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教材说明

本教材采用全新的“序向”教学理念,教学内容全部配有拼音,教学语料鲜活实用、易学易教,练习形式多样、内容丰富,突出了语言教学功能性、工具性的特点,可以使学生在学习中兴更浓趣更永。“听说先行,读写挪后”的安排和汉英对比的语言点讲解更有助于学生学习。

本教材可用于常规课堂教学,也可用于短期强化教学。全书共30个单元,分两册,每册各15个单元。学完全部内容,每册约需120—150课时。两册各单元的体例和特点大致如下:

1.重点句:在每课最前面的方框中列出,并给出英语译文或汉语拼音。

2.课文:基本上每课一个情景,包含特定功能。课文分成2—4个部分,以情景对话为主,也有小段的叙述性文字。

3.课文生词语:除了传统的英文释义,部分生词还简单地介绍用法和搭配,并配有例子,较难例词例句提供英译。有些生词的用法在后面单元中详述的,注明了详述的具体单元。部分多音节词中的成词语素也一并列出并释义,便于学生了解汉语构词规律。如“出租车”一词,在其下方还给出“租”和“车”的释义。

4.补充词汇与短语(部分单元有):给出了和本单元情景相关的有用词汇和句型,便于学有余力的学生扩大词汇量,提高表达能力。

5.语言点:许多语言点不是直接灌输给学生,而是引导学生通过分析例句,自己总结出语法规律。大量实用的例句使学生在发现语法规律的同时也获得了能够拿来就用的表达方式,较难例句提供英译。

6.练习:量大,形式多样。既有语言知识的练习,如,替换、搭配、连词成句、填空、用疑问词提问、翻译等;也有语言能力和综合运用的练习,如,回答问题、听一听、说一说、读一读、写一写等。凡课文生词语中的例词例句、补充词汇与短语、语言点中的例句以及练习中出现的生词均有英译,可在附录的词汇总表中查找并以浅色标注,与课文生词语相区别。

一册在15个单元前有汉语发音介绍,其中例词、例句绝大多数来自该册课文。一册的部分单元有“文化提示”,给出了和该单元情景相关的文化背景知识或交际技巧。

二册编写了不少与各单元情景相关的汉语俗语和小笑话,使学生在学习语言的同时了解相关的文化知识和思维方式。

在两册书后各有附录若干,收入了常用量词,数字的表达,时间和日期的表达,听力练习文本和词汇总表。随书附有MP3光盘,收入课文录音和课后听力练习录音,一册的光盘中还收入了发音练习的录音和生词总表的PowerPoint文件,为学习者学习发音和生词提供方便。

编者 ObU6NroeUnQPs3Lw91f1qis0AArmA8Pm8AwAgqIjX9SAdTrEGwjVHQep7yJ0qU1P



前言

《跟我学汉语·综合课本》(Chinese with Me:An Integrated Course Book),分两册。这套教材反映了我们这几年的“序向”教学理念。

在北大出版社各位领导的支持下,尤其是在沈浦娜主任的关心和帮助下,在李凌老师的具体指导下,在许多关心这套教材的专家、同行的支持下,经过多年试用的这套“序向”教材终于正式面世,我们十分欣慰。

这套教材主要面向母语为印欧语系等的学习者,在语言习得过程中,和任何外语学习者一样,他们的认知系统从自己的母语向汉语迁移时,也常常下意识地拿自己的母语和汉语加以比较,尤其是在语序结构上,而唯一不能比较的就是“汉字”。由此我们得到两条线索:

1.母语和目的语离开文字是容易比较的,其迁移是言语层面上的迁移。所以,采用“听说先行”的策略是很自然的。这就是我们认为的语言习得的顺序性。

2.从拼音文字性质的母语向汉字“迁移”,这是迁移的方向性。因此,对初学者先借用汉语拼音作为媒介进行教学是适当的,汉字的教学安排可以适当后移。教材应该按照学习者的习得规律来编写。我们把考虑习得的顺序性和方向性的教材称之为“序向”教材。

通过调查,我们发现许多母语为拼音文字的学生在最初学习汉语时,往往对汉字有一种恐惧心理。对于笔画复杂的汉字他们感到难以记忆,无从下笔。因此,教学开始阶段较多地使用汉语拼音,不失为一种很好的选择,可以帮助学生克服对汉字的恐惧心理,迅速获得汉语的听说能力。当学生的汉语听说能力达到一定水平,能够用汉语进行简单交流时,他们的自信心会提高,对汉语的学习兴趣也会越来越浓;同时,随着汉语水平的提高,他们遇到的同音异形的字词也会越来越多,这些都会促使他们去学习汉字。所以,开始阶段以汉语拼音为媒介的汉语教学并不完全排斥汉字,只是按照“序向”规律,将汉字学习阶段加以调整罢了。

