is the first month of the year. 一月是一年中的第一个月。
· Friday has been thought as an unlucky day by Christians. 基督徒认为星期五是个不吉利的日子。
· A car is waiting under the tree over there. 一辆小汽车在那边的树下等着。
· The socks in the store are on sale now. 这家店里的袜子现在正低价出售。
· Two students were playing football at that time. 当时有两个学生在踢足球。
· More than fifty firefight were killed in the great fire disaster. 50 多名消防员在那场大火 中牺牲了。
· Three laptops were stolen yesterday. 三台手提电脑昨天被盗。
· The army suffered a great loss in the battle. 在此次战斗中,这支军队伤亡惨重。
· The police have adequate reason to arrest the habitual criminal. 警察有充足的理由逮捕这 名惯犯。
· The furniture has been moved to the store room. 家具已经被搬到了储物间。
· The militia was ordered to assemble in the square. 民兵队伍接到命令要在广场上集合。
· The machinery was driven by wind power. 这些机器是由风力驱动的。
· Rice is the staple agricultural product of the developing country. 大米是这个发展中国家的 主要农产品。
· Water freezes at zero degrees centigrade. 水在零摄氏度时结冰。
· Air is very thin at the high altitude like this. 在这样的海拔高度,空气非常稀薄。
· Wine volatilizes easily if you don't preserve well. 如果不保存好的话,酒很容易挥发。
· Water is an indispensable substance to all the life on the earth. 水对地球上的所有生命来说 都是必不可少的。
· Time is so limited that we may fail to meet a deadline. 时间很有限,我们可能无法如期完成。
· Development appears to be the staple topic of the meeting. 发展似乎是此次会议的主题。
· Education is the lifeblood of a country in the long run. 教育是一个国家长远发展的命脉。
· Courage is what she needs. 她所需要的就是勇气。
· Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
· A boy is watering the roses in the garden. 一个男孩在花园里给玫瑰花浇水。
· A basketball is in the corner of his bedroom. 他的卧室角落里有个篮球。
· A plane is flying in the sky. 一架飞机在空中飞行。
· A doctor is coming near. 一名医生正走过来。
· A doll is thrown out by the bad-tempered girl. 一个玩具娃娃被那个坏脾气的女孩扔了出去。
★以 -s 结尾的复数名词作主语
大多数名词的复数形式,通常都是直接在词尾加 -s 。清辅音后读 [ s ] ,浊辅音和元音后读 [ z ]。
· The products ( 发 [ s ] 音 ) in the company enjoy the popularity of the local residents ( 发 [ s ] 音 ). 这家公司的产品很受当地居民的欢迎。
· The novels ( 发 [ z ] 音 ) seem to be the best-sellers ( 发 [ s ] 音 ) this quarter. 这些小说似乎是 这个季度的畅销书。
· Two girls ( 发 [ z ] 音 ) are singing on the stage. 两个女孩正在舞台上唱歌。
★以 -es 结尾的复数名词作主语
以 -s、-x、-sh、-ch 结尾的名词,其复数形式通常是在词尾加 -es ,读作 [ ɪz ]。
· The boxes are too heavy for the little girl to carry. 这些箱子太重了,那个小女孩搬不动。
· These watches cost them twenty thousand US dollars in all. 这些手表一共用去了他们两万美元。
· The buses were cleaned clearly by the volunteers. 公共汽车被志愿者们打扫得干干净净。
· Toothbrushes can be found on the personal hygiene products shelf. 牙刷可以在个人卫生用 品架上找到。
· These dresses are gorgeous. I don't know how to choose. 这些裙子都很漂亮,我不知道该 怎么选择。