语言习得是习得“使用语言的能力”,而不仅仅是学习“语言知识”。序向教材一般按照语言功能分类,以话题为基本单位,给不同水平的学习者尽可能多的选择机会。我们在教材编写过程中,以从功能出发的话题为基础,先易后难,循序渐进,最终达到所学话题满足各种实际功能需要的目的。

工具性是语言最基本的特点。然而,在实际教学中,语言的工具性特点往往被忽略。事实上,大部分外国人学习汉语的目的并不是为了做汉语学术研究,而是为了实际生活和工作方便。这套教材的出发点是为了让外国学生掌握语言技能,可以尝试采用非传统的教学方法教学,怎样便于外国学生熟练地应用汉语就怎样教,不必拘泥于传统的教条。

汉语国际推广,人人有责。汉语作为外语的教学方法当然是仁者见仁,智者见智,但愿我们的“序向”教材能起到抛砖引玉的作用。不足之处,欢迎大家批评指正。

王志刚
2007年11月于上海 FzMiviRmzugjiOu6TKd9CvHwNX5xnomAk9+WWG0nBsKBN5/L/foxd4CrUr9RCN22



Introduction To Chinese Pronunciation
Hàn yīn jiè shào

A Chinese syllable is composed of an initial,a final and a tone.

1.Simple finals:
a o e i u ü

Note

i,u andübecome yi,wu and yu if they are not preceded by any initials.

2.4 Tones:

The 4 tones are high level( tone 1)rising( tone 2),falling-rising( tone 3)and falling ( tone4).

For example:

tang

●tone 1 tāng soup

High level pitch,like humming something.

●tone 2 táng sugar

Rising tone,like the intonation when you say“What?”

●tone 3 tǎng to lie down

A falling-rising tone,like the intonation when you say“well,...”in a slow way.

●tone 4 tàng (food)too hot

A falling tone,like an enthusiastic affirmation:“Yes!”

Some unaccented syllables are pronounced with a“light”tone.You should pronounce them in the middle of your voice range lightly and with little emphasis.

Practice

(1) 饿 è hungry

(2) one

(3) five

(4) fish

(5) rain

(6) ā housemaid,aunt

(7) Hàn Chinese language

(8) yīf u cloth

3.Initials
(1)b p m f d t n l g k h

Note

When these initials are combined with o,there is actually a short u sound in between.For instance,the syllable boactually sounds like b u o.

When producing d,t,n,l,the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth.The tongue is raised more to the front than it would be to pronounce their English counterparts.

Practice

eight

not

you

/ he,she

spicy,hot

road

to drink

dad

ge elderbrother

li where

coke

so so

绿 green

Compare

bo po bu pu bi pi

de te du tu di ti

ge ke gu ku ga ka

(2)j q x

j: Like“j”in“jeep”,but with the tongue just a little further forward.

q: Like“ch”in“cheap”,but with the tongue just a little further forward.

x: Like“sh”in“sheep”,but with the tongue just a little further forward.

Note

The finals that can be combined with j q and x are limited to i and ü and the compound finals which start with i or ü .And in the written form the two dots in ü are omitted and ü appears as u .

Practice

chicken

seven

to go A: li ? B: Nán jīng Lù.

huαn to like huαn lè.

washing machine

(3)z c s

z:A“dz”sound,like the end of“kids”.

c:A“ts”sound,like the end of“cats”.

s:Like“s”in“sit”.

Note

The final i combined with z c and s is pronounced differently from the simple final i that we learned before.

Practice

four

to rent

vinegar

Hàn Chinese character

suǒ toilet suǒ zài li? ? Where's the toilet?

(4)zh ch sh r

zh: Like“ j ”in“ jeep ”,but with tip of the tongue a little further back.

ch: Like“ ch ”in“ cheap ”,but with tip of the tongue a little further back.

sh: Like“ sh ”in“ sheep ”,but with tip of the tongue a little further back.

r: Like“ r ”in“ rip ”,but with the tongue a bit higher so it buzzes ever so slightly.

Note

These initials are called“retroflex”sounds because they are all pronounced with the tongue curved back into the middle of the mouth. The final i combined with zh,ch,sh and r is pronounced differently from the simple finali we learned before.