★以 -ies 结尾的复数名词作主语
以辅音字母加 -y 结尾的名词,其复数形式通常是先将 -y 变为 -i ,再加 -es ,读作 [ ɪz ]。
· These cities are all known for the tourist attractions. 这些城市都是因其旅游景点而闻名。
· The babies kept crying all the night. 这些婴儿哭了一晚上。
· The stories have been told again and again by my grandmother. 这些故事已经被我奶奶讲 了很多遍。
· These strawberries are very fresh as they were just picked off. 这些草莓很新鲜,因为它们 是刚采摘的。
· The puppies are sleeping soundly under the protection of the mother dog. 小狗们在狗妈妈 的保护下睡得正香。
★与此不同的是,以元音字母加 -y 结尾的名词,其复数形式通常是直接在词尾加 -s ,读 作 [z] 。
· The boys made so much strange noise. 这些男孩发出了很多古怪的噪音。
★以 -ves 结尾的复数名词作主语
以 -f、-fe 结尾的名词,其复数形式通常是先将 -f、-fe 变成 -v ,再加 -es ,读作 [vz] 。这类 单词常见的共有 12 个,列表如下:
· The leaves fall down from the tree. 叶子从树上掉落下来。
· The shelves are full of books on literature. 架子上放满了文学类的书籍。
· The shelves should be mended by the carpenter. 这些架子应该让木匠修理一下。
· The wolves are howling in the mountain forest over there. 狼在那边的山林里吼叫。
· Those thieves were finally caught by the police. 那些小偷最终被警方逮捕了。
★以下 3 个以 -f 结尾的名词,其复数形式可以直接在词尾加 -s ,读作 [s] ;也可以去掉 -f, 再加 -ves ,读作 [vz] 。列表如下:
· These scarves in the discount shop sell well. 那个折扣店里的围巾很畅销。
★其他的以 -f、-fe 结尾的名词,其复数形式是直接在词尾加 -s ,读作 [ s ]。
· The safes in his office are somehow missing. 他办公室里的保险箱不知怎么就不见了。
★以 -oes 结尾的复数名词作主语
以下 5 个以 -o 结尾的名词,其复数形式是在词尾加 -es ,读作 [z] 。列表如下:
· These tomatoes are one US dollar a kilo. 这些番茄每公斤一美元。
· The heroes received a hearty welcome. 这些英雄们受到了热烈的欢迎。
· The Negroes were extremely discriminated in the old days. 在过去,黑人们备受歧视。
· These volcanoes are active ones. They may erupt at any time. 这些是活火山。它们随时都 可能爆发。
· Potatoes were their staple food in the past. 在过去,土豆是他们的主食。
★大多数以 -o 结尾的名词,其复数形式都是直接在词尾加 -s ,读作 [z] 。
· These photos in the album are all black-and-white ones. 这本相册里的照片都是黑白的。
★少数以 -o 结尾的名词,其复数形式可以在词尾加 -s ,也可以加 -es。
· Six zeros / zeroes can be seen in the number one million. 数字 1 000 000 中有 6 个 0。
★有些名词的单复数形式相同
常见的有以下 6 个: aircraft, deer, fish, hovercraft, shark, sheep。
· Some sheep are wandering through the grassland. 一些绵羊在草地上游荡。
· Deer in the park need attention. 这个公园里的鹿需要好好照看。
★ fish 一词较为特殊,表示“鱼”时,为单复数同形的可数名词;表示“各种鱼类”时, 要在词尾加 -es 构成复数形式 fishes 。而表示“鱼肉”时,则被视为不可数名词。
· Several tropical fis are in the glass tank. 这个玻璃缸里有几条热带鱼。 ( 单复数同形 )
· Fishes , as well as crabs, are in this pond. 这个池塘里有各种鱼和螃蟹。 ( 复数 fishes 表示各种鱼类 )
· Smoked fis is at a discount today. 今天的熏鱼在打折。 ( 不可数名词 )
★ shark 和 hovercraft 的复数形式,可以是在词尾加 -s ,也可以是单复数同形。
· Shark / Sharks sound fearful. 鲨鱼听起来很可怕。
· Sharks are very cruel. They are carnivorous animals. 鲨鱼很凶残。他们是肉食性动物。
★有些名词变复数形式时,个别元音会发生变化,常见的有以下 6 个:
· Two women are making a conversation over there. 两个女子在那边聊天。
· A nest of mice spoilt the granary. 一窝老鼠糟蹋了这个粮仓。
★少数名词的复数形式,是在词尾加 -en 或是 -ren ,常见的有以下 2 个:
· Children are playing games happily in the playground. 孩子们在操场上快乐地玩游戏。
· The oxen are tired out after a day's hard work in the field. 在田地里忙碌一整天后,那头牛都 累得筋疲力尽。
★复数形式的外来词作主语
→ 有些以 -is 结尾的外来词,其复数形式要变为以 -es 结尾,常见的有以下 8 个:
analysis → analyses 分析
axis → axes 轴
basis → bases 基础
crisis → crises 危机
diagnosis → diagnoses 诊断
hypothesis → hypotheses 假定
parenthesis → parentheses 圆括号
thesis → theses 论题
→ 有些以 -um 结尾的外来词,其复数形式要变为以 -a 结尾,常见的有以下 4 个:
bacterium → bacteria 细菌
curriculum → curricula 课程
datum → data 资料
medium → media 媒体
→ 有些以 -us 结尾的外来词,其复数形式要变为以 -i 结尾,常见的有以下 4 个:
nucleus → nuclei 原子核
radius → radi / radiuses 半径
stimulus → stimuli 刺激因素
syllabus → syllabi / syllabuses 教学大纲
→ 有些以 -a 结尾的外来词,其复数形式要变为以 -ae 结尾,常见的有以下 3 个:
antenna → antennae / antennas 天线
vita → vitae 个人简历
formula → formulae / formulas 公式
→ 有些以 -ex、-ix 结尾的外来词,其复数形式要变为以 -ices 结尾,常见的有以下 2 个:
index → indices 索引
appendix → appendices / appendixes 附录
· Some hypotheses for global warming turn out to be true. 事实证明,有几项关于全球变暖的 假说是正确的。
· These vitae are attached to his email. 这些简历包含在他的电子邮件附件中。
★表示“某国人”的复数名词作主语
→ 单复数同形的名词
Chinese → Chinese 中国人
Portuguese → Portuguese 葡萄牙人
→ 在单数名词词尾加 -s 构成复数名词
American → Americans 美国人
German → Germans 德国人
→ 以 -man 结尾的名词,其复数形式变为以 -men 结尾
Englishman → Englishmen 英国人
· Germans are always prudent in their duties. 德国人工作总是十分谨慎。
· Englishmen seem to be much more conservative. 英国人似乎更为保守。
★复合名词的复数形式作主语
→ 有些复合名词,其复数形式只需将主心词变为复数形式
father-in-law → fathers-in-law 岳父
grown-up → grown-ups 成年人
high-way → high-ways 公路
passer-by → passers-by 过路人
→ 有些复合名词,其复数形式要将前后两部分都变为复数形式
man servant → men servants 男仆 woman nurse → women nurses 女护士
· Some passers-by are the witnesses at the scene of the accident. 有几个路人是这场事故的 目击者。
· Grown-ups can help children perform the experiment. 成年人可以帮助孩子们做这个实验。
· Glass is a fragile material. 玻璃是一种易碎的材质。
· Gold is a valuable, yellow-colored metal, which can be used for making jewellery. 黄金是一 种贵重的黄色金属,它可以用来制作珠宝首饰。
· Iron is pretty hard. 铁很硬。
· Cotton is spun into thread by the spinners. 纺织工人把棉花纺成线。
· Steel is very difficult to temper. 钢很难锤炼。
· Air and water are significant elements for life. 空气和水是生命的重要元素。
· Fish and pork are in the refrigerator. 鱼肉和猪肉都在冰箱里。
· Bread and butter is my father's favorite breakfast. 面包和黄油是我爸爸最爱吃的早餐。
★不可数名词可以用 some、much、a lot of、lots of、a little、 little 和 a bit 等数量形容词 来修饰。
· We need to buy some meat . 我们需要买一些肉。
· Only a little water is left in the bottle. 瓶子里只剩一点儿水了。