Practice

shí ten

chī to eat

hot

zhū pig

shū book

Hàn shū Chinesebook

chá tea

chá hottea

绿 chá green tea

chē car

chū chē taxi

běn Japan

zhè li here

chū go out

Compare

4.Compound Finals:
(1)ai ei ao ou

Practice

mǎi to buy

méi yǒu nothave

cài dish,food

zhī dαo to know zhī dαo.

lǎo shī teacher

yào to want

kǒu intersection

fēi coffee

gěi to give

zhū ròu pork chī zhū ròu.

zǎo! !Goodmorning!

ài love

(2)an en ang eng ong

Practice

sān three

rén person

lěng cold

mǐf àn rice(cooked)

cài dān menu

tāng soup

chéng zhī orangejuice

fáng zi house,apartment

shén me what

dōng chǎng Pudong Airport

péng you friend shì de péng you. 。 He's my friend.

děng to wait Děng děng. 。 Wait a second.

(3)ia iao ie iu ian in iang ing iong

Note

ian sounds like“ien”in English or some other European languages.

The full spelling of iu is iou.When it combines with an initial,it is written as iu.For instance,liou→liu.If not preceded by initials,it takes the full spelling form but i is written as y.Therefore iou→you.

i becomes y if not preceded by an initial: ia ya,ie ye,iao yao,iu you,ian yan, iang yang,in yin,ing ying i still remains in yin and ying ).

Practice

liù six

jiǔ nine

jiā home,family

qǐng please

tíng to stop

xiǎo jiě miss,waitress

Yīng English

tiě subway

fàn diàn restaurant

Jiā Carrefour

Zài jiàn! !Bye!

Míng tiān jiàn! !See you tomorrow!

Xiè xie! !Thanks.

yòng xiè. 。You are welcome.

jiǔ beer píng jiǔ. 。Abottle ofbeer.

jiǔ bar

便 pián yi cheap

míng zi name jiào shén me míng zi? ?What's your name?

tīng to listen tīng bu dǒng. 。 I don't understand.

(4)ua uo uai ui uan un uang ueng

Note

The full spelling of ui is uei and un is uen .When these finals combine with an initial,they are written as ui and un .For instance, huei hui luen lun .If they are not preceded by initials,they take the full spelling form b ut u is written as w.Therefore, uei wei uen wen .

u becomes w if not preceded by an intial: ua wa,uai wai,uan wan,uang wang, uei wei,uen wen,ueng weng,uo wo.

Practice

I,me

Zhōng guó China

diàn huà telephone

Měi guó U.S.

wèn to ask

shuǐ water

guì expensive Tài guì le. 。Too expensive.

kuǎn ATM

Duì bu qǐ. 。Sorry.

kuài fast Kuài diǎn! !Faster!

Méi guān xi. 。That's alright.

Duō shǎo qián? ?How much?

Zuǒ guǎi. 。Turnleft.

Yòu guǎi. 。Turn right.

wèn question Méi wèn tí. 。No problem. yǒu ge wèn tí. 。I have a question.

(5)üe üan ün

Note

If compound finals beginning withü don't combine with initials and appear as syllables,üis written as u and a y is added before it:üan→yuan,üe→yue,ün→yun.

Practice

xué university

yuè month

xué sheng student shì xué sheng mα? ?Are you a student?

yuǎn far A: Yuǎn mα? ?Is it far?B: yuǎn. 。Not far.

jué de to think

(6)er

Note

er is written as r if it appears as a retroflex syllable after other finals,e.g., na er nar (where), wan er wanr (to have fun).

When you pronounce a retroflex syllable after other final,do remember to ommit the nasal sound n in the final.For example, wanr is actually pronounced like war .

Practice

1 ér daughter 2 wánr ér to play 3 èr two

èr sān liù jiǔ shí

5.More on tones:

(1)Variation of Third Tone:

If a Third Tone syllable is followedby another syllable,the rising part in Third Tone drops off and is pronounced as a low-falling tone.

Practice

lǎo shī

jiǔ

shǒu

Měi guó

huαn

fàn

nǚ' ér

dōng

But when one Third Tone syllable is followed by another Third Tone syllable,the tone of the first Third Tone is pronounced as Second Tone.

Practice

zǎo!

Zuǒ guǎi.

xiǎo jiě

hǎo!

kuǎn

(2)Variation of the tones for“bu”(not)and“yi”(one):

When bu and yi are followed by a Fourth Tone syllable,they are both pronounced and marked as Second Tone.In other cases,they are Fourth Tone.

Practice

ge a(something) yào.

zhí zǒu. 。Go straight. fēi.

bēi fēi a cup ofcoffee huαn.

píng jiǔ abottle ofbeer máng. 。I'm notbusy. FzMiviRmzugjiOu6TKd9CvHwNX5xnomAk9+WWG0nBsKBN5/L/foxd4CrUr9RCN22

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