★不可数名词还可以用适当的量词作单位来表示,形成“数词 + 量词 ( 普通名词 ) +of + 不 可数名词”的结构,其单复数变化由普通名词体现。
· I need a piece of paper to write down his address. 我需要一张纸来记下他的地址。
· Please give me a cup of water . 请给我一杯水。
· I will give three pieces of advice . 我会给你三条建议。
★常见的表示不可数名词数量的词,见下表:
名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系,相当于汉语中的“……的……”。主要有以下三种结构:
· Grace's pet dog is missing. 格蕾丝的宠物狗找不到了。
· Mark Twain's novel is very interesting. 马克 · 吐温的小说很有意思。
· Lily's best friend is Anne. 莉莉最好的朋友是安妮。
· My friend's wallet was stolen when she was going shopping. 我朋友的钱包在逛 街的时候被偷了。
· The girl's father disagrees with my point. 那个女孩的爸爸不同意我的观点。
· Two weeks' time is not enough for him to find a new job. 两周的时间不够他找到 新工作。
· The legs of the table need some repair. 桌子的腿需要修理。
· The walls of my house were painted green. 我家房子的墙壁被涂成了绿色。
· The title of his graduation thesis hasn't been decided. 他的毕业论文题目还没有 定下来。
· The story of the actress is very touching. 那个女演员的故事很感人。
· A neighbor of mine won the lottery last week. 我的一个邻居上个星期中了彩票。
· A friend of Tom's will come to visit him next weekends. 汤姆的一个朋友下周末要 来看他。
· An old acquaintance of mine can give you some help. 我的一位老朋友可以给你 一些帮助。
· Those classmates of Peter's are all very friendly to him. 彼得的同学都对他很友好。
· That left foot of Mary's was badly injured. 玛丽的左脚受伤很严重。
· Several colleagues of hers want to hold a celebration party for her promotion. 她的几个同 事想给她办一个升职庆祝会。
人称代词是表示“我”“你”“他”,用于指代人或事物的代词。作主语时,一般用人称代词的主格。
人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
· He often gets up early in the morning and goes jogging in the park. 他经常早起,到公园里跑步。
· She is generally rated as the most hardworking student in our class. 她是我们班公认的学习 最用功的学生。
· I never say anything bad about others. 我从不说别人的坏话。
· We will be best friends forever. 我们会是一辈子的好朋友。
· They have to put off the planned welcome ceremony to meet her schedule. 为了配合她的日 程,他们不得不推迟计划好的欢迎仪式。
★如果在复合句中,主句和从句的主语相同,代词主语一般要用在从句中,而名词主语用在主句中。
· As soon as she arrived, Tina went straight to the manager's office. 蒂娜一到就径直朝 经理室走去。
★人称代词“ we ”经常代替“ I ”,用来表示一种与读者、听众或观众之间的亲密关系。
· We should spare no effort in helping the poor. 我们要竭尽全力帮助贫困者。
★“ she ”常被用来代替国家、城市、宠物等事物,表示说话人对所描述事物的亲密或喜爱之情。
· I love our motherland. She is a great country. 我爱我们的祖国。她是一个伟大的国家。
★“ it ”可指身份不明的人、天气、环境、时间。可作形式主语、形式宾语或用于强调句型。
· It's me, Sarah. Please open the door. 是我,莎拉。请开门。
★“ they ”有时可以代替一般人。
· They say you are an expert in computer repair. 他们说你是电脑维修方面的行家。
人称代词的次序排列为:二三一 (人称) ,第一人称主格“ I ”总是放在最后,即: you and I ; he / she / it and I ; you, he / she / it and I 。
· You, she and I will go to the headquarters by plane tomorrow morning. 我、你和她明天早 上要坐飞机去总部。
· You and I should take turns taking care of the sick mom. 我和你轮流照顾生病的妈妈。
· She and I will do some washing for the elderly people of no family. 我和她将会给孤寡老人洗 洗衣服。
人称代词的次序排列为:一二三 (人称) ,即: we and you ; you and they ; we , you and they 。
· You and they are really brave guys who are pursuing dreams. 你们和他们都是勇敢追梦之人。
· We and you will never say "no" before the whole thing has been wrapped up. 事情成定局 之前,我们和你们都不会认输。
这种情况一般遵循“男先女后”的顺序,即: he and she 。
· He and she always quarrel over some trifles 。他和她老是因为一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事儿争吵。
· He and she grew up together, and they finally got married. 他和她一起长大,最终结了婚。
指示代词是表示“这个”“那个”“这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词,带有指定的含义,一般起指示作用,也可以用来代替前文中已经提到过的名词。指示代词也有单复数之分,列表如下:
· This is the best solution we have thought about. 这是我们能想到的最好的解决办法。
· That reminds me of my first time to take train all by myself. 那让我想起了我第一次独自乘火 车的场景。
· That is a good book worthy of reading. 那是一本值得一读的好书。
· This is really what I want to say. 这正是我想要说的。
· These have been kept for almost fifty years. 这些已经被保存了将近五十年。
· Those should be well preserved to maintain their original looks. 那些要好好保存,维持其原貌。
· These will be sent out in two days. 这些会在两天后寄出去。
· Those reflect their dedication to work in the last three years. 那些反映了他们过去三年对工作 的付出。
不定代词一般指没有明确指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词,不定代词表示各种程度和各种类型的不定意义。只有具有名词词性的不定代词才能在句中作主语。
someone、 anyone、 something、 anything、 nothing、 somebody、anybody、nobody、 everyone、 everything、 everybody、 no one 等复合不定代词作主语时,谓语 动词用单数形式。
· No one is willing to waste time on this stupid thing. 没有人愿意把时间浪费在这种无聊的事 情上。
· Someone is coming to see you. 有人来看你了。
· Everything was in a state of agitation during the war. 战争期间,一切都处于动荡的状态。
· Everyone is listening to the beautiful music. 大家都在听着动人的音乐。
· Anything is possible to be a success as long as you decide to accomplish it. 只要你下定决 心去完成,任何事情都有可能成功。
如果在句中指人,相当于 all the people ,谓语动词通常用复数;如果在句中指物或现象,相当于 everything ,谓语动词通常用单数形式。
· All have gone to have lunch. 所有人都去吃午饭了。
· All is over. 一切都结束了。
· All need to prepare for the sports meeting. 所有人都需要为运动会做准备。
· All was silent on the sea at that time. 那时,海上一片沉寂。
· Since all are here, let's begin our class. 既然大家都在,我们开始上课。
· I am not so fastidious. Either is OK for me. 我没有那么挑剔。对我来说,哪一个都可以。
· Neither meets her satisfaction. 两个都没有令她满意。
· Tony gave me two books for my birthday. Either was awesome. 托尼送给我两本书当做生日 礼物。哪一本都很棒。
· Is / Are either of the girls ready to go for the picnic? 那两个女孩都准备好去野餐了吗?
· Neither of the two cars is / are fuel-efficient. 这两辆汽车都不省油。
· I don't think either of the children is / are still in the bedroom. 我想两个孩子都不在卧室。
物主代词即人称代词的所有格,表示一种所属关系,也可以表示指代。物主代词又可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词多作定语成分,名词性物主代词可以用作主语、宾语、表语以及与“ of ”连接的定语。
· The green coat is Lily's. Mine is orange. 绿色的上衣是莉莉的。我的(上衣)是橘色的。 (mine= my coat)
· The car doesn't belong to them. Theirs was parked beside the restaurant. 这辆小汽车不是 他们的。他们的(小汽车)停在餐厅旁边。 (theirs = their car)
· I don't think the toy gun is Tom's. His is under the desk. 我认为这个玩具枪不是汤姆的。他的 (玩具枪)在桌子底下。 (his = his toy gun)
· It's not her pen; hers is in my pencil box. 这个不是她的钢笔;她的在我的文具盒里。 (hers 代 替上文中的 her pen ,作第二个分句的主语 )
· Mike mixed his T-shirt with mine. His is in the wardrobe. 迈克把我的 T 恤衫和他的弄混了。 他的在衣橱里。 (his 代替上文中的 his T-shirt ,作第二个句子的主语 )
· Lily is looking for her hat. Hers was left in the car. 莉莉在找她的帽子。她把它落在车里了。 (hers 代替上文中的 her hat ,作第二个句子的主语 )
一般来说,动词不定式结构即 to + 动词原形,其否定形式为 not to + 动词原形。当涉及到时态和语态时,动词不定式还可以细分。
一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,或发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。动词不定式一般式又有主动语态和被动语态之分,分别为: to do 和 to be done 。
· To run half an hour every morning is her habit. 每天早上跑步半个小时是她的习惯。
· To be blamed for his naughty is a common thing for him. 因顽皮而挨骂对他来说是家常便饭。
进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。这种情况下,动词不定式的进行式只有主动语态,即 to be doing 。
· To be sitting in front of the computer all day makes her eyesight dim. 整天坐在电脑前使得她 的视力下降了。
完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。其主动语态和被动语态分别为: to have done 和 to have been done 。
· To have won the right to hold the Winter Olympic Games makes everyone of us proud. 赢 得冬奥会的举办权让我们每个人都很自豪。
· To have been trained tensely for three months leaves them no energy to do other things.
紧张地培训了三个月,使得他们没有精力做其他的事。
不定式结构本身就具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以作主语成分。
· To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
· To persuade him into giving up the chance was even harder than we had imagined. 要说服 他放弃这次机会,比我们想象中要难。
· To admit the mistakes is a difficult step for her to take. 对她来说,承认错误是很难迈出去的 一步。
· To be ill in bed all day long is a great torment for her. 整天躺在病床上,对她来说是一种极大 的折磨。
· To have made your acquaintance is my greatest honor. 与你结识,是我莫大的荣幸。
在口语中,当 to do 不定式结构作主语时,为避免头重脚轻,常常用形式主语 it 来替代,而将真正的主语置于句末。
· It is a big challenge to finish the task in such limited time. 在有限的时间内完成这项任务是一 个很大的挑战。
· It is crazy for you to marry a man whom you have just met for two weeks. 你真是疯了,居然 和一个刚认识两周的男人结婚。
· It will be against your conscience to do that immoral conduct. 做出那样不道德的行为是会违 背你的良心的。
· It is very kind of you to pick me up. 你能过来接我,真是太好了。
· It is everyone's duty to protect our environment. 保护环境是每个人的职责。
· It seems difficult for me to save money at present. 目前,存钱对我来说比较困难。
动词不定式与 what 、 which 、 when 、 where 、 how 等疑问词连用构成的不定式短语也可以作主语。
· What to do right now confuses him. 他很困惑现在该做什么。
· Where to hold the press conference hasn't been decided yet. 还没有决定在哪儿召开记者招 待会。
· When to launch the new program is still a secret. 实施新计划的时间还是一个秘密。
· How to make full use of this brand-new equipment is a matter in hand. 当前的问题是如何充 分利用这台全新的设备。
· Which to choose makes her crazy. 要选择哪一个让她很抓狂。
· To help others is to be helped. 帮人即帮己。 ( 相当于 If you help others, you will be helped by others.)
· To see the scenery is to marvel it. 人们见了那样的景色就会惊叹。 ( 相当于 If one sees the scenery, one will marvel it.)
动名词的结构一般有两种形式,即一般式和完成式。
通常,动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。其主动语态和被动语态分别为: doing 和 being done 。
· Going to that university for further study is her dream. 去那所大学深造是她的梦想。
· Being punished for no reason makes Tony feel wronged. 无缘无故受到惩罚,这让托尼感到 委屈。
动名词的完成式所表示的动作,发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。其主动语态和被动语态分别为: having done 和 having been done 。
· Having finished all the housework makes her much relieved. 做完了所有的家务,她感觉如 释重负。
· Having been trained for three months looks as if it had cost her one year. 对她而言,受训练 的三个月就好像过了一年那样漫长。
动名词作主语常用来表示习惯性、经常性的动作,在口语中也可以表示具体的动作,这时可以与动词不定式互换。
· Swimming is my father's favorite sport. 游泳是我父亲最爱的运动。
· Taking some exercise is good for your health. 适量运动有益健康。
· Listening to the piano music brings me much enjoyment. 听钢琴曲让我很享受。
· Getting up on time is her habit. 按时起床是她的习惯。
· Traveling around the world is a very fantastic experience. 环游世界是一次非常美妙的经历。
· It is no use screaming here. They will never show any sympathy for you. 在这大喊大叫 没有用。他们绝不会同情你。
· It is no good crying over split milk. 覆水难收。
· It is really a waste of time waiting for him here without any practical action. 没有任何实际行 动地在这儿等他,这简直是浪费时间。
· It is no use writing to her. She even drops the letters into the trash can. 给她寄信根本没用。 她甚至把信件丢进了垃圾桶里。
· It's a great fun chatting with you. 跟你聊天很有意思。
it 作形式主语,动名词作真正主语
· It is nice going for a walk with your sweetheart after supper. 晚饭后,和心爱的人一起散步的 感觉很好。
· It is worthwhile trying a new life style. 尝试一种新的生活方式是很值得的。
· It was useless persuading her when she was in bad mood. 在她不高兴的时候劝说她是没用的。
· It is good reading a few pages every day. 每天读几页书挺好的。
· It is quite interesting staying with these children. 和这些孩子待在一起真有趣。
这里动名词中的动词多为表示“认知、转述”等意义的词 (如 know 、 say 等) ,其后常跟疑问词 (如 what 、 when 、 where 等) 。
· There is no telling when Rita will return from Italy. 没人说丽塔什么时候会从意大利回来。
· There is no saying when she will leave this place. 很难说她会何时离开这个地方。
· There is no knowing where they shall meet next time. 不知道他们下次会在哪里遇见。
· There is no announcing what we should do next phase. 没有宣布下一阶段我们将做什么工作。
· There is no planning where these idle machines should be placed. 还没想好这些闲置的机器 应该放哪儿。
★在“ there is no + V-ing ”的结构中,也可以灵活地使用其它动词。需要注意的是在 “There be ”句型中只能用动名词,而不能用动词不定式作主语。
· I'm serious. There is no joking about a matter like this. 说真的,像这种事情不是开 玩笑的。
· There is no setting back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可阻挡。
· There is no playing dumb in front of me. 不要在我面前装傻。
· No fishing! 禁止钓鱼! ( 相当于 No fishing is allowed here!)
· No smoking! 禁止吸烟! ( 相当于 No smoking is allowed here!)
· No parking! 禁止停车! ( 相当于 No parking is permitted here!)
通常可以在动名词前面加上一个形容词性物主代词或所有格形式,构成动名词的复合结构。那么,动名词的复合结构就可以在句中作主语,所有格作动名词的逻辑主语。
· Their coming to my first show is a great encouragement to me. 他们来给我的首秀捧场,对 我来说真是极大的鼓舞。
· Mr. Green's quitting from the team was a huge loss for our department. 格林先生的退出对我 们部门来说是个巨大的损失。
· Her giving up the chance to go abroad turned out to be a wise decision. 她放弃出国机会这 件事,最后证实是明智的。
· My taking part in the singing contest brings about different opinions in my family. 我参加歌 唱比赛的事在家里引发了一场争议。
· Julia's attending the Charity Gala really astonished all of us. 茱莉娅出席那场慈善晚会,这让 我们所有人都大吃一惊。